一、C++中的對象模型
1、 概念
語言中直接支持面向對象程序設計的部分；
對於各種支持的底層實現機制。（沒看懂……）
2、 類中的成員分類
a) 成員函數
i. static function
ii. non static function
iii. virtual function
b) 數據成員
i. static member data
ii. non static member data
3、 C++對象模型
a) 類對象內存布局中的包括
i. non static member data
ii. vptr（虛函數表指針）
iii. vbptr（虛基類表指針）
b) 不包括
i. static member data（存儲在靜態存儲區）
ii. 成員函數（存儲在代碼區）
c) virtual table
簡稱vtbl。存放着指針，這些指針指向該類每一個虛函數。虛表中的函數地址將按聲明時的順序排列。vtbl在類聲明后就形成了，vptr是編譯器生成的。
d) vptr的位置一般放在一個類對象的最前端。
e) 虛基類表
vbptr指向的表，用於存放虛繼承中，虛基類存儲相對於虛基類表指針的偏移量。
二、繼承類型
1、普通繼承（不包含虛函數）
a、單繼承
class Base
{
public:
Base (int a = 1):base(a){}
void fun0(){cout << base << endl;}
int base;
};
class Derive:public Base
{
public:
Derive (int a = 2):derive(a){}
void fun1(){cout << base1 << endl;}
int derive;
};
b、多繼承
class Base1
{
public:
Base1 (int a = 2):base1(a){}
void fun1(){cout << base1 << endl;}
int base1;
};
class Base2
{
public:
Base2 (int a = 3):base2(a){}
void fun2(){cout << base2 << endl;}
int base2;
};
class Derive: public Base1, public Base2
{
public:
Derive (int value = 4):derive (value){}
void fun3(){cout << derive << endl;}
int derive;
};
c、菱形繼承
class Base
{
public:
Base (int a = 1):base(a){}
void fun0(){cout << base << endl;}
int base;
};
class Base1:public Base
{
public:
Base1 (int a = 2):base1(a){}
void fun1(){cout << base1 << endl;}
int base1;
};
class Base2:public Base
{
public:
Base2 (int a = 3):base2(a){}
void fun2(){cout << base2 << endl;}
int base2;
};
class Derive: public Base1, public Base2
{
public:
Derive (int value = 4):derive (value){}
void fun3(){cout << derive << endl;}
int derive;
};
注：菱形繼承存在二義性問題，編譯都不通過，只能通過指定特定基類的方式進行訪問基類變量。
Derive d;
d.base =3; // 不正確
d.Base1::base = 3; // 正確
2、普通繼承（包含虛函數）
a、單繼承（包含虛函數）
class Base
{
public:
Base (int a = 1):base(a){}
virtual void fun0(){cout << base << endl;}
int base;
};
class Derive:public Base
{
public:
Derive (int a = 2):derive(a){}
virtual void fun0(){};
virtual void fun1(){cout << derive << endl;}
int derive;
};
注：派生類中新增的虛函數追加到虛函數表后面。
b、多繼承（包含虛函數）
class Base1
{
public:
Base1 (int a = 2):base1(a){}
virtual void fun1(){cout << base1 << endl;}
int base1;
};
class Base2
{
public:
Base2 (int a = 3):base2(a){}
virtual void fun2(){cout << base2 << endl;}
int base2;
};
class Derive: public Base1, public Base2
{
public:
Derive (int value = 4):derive (value){}
virtual void fun3(){cout << derive << endl;}
int derive;
};
注：派生類中新增的虛函數，追加到第一個基類的虛函數表的后面。
c、菱形繼承（包含虛函數）
class Base
{
public:
Base (int a = 1):base(a){}
virtual void fun0(){cout << base << endl;}
int base;
};
class Base1:public Base
{
public:
Base1 (int a = 2):base1(a){}
virtual void fun1(){cout << base1 << endl;}
int base1;
};
class Base2:public Base
{
public:
Base2 (int a = 3):base2(a){}
virtual void fun2(){cout << base2 << endl;}
int base2;
};
class Derive: public Base1, public Base2
{
public:
Derive (int value = 4):derive (value){}
virtual void fun3(){cout << derive << endl;}
int derive;
};
注：分析時，由上到下依次分析。存在二義性問題和內存冗余問題。
3、虛繼承（不包含虛函數）
新增虛基類指針，指向虛基類表，虛基類表中首項存儲虛基類指針的偏移量，接下來依次存儲虛基類的偏移量（偏移量是相對於虛基類表指針的存儲地址）。
a、單虛繼承（不包含虛函數）
class Base
{
public:
Base (int a = 1):base(a){}
void fun0(){cout << base << endl;}
int base;
};
class Base1:virtual public Base
{
public:
Base1 (int a = 2):base1(a){}
void fun1(){cout << base1 << endl;}
int base1;
};
b、多虛繼承（不包含虛函數）
class Base1
