好吧,這個題目我也想了很久,不知道如何用最簡單的幾個字來概括這篇文章,原本打算取名《Angular單頁面應用基於Ocelot API網關與IdentityServer4+ASP.NET Identity實現身份認證與授權》,然而如你所見,這樣的名字實在是太長了。所以,我不得不縮寫“單頁面應用”幾個字,然后去掉ASP.NET Identity的描述,最后形成目前的標題。
不過,這也就意味着這篇文章會涵蓋很多內容和技術,我會利用這些技術來走通一個完整的流程,這個流程也代表着在微服務架構中單點登錄的一種實現模式。在此過程中,我們會使用到如下技術或框架:
- Angular 8
- Ocelot API Gateway
- IdentityServer4
- ASP.NET Identity
- Entity Framework Core
- SQL Server
本文假設讀者具有上述技術框架的基礎知識。由於內容比較多,我還是將這篇文章分幾個部分進行講解和討論。
場景描述
在微服務架構下的一種比較流行的設計,就是基於前后端分離,前端只做呈現和用戶操作流的管理,后端服務由API網關同一協調,以從業務層面為前端提供各種服務。大致可以用下圖表示:
在這個結構中,我沒有將Identity Service放在API Gateway后端,因為考慮到Identity Service本身並沒有承擔任何業務功能。從它所能提供的端點(Endpoint)的角度,它也需要做負載均衡、熔斷等保護,但我們暫時不討論這些內容。
流程上其實也比較簡單,在上圖的數字標識中:
- Client向Identity Service發送認證請求,通常可以是用戶名密碼
- 如果驗證通過,Identity Service會向Client返回認證的Token
- Client使用Token向API Gateway發送API調用請求
- API Gateway將Client發送過來的Token發送給Identity Service,以驗證Token的有效性
- 如果驗證成功,Identity Service會告知API Gateway認證成功
- API Gateway轉發Client的請求到后端API Service
- API Service將結果返回給API Gateway
- API Gateway將API Service返回的結果轉發到Client
只是在這些步驟中,我們有很多技術選擇,比如Identity Service的實現方式、認證方式等等。接下來,我就在ASP.NET Core的基礎上使用IdentityServer4、Entity Framework Core和Ocelot來完成這一流程。在完成整個流程的演練之前,需要確保機器滿足以下條件:
- 安裝Visual Studio 2019 Community Edition。使用Visual Studio Code也是可以的,根據自己的需要選擇
- 安裝Visual Studio Code
- 安裝Angular 8
IdentityServer4結合ASP.NET Identity實現Identity Service
創建新項目
首先第一步就是實現Identity Service。在Visual Studio 2019 Community Edition中,新建一個ASP.NET Core Web Application,模板選擇Web Application (Model-View-Controller),然后點擊Authentication下的Change按鈕,再選擇Individual User Accounts選項,以便將ASP.NET Identity的依賴包都加入項目,並且自動完成基礎代碼的搭建。
然后,通過NuGet添加IdentityServer4.AspNetIdentity以及IdentityServer4.EntityFramework的引用,IdentityServer4也隨之會被添加進來。接下來,在該項目的目錄下,執行以下命令安裝IdentityServer4的模板,並將IdentityServer4的GUI加入到當前項目:
dotnet new -i identityserver4.templates dotnet new is4ui --force
然后調整一下項目結構,將原本的Controllers目錄刪除,同時刪除Models目錄下的ErrorViewModel類,然后將Quickstart目錄重命名為Controllers,編譯代碼,代碼應該可以編譯通過,接下來就是實現我們自己的Identity。
定制Identity Service
為了能夠展現一個標准的應用場景,我自己定義了User和Role對象,它們分別繼承於IdentityUser和IdentityRole類:
public class AppUser : IdentityUser
{
public string DisplayName { get; set; }
}
public class AppRole : IdentityRole
{
public string Description { get; set; }
}
當然,Data目錄下的ApplicationDbContext也要做相應調整,它應該繼承於IdentityDbContext<AppUser, AppRole, string>類,這是因為我們使用了自定義的IdentityUser和IdentityRole的實現:
public class ApplicationDbContext : IdentityDbContext<AppUser, AppRole, string>
{
public ApplicationDbContext(DbContextOptions<ApplicationDbContext> options)
: base(options)
{
}
}
之后修改Startup.cs里的ConfigureServices方法,通過調用AddIdentity、AddIdentityServer以及AddDbContext,將ASP.NET Identity、IdentityServer4以及存儲認證數據所使用的Entity Framework Core的依賴全部注冊進來。為了測試方便,目前我們還是使用Developer Signing Credential,對於Identity Resource、API Resource以及Clients,我們也是暫時先寫死(hard code):
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
services.AddDbContext<ApplicationDbContext>(options =>
options.UseSqlServer(
Configuration.GetConnectionString("DefaultConnection")));
services.AddIdentity<AppUser, AppRole>()
.AddEntityFrameworkStores<ApplicationDbContext>()
.AddDefaultTokenProviders();
services.AddIdentityServer().AddDeveloperSigningCredential()
.AddOperationalStore(options =>
{
options.ConfigureDbContext = builder => builder.UseSqlServer(Configuration.GetConnectionString("DefaultConnection"),
sqlServerDbContextOptionsBuilder =>
