簡介
f-string,亦稱為格式化字符串常量(formatted string literals),是Python3.6新引入的一種字符串格式化方法,該方法源於PEP 498 – Literal String Interpolation,主要目的是使格式化字符串的操作更加簡便。f-string在形式上是以 f 或 F 修飾符引領的字符串(f'xxx'或 F'xxx'),以大括號 {} 標明被替換的字段;f-string在本質上並不是字符串常量,而是一個在運行時運算求值的表達式:
While other string literals always have a constant value, formatted strings are really expressions evaluated at run time.
(與具有恆定值的其它字符串常量不同,格式化字符串實際上是運行時運算求值的表達式。)
—— Python Documentation
f-string在功能方面不遜於傳統的%-formatting語句和str.format()函數,同時性能又優於二者,且使用起來也更加簡潔明了,因此對於Python3.6及以后的版本,推薦使用f-string進行字符串格式化。
用法
此部分內容主要參考以下資料:
Python Documentation – Formatted String Literals
Python Documentation – Format String Syntax
PEP 498 – Literal String Interpolation
Python 3’s f-Strings: An Improved String Formatting Syntax (Guide)
python3 f-string格式化字符串的高級用法
Python 3: An Intro to f-strings
簡單使用
f-string用大括號 {} 表示被替換字段,其中直接填入替換內容:
>>> name = 'Eric' >>> f'Hello, my name is {name}' 'Hello, my name is Eric' >>> number = 7 >>> f'My lucky number is {number}' 'My lucky number is 7' >>> price = 19.99 >>> f'The price of this book is {price}' 'The price of this book is 19.99'
表達式求值與函數調用
f-string的大括號 {} 可以填入表達式或調用函數,Python會求出其結果並填入返回的字符串內:
>>> f'A total number of {24 * 8 + 4}' 'A total number of 196' >>> f'Complex number {(2 + 2j) / (2 - 3j)}' 'Complex number (-0.15384615384615388+0.7692307692307692j)' >>> name = 'ERIC' >>> f'My name is {name.lower()}' 'My name is eric' >>> import math >>> f'The answer is {math.log(math.pi)}' 'The answer is 1.1447298858494002'
引號、大括號與反斜杠
f-string大括號內所用的引號不能和大括號外的引號定界符沖突,可根據情況靈活切換 ' 和 ":
>>> f'I am {"Eric"}' 'I am Eric' >>> f'I am {'Eric'}' File "<stdin>", line 1 f'I am {'Eric'}' ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax
若 ' 和 " 不足以滿足要求,還可以使用 ''' 和 """:
>>> f"He said {"I'm Eric"}" File "<stdin>", line 1 f"He said {"I'm Eric"}" ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> f'He said {"I'm Eric"}' File "<stdin>", line 1 f'He said {"I'm Eric"}' ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> f"""He said {"I'm Eric"}""" "He said I'm Eric" >>> f'''He said {"I'm Eric"}''' "He said I'm Eric"
大括號外的引號還可以使用 \ 轉義,但大括號內不能使用 \ 轉義:
>>> f'''He\'ll say {"I'm Eric"}''' "He'll say I'm Eric" >>> f'''He'll say {"I\'m Eric"}''' File "<stdin>", line 1 SyntaxError: f-string expression part cannot include a backslash
f-string大括號外如果需要顯示大括號,則應輸入連續兩個大括號 {{ 和 }}:
>>> f'5 {"{stars}"}' '5 {stars}' >>> f'{{5}} {"stars"}' '{5} stars'
上面提到,f-string大括號內不能使用 \ 轉義,事實上不僅如此,f-string大括號內根本就不允許出現 \。如果確實需要 \,則應首先將包含 \ 的內容用一個變量表示,再在f-string大括號內填入變量名:
>>> f"newline: {ord('\n')}" File "<stdin>", line 1 SyntaxError: f-string expression part cannot include a backslash >>> newline = ord('\n') >>> f'newline: {newline}' 'newline: 10'
多行f-string
f-string還可用於多行字符串:
>>> name = 'Eric' >>> age = 27 >>> f"Hello!" \ ... f"I'm {name}." \ ... f"I'm {age}." "Hello!I'm Eric.I'm 27." >>> f"""Hello! ... I'm {name}. ... I'm {age}.""" "Hello!\n I'm Eric.\n I'm 27."
