C#中HttpWebRequest、WebClient、HttpClient的使用


HttpWebRequest:

命名空間: System.Net,這是.NET創建者最初開發用於使用HTTP請求的標准類。使用HttpWebRequest可以讓開發者控制請求/響應流程的各個方面,如 timeouts, cookies, headers, protocols。另一個好處是HttpWebRequest類不會阻塞UI線程。例如,當您從響應很慢的API服務器下載大文件時,您的應用程序的UI不會停止響應。HttpWebRequest通常和WebResponse一起使用,一個發送請求,一個獲取數據。HttpWebRquest更為底層一些,能夠對整個訪問過程有個直觀的認識,但同時也更加復雜一些。

//POST方法
        public static string HttpPost(string Url, string postDataStr)
        {
            HttpWebRequest request = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(Url);
            request.Method = "POST";
            request.ContentType = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded";
            Encoding encoding = Encoding.UTF8;
            byte[] postData = encoding.GetBytes(postDataStr);
            request.ContentLength = postData.Length;
            Stream myRequestStream = request.GetRequestStream();
            myRequestStream.Write(postData, 0, postData.Length);
            myRequestStream.Close();
            HttpWebResponse response = (HttpWebResponse)request.GetResponse();
            Stream myResponseStream = response.GetResponseStream();
            StreamReader myStreamReader = new StreamReader(myResponseStream, encoding);
            string retString = myStreamReader.ReadToEnd();
            myStreamReader.Close();
            myResponseStream.Close();

            return retString;
        }
        //GET方法
        public static string HttpGet(string Url, string postDataStr)
        {
            HttpWebRequest request = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(Url + (postDataStr == "" ? "" : "?") + postDataStr);
            request.Method = "GET";
            request.ContentType = "text/html;charset=UTF-8";
            HttpWebResponse response = (HttpWebResponse)request.GetResponse();
            Stream myResponseStream = response.GetResponseStream();
            StreamReader myStreamReader = new StreamReader(myResponseStream, Encoding.GetEncoding("utf-8"));
            string retString = myStreamReader.ReadToEnd();
            myStreamReader.Close();
            myResponseStream.Close();
            return retString;
        }

WebClient:

命名空間System.Net,WebClient是一種更高級別的抽象,是HttpWebRequest為了簡化最常見任務而創建的,使用過程中你會發現他缺少基本的header,timeoust的設置,不過這些可以通過繼承httpwebrequest來實現。相對來說,WebClient比WebRequest更加簡單,它相當於封裝了request和response方法,不過需要說明的是,Webclient和WebRequest繼承的是不同類,兩者在繼承上沒有任何關系。使用WebClient可能比HttpWebRequest直接使用更慢(大約幾毫秒),但卻更為簡單,減少了很多細節,代碼量也比較少。

public class WebClientHelper
    {
        public static string DownloadString(string url)
        {
            WebClient wc = new WebClient();
            //wc.BaseAddress = url;   //設置根目錄
            wc.Encoding = Encoding.UTF8;    //設置按照何種編碼訪問,如果不加此行,獲取到的字符串中文將是亂碼
            string str = wc.DownloadString(url);
            return str;
        }
        public static string DownloadStreamString(string url)
        {
            WebClient wc = new WebClient();
            wc.Headers.Add("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/76.0.3809.132 Safari/537.36");
            Stream objStream = wc.OpenRead(url);
            StreamReader _read = new StreamReader(objStream, Encoding.UTF8);    //新建一個讀取流,用指定的編碼讀取,此處是utf-8
            string str = _read.ReadToEnd();
            objStream.Close();
            _read.Close();
            return str;
        }

        public static void DownloadFile(string url, string filename)
        {
            WebClient wc = new WebClient();
            wc.DownloadFile(url, filename);     //下載文件
        }

        public static void DownloadData(string url, string filename)
        {
            WebClient wc = new WebClient();
            byte [] bytes = wc.DownloadData(url);   //下載到字節數組
            FileStream fs = new FileStream(filename, FileMode.Create);
            fs.Write(bytes, 0, bytes.Length); 
            fs.Flush();
            fs.Close();
        }

        public static void DownloadFileAsync(string url, string filename)
        {
            WebClient wc = new WebClient();
            wc.DownloadFileCompleted += DownCompletedEventHandler;
            wc.DownloadFileAsync(new Uri(url), filename);
            Console.WriteLine("下載中。。。");
        }
        private static void DownCompletedEventHandler(object sender, AsyncCompletedEventArgs e)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(sender.ToString());   //觸發事件的對象
            Console.WriteLine(e.UserState);
            Console.WriteLine(e.Cancelled);
            Console.WriteLine("異步下載完成!");
        }

        public static void DownloadFileAsync2(string url, string filename)
        {
            WebClient wc = new WebClient();
            wc.DownloadFileCompleted += (sender, e) =>
            {
                Console.WriteLine("下載完成!");
                Console.WriteLine(sender.ToString());
                Console.WriteLine(e.UserState);
                Console.WriteLine(e.Cancelled);
            };
            wc.DownloadFileAsync(new Uri(url), filename);
            Console.WriteLine("下載中。。。");
        }
    }