{
public:
Base1 (int a = 2):base1(a){}
void fun1(){cout << base1 << endl;}
int base1;
};
class Base2
{
public:
Base2 (int a = 3):base2(a){}
void fun2(){cout << base2 << endl;}
int base2;
};
class Derive:virtual public Base1, virtual public Base2
{
public:
Derive (int value = 4):derive (value){}
void fun3(){cout << derive << endl;}
int derive;
};
c、菱形虛繼承（不包含虛函數）
第一種形式：
class Base
{
public:
Base (int a = 1):base(a){}
void fun0(){cout << base << endl;}
int base;
};
class Base1:virtual Base
{
public:
Base1 (int a = 2):base1(a){}
void fun1(){cout << base1 << endl;}
int base1;
};
class Base2:virtual Base
{
public:
Base2 (int a = 3):base2(a){}
void fun2(){cout << base2 << endl;}
int base2;
};
class Derive:virtual public Base1, virtual public Base2
{
public:
Derive (int value = 4):derive (value){}
void fun3(){cout << derive << endl;}
int derive;
};
注：分析派生類的內存分布時，也是由上到下分析。虛繼承將基類置於內存末尾，但是置於末尾的順序也有一定的次序。首先Base先放到末尾，然后Base1放到末尾，最后Base2放到末尾。
第二種形式：
class Base
{
public:
Base (int a = 1):base(a){}
void fun0(){cout << base << endl;}
int base;
};
class Base1:virtual public Base
{
public:
Base1 (int a = 2):base1(a){}
void fun1(){cout << base1 << endl;}
int base1;
};
class Base2:virtual public Base
{
public:
Base2 (int a = 3):base2(a){}
void fun2(){cout << base2 << endl;}
int base2;
};
class Derive: public Base1, public Base2
{
public:
Derive (int value = 4):derive (value){}
void fun3(){cout << derive << endl;}
int derive;
};
注：分析的原則，從上到下，依次分析。
4、 虛繼承（包含虛函數）
a、單虛繼承（包含虛函數）
class Base
{
public:
Base (int a = 1):base(a){}
virtual void fun0(){cout << base << endl;}
int base;
};
class Base1:virtual Base
{
public:
Base1 (int a = 2):base1(a){}
virtual void fun1(){cout << base1 << endl;}
int base1;
};
與普通的包含虛函數的單繼承相比，派生類擁有自己的虛函數表以及虛函數表指針，而不是與基類共用一個虛函數表。注意虛函數表指針和虛基類表指針的存儲順序。
b、多虛繼承（包含虛函數）
class Base1
{
public:
Base1 (int a = 2):base1(a){}
virtual void fun1(){cout << base1 << endl;}
int base1;
};
class Base2
{
public:
Base2 (int a = 3):base2(a){}
virtual void fun2(){cout << base2 << endl;}
int base2;
};
class Derive:virtual public Base1, virtual public Base2
{
public:
Derive (int value = 4):derive (value){}
virtual void fun3(){cout << derive << endl;}
int derive;
};
c、菱形虛繼承（包含虛函數）
第一種形式：
class Base
{
public:
Base (int a = 1):base(a){}
virtual void fun0(){cout << base << endl;}
int base;
};
class Base1:virtual public Base
{
public:
Base1 (int a = 2):base1(a){}
virtual void fun1(){cout << base1 << endl;}
int base1;
};
class Base2:virtual public Base
{
public:
Base2 (int a = 3):base2(a){}
virtual void fun2(){cout << base2 << endl;}
int base2;
};
class Derive: public Base1, public Base2
{
public:
Derive (int value = 4):derive (value){}
virtual void fun3(){cout << derive << endl;}
int derive;
};
第二種形式：
class Base
{
public:
Base (int a = 1):base(a){}
virtual void fun0(){cout << base << endl;}
int base;
};
class Base1:virtual public Base
{
public:
Base1 (int a = 2):base1(a){}
virtual void fun1(){cout << base1 << endl;}
int base1;
};
class Base2:virtual public Base
{
public:
Base2 (int a = 3):base2(a){}
virtual void fun2(){cout << base2 << endl;}
int base2;
};
class Derive: virtual public Base1,virtual public Base2
{
public:
Derive (int value = 4):derive (value){}
virtual void fun3(){cout << derive << endl;}
int derive;
};
自行腦補C++類對象的內存結構……