自定義格式:對齊、寬度、符號、補零、精度、進制等
f-string采用 {content:format} 設置字符串格式,其中 content 是替換並填入字符串的內容,可以是變量、表達式或函數等,format是格式描述符。采用默認格式時不必指定 {:format},如上面例子所示只寫 {content} 即可。
關於格式描述符的詳細語法及含義可查閱Python官方文檔,這里按使用時的先后順序簡要介紹常用格式描述符的含義與作用:
注1:0width 不可用於復數類型和非數值類型,width.precision 不可用於整數類型。
注2:width.precision 用於不同格式類型的浮點數、復數時的含義也不同:用於 f、F、e、E 和 % 時 precision 指定的是小數點后的位數,用於 g 和 G 時 precision 指定的是有效數字位數(小數點前位數+小數點后位數)。
注3:width.precision 除浮點數、復數外還可用於字符串,此時 precision 含義是只使用字符串中前 precision 位字符。
示例:
>>> a = 123.456 >>> f'a is {a:8.2f}' 'a is 123.46' >>> f'a is {a:08.2f}' 'a is 00123.46' >>> f'a is {a:8.2e}' 'a is 1.23e+02' >>> f'a is {a:8.2%}' 'a is 12345.60%' >>> f'a is {a:8.2g}' 'a is 1.2e+02' >>> s = 'hello' >>> f's is {s:8s}' 's is hello ' >>> f's is {s:8.3s}' 's is hel '
>>> a = 1234567890.098765 >>> f'a is {a:f}' 'a is 1234567890.098765' >>> f'a is {a:,f}' 'a is 1,234,567,890.098765' >>> f'a is {a:_f}' 'a is 1_234_567_890.098765' >>> b = 1234567890 >>> f'b is {b:_b}' 'b is 100_1001_1001_0110_0000_0010_1101_0010' >>> f'b is {b:_o}' 'b is 111_4540_1322' >>> f'b is {b:_d}' 'b is 1_234_567_890' >>> f'b is {b:_x}' 'b is 4996_02d2'
>>> a = 1234 >>> f'a is {a:^#10X}' # 居中,寬度10位,十六進制整數(大寫字母),顯示0X前綴 'a is 0X4D2 ' >>> b = 1234.5678 >>> f'b is {b:<+10.2f}' # 左對齊,寬度10位,顯示正號(+),定點數格式,2位小數 'b is +1234.57 ' >>> c = 12345678 >>> f'c is {c:015,d}' # 高位補零,寬度15位,十進制整數,使用,作為千分分割位 'c is 000,012,345,678' >>> d = 0.5 + 2.5j >>> f'd is {d:30.3e}' # 寬度30位,科學計數法,3位小數 'd is 5.000e-01+2.500e+00j' >>> import datetime >>> e = datetime.datetime.today() >>> f'the time is {e:%Y-%m-%d (%a) %H:%M:%S}' # datetime時間格式 'the time is 2018-07-14 (Sat) 20:46:02'
- lambda表達式
f-string大括號內也可填入lambda表達式,但lambda表達式的 :
會被f-string誤認為是表達式與格式描述符之間的分隔符,為避免歧義,需要將lambda表達式置於括號 ()
內:
>>> f'result is {lambda x: x ** 2 + 1 (2)}' File "<fstring>", line 1 (lambda x) ^ SyntaxError: unexpected EOF while parsing >>> f'result is {(lambda x: x ** 2 + 1) (2)}' 'result is 5' >>> f'result is {(lambda x: x ** 2 + 1) (2):<+7.2f}'
綜合示例
>>> a = 1234
>>> f'a is {a:^#10X}' # 居中,寬度10位,十六進制整數(大寫字母),顯示0X前綴
'a is 0X4D2 '
>>> b = 1234.5678
>>> f'b is {b:<+10.2f}' # 左對齊,寬度10位,顯示正號(+),定點數格式,2位小數
'b is +1234.57 '
>>> c = 12345678
>>> f'c is {c:015,d}' # 高位補零,寬度15位,十進制整數,使用,作為千分分割位
'c is 000,012,345,678'
>>> d = 0.5 + 2.5j
>>> f'd is {d:30.3e}' # 寬度30位,科學計數法,3位小數
'd is 5.000e-01+2.500e+00j'
>>> import datetime
>>> e = datetime.datetime.today()
>>> f'the time is {e:%Y-%m-%d (%a) %H:%M:%S}' # datetime時間格式
'the time is 2018-07-14 (Sat) 20:46:02'
lambda表達式
f-string大括號內也可填入lambda表達式,但lambda表達式的 : 會被f-string誤認為是表達式與格式描述符之間的分隔符,為避免歧義,需要將lambda表達式置於括號 () 內:
>>> f'result is {lambda x: x ** 2 + 1 (2)}'
File "<fstring>", line 1
(lambda x)
^
SyntaxError: unexpected EOF while parsing
>>> f'result is {(lambda x: x ** 2 + 1) (2)}'
'result is 5'
>>> f'result is {(lambda x: x ** 2 + 1) (2):<+7.2f}'
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原文鏈接:https://blog.csdn.net/yizhuanlu9607/java/article/details/89530982