HttpClient:

HttpClient是.NET4.5引入的一個HTTP客戶端庫,其命名空間為 System.Net.Http ,.NET 4.5之前我們可能使用WebClient和HttpWebRequest來達到相同目的。HttpClient利用了最新的面向任務模式,使得處理異步請求非常容易。它適合用於多次請求操作,一般設置好默認頭部后,可以進行重復多次的請求,基本上用一個實例可以提交任何的HTTP請求。HttpClient有預熱機制,第一次進行訪問時比較慢,所以不應該用到HttpClient就new一個出來,應該使用單例或其他方式獲取HttpClient的實例

單例模式:

單例模式(Singleton Pattern)這種類型的設計模式屬於創建型模式,它提供了一種創建對象的最佳方式。

這種模式涉及到一個單一的類,該類負責創建自己的對象,同時確保只有單個對象被創建。這個類提供了一種訪問其唯一的對象的方式,可以直接訪問,不需要實例化該類的對象。

單例創建步驟:1、定義靜態私有對象;2、定義私有構造函數;3、提供公共獲取對象方法;

單例模式一般分為兩種實現模式:懶漢模式、餓漢模式(以下為Java代碼實現)

懶漢模式:  默認不會實例化,什么時候用什么時候new

public class Singleton {  
    private static Singleton instance = null;  
    private Singleton (){}  
  
    public static Singleton getInstance() {  
    if (instance == null) {  
        instance = new Singleton();  
    }  
    return instance;  
    }  
}

這種方式是最基本的實現方式,這種實現最大的問題就是不支持多線程。因為沒有加鎖 synchronized,所以嚴格意義上它並不算單例模式。
這種方式 lazy loading 很明顯,不要求線程安全,在多線程不能正常工作

餓漢模式:  類初始化時,會立即加載該對象,線程天生安全,調用效率高

public class Singleton {  
    private static Singleton instance = new Singleton();  
    private Singleton (){}  
    public static Singleton getInstance() {  
    return instance;  
    }  
}

雙檢鎖/雙重校驗鎖(DCL,即 double-checked locking):這種方式采用雙鎖機制,安全且在多線程情況下能保持高性能

public class Singleton {  
    private volatile static Singleton singleton;  
    private Singleton (){}  
    public static Singleton getSingleton() {  
    if (singleton == null) {  
        synchronized (Singleton.class) {  
        if (singleton == null) {  
            singleton = new Singleton();  
        }  
        }  
    }  
    return singleton;  
    }  
}

HttpClient:
public class HttpClientHelper
    {
        private static readonly object LockObj = new object();
        private static HttpClient client = null;
        public HttpClientHelper() {
            GetInstance();
        }
        public static HttpClient GetInstance()
        {

            if (client == null)
            {
                lock (LockObj)
                {
                    if (client == null)
                    {
                        client = new HttpClient();
                    }
                }
            }
            return client;
        }
        public async Task<string> PostAsync(string url, string strJson)//post異步請求方法
        {
            try
            {
                HttpContent content = new StringContent(strJson);
                content.Headers.ContentType = new System.Net.Http.Headers.MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json");
                //由HttpClient發出異步Post請求
                HttpResponseMessage res = await client.PostAsync(url, content);
                if (res.StatusCode == System.Net.HttpStatusCode.OK)
                {
                    string str = res.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().Result;
                    return str;
                }
                else
                    return null;
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                return null;
            }
        }

        public string Post(string url, string strJson)//post同步請求方法
        {
            try
            {
                HttpContent content = new StringContent(strJson);
                content.Headers.ContentType = new System.Net.Http.Headers.MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json");
                //client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Connection.Add("keep-alive");
                //由HttpClient發出Post請求
                Task<HttpResponseMessage> res = client.PostAsync(url, content);
                if (res.Result.StatusCode == System.Net.HttpStatusCode.OK)
                {
                    string str = res.Result.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().Result;
                    return str;
                }
                else
                    return null;
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                return null;
            }
        }

        public string Get(string url)
        {
            try
            {
                var responseString = client.GetStringAsync(url);
                return responseString.Result;
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                return null;
            }
        }

    }

HttpClient有預熱機制,第一次請求比較慢;可以通過初始化前發送一次head請求解決:
_httpClient = new HttpClient() { BaseAddress = new Uri(BASE_ADDRESS) };

        //幫HttpClient熱身
        _httpClient.SendAsync(new HttpRequestMessage {
                Method = new HttpMethod("HEAD"), 
                RequestUri = new Uri(BASE_ADDRESS + "/") })
            .Result.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();
 
        

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原文連接:https://www.cnblogs.com/MrZheng/p/11636254.html


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