sqlServerDbContextOptionsBuilder.MigrationsAssembly(typeof(Startup).Assembly.GetName().Name));
options.EnableTokenCleanup = true;
options.TokenCleanupInterval = 30; // interval in seconds
})
.AddInMemoryIdentityResources(Config.GetIdentityResources())
.AddInMemoryApiResources(Config.GetApiResources())
.AddInMemoryClients(Config.GetClients())
.AddAspNetIdentity<AppUser>();
services.AddCors(options => options.AddPolicy("AllowAll", p => p.AllowAnyOrigin()
.AllowAnyMethod()
.AllowAnyHeader()));
services.AddControllersWithViews();
services.AddRazorPages();
services.AddControllers();
}
然后,調整Configure方法的實現,將IdentityServer加入進來,同時配置CORS使得站點能夠被跨域訪問:
public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IWebHostEnvironment env)
{
if (env.IsDevelopment())
{
app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
app.UseDatabaseErrorPage();
}
else
{
app.UseExceptionHandler("/Home/Error");
app.UseHsts();
}
app.UseCors("AllowAll");
app.UseHttpsRedirection();
app.UseStaticFiles();
app.UseRouting();
app.UseIdentityServer();
app.UseAuthentication();
app.UseAuthorization();
app.UseEndpoints(endpoints =>
{
endpoints.MapControllerRoute(
name: "default",
pattern: "{controller=Home}/{action=Index}/{id?}");
endpoints.MapRazorPages();
});
}
完成這部分代碼調整后,編譯是通不過的,因為我們還沒有定義IdentityServer4的IdentityResource、API Resource和Clients。在項目中新建一個Config類,代碼如下:
public static class Config
{
public static IEnumerable<IdentityResource> GetIdentityResources() =>
new IdentityResource[]
{
new IdentityResources.OpenId(),
new IdentityResources.Email(),
new IdentityResources.Profile()
};
public static IEnumerable<ApiResource> GetApiResources() =>
new[]
{
new ApiResource("api.weather", "Weather API")
{
Scopes =
{
new Scope("api.weather.full_access", "Full access to Weather API")
},
UserClaims =
{
ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier,
ClaimTypes.Name,
ClaimTypes.Email,
ClaimTypes.Role
}
}
};
public static IEnumerable<Client> GetClients() =>
new[]
{
new Client
{
RequireConsent = false,
ClientId = "angular",
ClientName = "Angular SPA",
AllowedGrantTypes = GrantTypes.Implicit,
AllowedScopes = { "openid", "profile", "email", "api.weather.full_access" },
RedirectUris = {"http://localhost:4200/auth-callback"},
PostLogoutRedirectUris = {"http://localhost:4200/"},
AllowedCorsOrigins = {"http://localhost:4200"},
AllowAccessTokensViaBrowser = true,
AccessTokenLifetime = 3600
},
new Client
{
ClientId = "webapi",
AllowedGrantTypes = GrantTypes.ResourceOwnerPassword,
ClientSecrets =
{
new Secret("mysecret".Sha256())
},
AlwaysSendClientClaims = true,
AllowedScopes = { "api.weather.full_access" }
}
};
}
大致說明一下上面的代碼。通俗地講,IdentityResource是指允許應用程序訪問用戶的哪些身份認證資源,比如,用戶的電子郵件或者其它用戶賬戶信息,在Open ID Connect規范中,這些信息會被轉換成Claims,保存在User Identity的對象里;ApiResource用來指定被IdentityServer4所保護的資源,比如這里新建了一個ApiResource,用來保護Weather API,它定義了自己的Scope和UserClaims。Scope其實是一種關聯關系,它關聯着Client與ApiResource,用來表示什么樣的Client對於什么樣的ApiResource具有怎樣的訪問權限,比如在這里,我定義了兩個Client:angular和webapi,它們對Weather API都可以訪問;UserClaims定義了當認證通過之后,IdentityServer4應該向請求方返回哪些Claim。至於Client,就比較容易理解了,它定義了客戶端能夠以哪幾種方式來向IdentityServer4提交請求。
至此,我們的源代碼就可以編譯通過了,成功編譯之后,還需要使用Entity Framework Core所提供的命令行工具或者Powershell Cmdlet來初始化數據庫。我這里選擇使用Visual Studio 2019 Community中的Package Manager Console,在執行數據庫更新之前,確保appsettings.json文件里設置了正確的SQL Server連接字符串。當然,你也可以選擇使用其它類型的數據庫,只要對ConfigureServices方法做些相應的修改即可。在Package Manager Console中,依次執行下面的命令:
Add-Migration ModifiedUserAndRole -Context ApplicationDbContext Add-Migration ModifiedUserAndRole –Context PersistedGrantDbContext Update-Database -Context ApplicationDbContext Update-Database -Context PersistedGrantDbContext
效果如下:
打開SQL Server Management Studio,看到數據表都已成功創建:
由於IdentityServer4的模板所產生的代碼使用的是mock user,也就是IdentityServer4里默認的TestUser,因此,相關部分的代碼需要被替換掉,最主要的部分就是AccountController的Login方法,將該方法中的相關代碼替換為:
if (ModelState.IsValid)
{
var user = await _userManager.FindByNameAsync(model.Username);
if (user != null && await _userManager.CheckPasswordAsync(user, model.Password))
{
await _events.RaiseAsync(new UserLoginSuccessEvent(user.UserName, user.Id, user.DisplayName));
// only set explicit expiration here if user chooses "remember me".
// otherwise we rely upon expiration configured in cookie middleware.
AuthenticationProperties props = null;
if (AccountOptions.AllowRememberLogin && model.RememberLogin)
{
props = new AuthenticationProperties
{
IsPersistent = true,
ExpiresUtc = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow.Add(AccountOptions.RememberMeLoginDuration)
};
};
// issue authentication cookie with subject ID and username
await HttpContext.SignInAsync(user.Id, user.UserName, props);
if (context != null)
{
if (await _clientStore.IsPkceClientAsync(context.ClientId))
{
// if the client is PKCE then we assume it's native, so this change in how to
// return the response is for better UX for the end user.
return View("Redirect", new RedirectViewModel { RedirectUrl = model.ReturnUrl });
}
// we can trust model.ReturnUrl since GetAuthorizationContextAsync returned non-null
return Redirect(model.ReturnUrl);
}
// request for a local page
if (Url.IsLocalUrl(model.ReturnUrl))
{
return Redirect(model.ReturnUrl);
}
else if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(model.ReturnUrl))
{
return Redirect("~/");
}
else
{
// user might have clicked on a malicious link - should be logged
throw new Exception("invalid return URL");
}
}
await _events.RaiseAsync(new UserLoginFailureEvent(model.Username, "invalid credentials", clientId: context?.ClientId));
ModelState.AddModelError(string.Empty, AccountOptions.InvalidCredentialsErrorMessage);
}
這樣才能通過注入的userManager和EntityFramework Core來訪問SQL Server,以完成登錄邏輯。
新用戶注冊API
由IdentityServer4所提供的默認UI模板中沒有包括新用戶注冊的頁面,開發者可以根據自己的需要向Identity Service中增加View來提供注冊界面。不過為了快速演示,我打算先增加兩個API,然后使用curl來新建一些用於測試的角色(Role)和用戶(User)。下面的代碼為客戶端提供了注冊角色和注冊用戶的API:
public class RegisterRoleRequestViewModel
{
[Required]
public string Name { get; set; }
public string Description { get; set; }
}
public class RegisterRoleResponseViewModel
{
public RegisterRoleResponseViewModel(AppRole role)
{
Id = role.Id;
Name = role.Name;
Description = role.Description;
}
public string Id { get; }
public string Name { get; }
public string Description { get; }
}
public class RegisterUserRequestViewModel
{
[Required]
[StringLength(50, ErrorMessage = "The {0} must be at least {2} and at max {1} characters long.", MinimumLength = 2)]
[Display(Name = "DisplayName")]
public string DisplayName { get; set; }
public string Email { get; set; }
[Required]
[StringLength(100, ErrorMessage = "The {0} must be at least {2} and at max {1} characters long.", MinimumLength = 6)]
[DataType(DataType.Password)]
[Display(Name = "Password")]
public string Password { get; set; }
[Required]
[StringLength(20)]
[Display(Name = "UserName")]
public string UserName { get; set; }
public List<string> RoleNames { get; set; }
}
public class RegisterUserResponseViewModel
{
public string Id { get; set; }
public string UserName { get; set; }
public string DisplayName { get; set; }
public string Email { get; set; }
public RegisterUserResponseViewModel(AppUser user)
{
Id = user.Id;
UserName = user.UserName;
DisplayName = user.DisplayName;
Email = user.Email;
}
}
// Controllers\Account\AccountController.cs
[HttpPost]
[Route("api/[controller]/register-account")]
public async Task<IActionResult> RegisterAccount([FromBody] RegisterUserRequestViewModel model)
{
if (!ModelState.IsValid)
{
return BadRequest(ModelState);
}
var user = new AppUser { UserName = model.UserName, DisplayName = model.DisplayName, Email = model.Email };
var result = await _userManager.CreateAsync(user, model.Password);
if (!result.Succeeded) return BadRequest(result.Errors);
await _userManager.AddClaimAsync(user, new Claim(ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier, user.UserName));
await _userManager.AddClaimAsync(user, new Claim(ClaimTypes.Name, user.DisplayName));
await _userManager.AddClaimAsync(user, new Claim(ClaimTypes.Email, user.Email));
if (model.RoleNames?.Count > 0)
{
var validRoleNames = new List<string>();
foreach(var roleName in model.RoleNames)
{
var trimmedRoleName = roleName.Trim();
if (await _roleManager.RoleExistsAsync(trimmedRoleName))
{
validRoleNames.Add(trimmedRoleName);
await _userManager.AddToRoleAsync(user, trimmedRoleName);
}
}
await _userManager.AddClaimAsync(user, new Claim(ClaimTypes.Role, string.Join(',', validRoleNames)));
}
return Ok(new RegisterUserResponseViewModel(user));
}
// Controllers\Account\AccountController.cs
[HttpPost]
[Route("api/[controller]/register-role")]
public async Task<IActionResult> RegisterRole([FromBody] RegisterRoleRequestViewModel model)
{
if (!ModelState.IsValid)
{
return BadRequest(ModelState);
}
var appRole = new AppRole { Name = model.Name, Description = model.Description };
var result = await _roleManager.CreateAsync(appRole);
if (!result.Succeeded) return BadRequest(result.Errors);
return Ok(new RegisterRoleResponseViewModel(appRole));
}
在上面的代碼中,值得關注的就是register-account API中的幾行AddClaimAsync調用,我們將一些用戶信息數據加入到User Identity的Claims中,比如,將用戶的角色信息,通過逗號分隔的字符串保存為Claim,在后續進行用戶授權的時候,會用到這些數據。
創建一些基礎數據
運行我們已經搭建好的Identity Service,然后使用下面的curl命令創建一些基礎數據:
curl -X POST https://localhost:7890/api/account/register-role \
-d '{"name":"admin","description":"Administrator"}' \
-H 'Content-Type:application/json' --insecure
curl -X POST https://localhost:7890/api/account/register-account \
-d '{"userName":"daxnet","password":"P@ssw0rd123","displayName":"Sunny Chen","email":"daxnet@163.com","roleNames":["admin"]}' \
-H 'Content-Type:application/json' --insecure
curl -X POST https://localhost:7890/api/account/register-account \
-d '{"userName":"acqy","password":"P@ssw0rd123","displayName":"Qingyang Chen","email":"qychen@163.com"}' \
-H 'Content-Type:application/json' --insecure
完成這些命令后,系統中會創建一個admin的角色,並且會創建daxnet和acqy兩個用戶,daxnet具有admin角色,而acqy則沒有該角色。
使用瀏覽器訪問https://localhost:7890,點擊主頁的鏈接進入登錄界面,用已創建的用戶名和密碼登錄,可以看到如下的界面,表示Identity Service的開發基本完成:
小結
一篇文章實在是寫不完,今天就暫且告一段落吧,下一講我將介紹Weather API和基於Ocelot的API網關,整合Identity Service進行身份認證。
源代碼
訪問以下Github地址以獲取源代碼:





