- 讀寫分離原理圖：
- 數據內部交換過程：
面對越來越大的訪問壓力，單台的服務器的性能成為瓶頸需要分擔負載
-
主從只負責各自的讀和寫，極大程度的緩解 X 鎖和 S 鎖爭用
-
從庫可配置 myisam 引擎，提升查詢性能以及節約系統開銷
-
增加冗余，提高可用性
一般有兩種方式實現
-
-
實現程序層實現指的是在應用程序內部及連接器中實現讀寫分離
程序層實現優點：
-
應用程序內部實現讀寫分離，安裝即可以使用
-
減少一定部署難度
-
訪問壓力在一定級別以下，性能很好
程序層實現缺點：
-
架構一但調整，代碼要跟着變
-
難以實現高級應用，如自動分庫，分表
-
無法適用大型應用場景
中間件實現
中間件層實現是指在外部中間件程序實現讀寫分離
中間件優點：
-
架構設計更靈活
-
可以在程序上實現一些高級控制，如：透明化水平拆分，failover,監控
-
可以依靠技術手段提高MySQL性能
-
對業務代碼的影響小，同時也安全
中間件缺點：
-
需要一定的開發運維團隊的支持
- Atlas架構圖
| IP地址 | 數據節點 | vip地址 | |
| db01 | 10.0.0.51 | master | 10.0.0.55 |
| db02 | 10.0.0.52 | slave-1 | |
| db03 | 10.0.0.53 | slave-2 |
#在線下載，可能會會比較慢或者失敗 wget https://github.com/Qihoo360/Atlas/releases/download/2.2.1/Atlas-2.2.1.el6.x86_64.rpm #直接在MHA-2019-6.28.zip里面有 [root@db01 ~]# rpm -ivh Atlas-2.2.1.el6.x86_64.rpm Preparing... ################################# [100%] Updating / installing... 1:Atlas-2.2.1-1 ################################# [100%]
cd /usr/local/mysql-proxy/conf mv test.cnf test.cnf.bak cat > test.cnf <<EOF [mysql-proxy] admin-username = user admin-password = pwd proxy-backend-addresses = 10.0.0.55:3306 proxy-read-only-backend-addresses = 10.0.0.52:3306,10.0.0.53:3306 pwds = repl:3yb5jEku5h4=,mha:O2jBXONX098= daemon = true keepalive = true event-threads = 8 log-level = message log-path = /usr/local/mysql-proxy/log sql-log=ON proxy-address = 0.0.0.0:33060 admin-address = 0.0.0.0:2345 charset=utf8 EOF
- 啟動atlas
# /usr/local/mysql-proxy/bin/mysql-proxyd test start OK: MySQL-Proxy of test is started # ps -ef |grep proxy root 10236 1 0 12:59 ? 00:00:00 /usr/local/mysql-proxy/bin/mysql-proxy --defaults-file=/usr/local/mysql-proxy/conf/test.cnf root 10237 10236 0 12:59 ? 00:00:00 /usr/local/mysql-proxy/bin/mysql-proxy --defaults-file=/usr/local/mysql-proxy/conf/test.cnf root 10253 9305 0 13:00 pts/1 00:00:00 grep --color=auto proxy
[root@db03 ~]# mysql -umha -pmha -h10.0.0.51 -P33060
- 讀操作測試：
mysql> select @@server_id; +-------------+ | @@server_id | +-------------+ | 53 | +-------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select @@server_id; +-------------+ | @@server_id | +-------------+ | 52 | +-------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
注：可以看到我們的讀操作分別在db2和db3上進行了操作
- 寫操作測試：
mysql> begin;select @@server_id;commit; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) +-------------+ | @@server_id | +-------------+ | 51 | +-------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> begin;select @@server_id;commit; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) +-------------+ | @@server_id | +-------------+ | 51 | +-------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
注：所有的寫操作都在db1上進行
#登錄管理 [root@db01 ~]# mysql -uuser -ppwd -h10.0.0.51 -P2345 mysql> select * from help; +----------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+ | command | description | +----------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+ | SELECT * FROM help | shows this help | | SELECT * FROM backends | lists the backends and their state | | SET OFFLINE $backend_id | offline backend server, $backend_id is backend_ndx's id | | SET ONLINE $backend_id | online backend server, ... | | ADD MASTER $backend | example: "add master 127.0.0.1:3306", ... | | ADD SLAVE $backend | example: "add slave 127.0.0.1:3306", ... | | REMOVE BACKEND $backend_id | example: "remove backend 1", ... | | SELECT * FROM clients | lists the clients | | ADD CLIENT $client | example: "add client 192.168.1.2", ... | | REMOVE CLIENT $client | example: "remove client 192.168.1.2", ... | | SELECT * FROM pwds | lists the pwds | | ADD PWD $pwd | example: "add pwd user:raw_password", ... | | ADD ENPWD $pwd | example: "add enpwd user:encrypted_password", ... | | REMOVE PWD $pwd | example: "remove pwd user", ... | | SAVE CONFIG | save the backends to config file | | SELECT VERSION | display the version of Atlas | +----------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+ 16 rows in set (0.01 sec)
2. 查看數據庫節點狀態
mysql> select * from backends; +-------------+----------------+-------+------+ | backend_ndx | address | state | type | +-------------+----------------+-------+------+ | 1 | 10.0.0.55:3306 | up | rw | | 2 | 10.0.0.52:3306 | up | ro | | 3 | 10.0.0.53:3306 | up | ro | +-------------+----------------+-------+------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3. 上線和下線節點
set offline $backend_id --下線例子：set offline 2; set online $backend_id --上線例子：set online 2;
4. 添加刪除節點
ADD MASTER $backend --添加主節點例子：add master 10.0.0.54:3306; ADD slave $backend --添加從節點例子：add slave 10.0.0.54:3306; REMOVE BACKEND $backend_id --刪除節點
5. 用戶管理
select * from pwds --查看用戶 ADD PWD $pwd --添加一個用戶，使用的是明文 ADD ENPWD $pwd --添加一個用戶，使用密文 REMOVE PWD $pwd --刪除用戶
6. 永久生效
mysql> save config;
- 企業用戶管理案例
1. 數據庫主節點
grant all on *.* to china@'10.0.0.%' identified by '123';
2. Atlas中添加數據庫用戶
#明文 ADD PWD china:123; #密文 /usr/local/mysql-proxy/bin/encrypt 123 [root@db01 ~]# /usr/local/mysql-proxy/bin/encrypt 123 3yb5jEku5h4= ADD ENPWD china:3yb5jEku5h4=
配置永久生效
save config;
| 實例 | 端口 | 數據目錄 | |
| db01 | mysql3307 | 3307 | /data/3307/data |
| db02 | mysql3308 | 3308 | /data/3308/data |
| mysql3309 | 3309 | /data/3309/data | |
| mysql3310 | 3310 |
- 架構圖：
-
環境准備
-
-
數據庫版本：MySQL 5.7.28
-
兩台虛擬機：db01、db02
-
每台創建四個MySQL實例：3307、3308、3309、3310
-
pkill mysqld rm -rf /data/33{07..10} mv /etc/my.cnf /etc/my.cnf.bak
3. 創建相關目錄初始化數據
mkdir /data/33{07..10}/data -p mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --datadir=/data/3307/data --basedir=/app/database/mysql mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --datadir=/data/3308/data --basedir=/app/database/mysql mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --datadir=/data/3309/data --basedir=/app/database/mysql mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --datadir=/data/3310/data --basedir=/app/database/mysql
4.准備配置文件和腳本
- db01配置文件和啟動腳本
#db01配置文件 cat >/data/3307/my.cnf<<EOF [mysqld] basedir=/app/database/mysql datadir=/data/3307/data socket=/data/3307/mysql.sock port=3307 log-error=/data/3307/mysql.log log_bin=/data/3307/mysql-bin binlog_format=row skip-name-resolve server-id=7 gtid-mode=on enforce-gtid-consistency=true log-slave-updates=1 EOF cat >/data/3308/my.cnf<<EOF [mysqld] basedir=/app/database/mysql datadir=/data/3308/data port=3308 socket=/data/3308/mysql.sock log-error=/data/3308/mysql.log log_bin=/data/3308/mysql-bin binlog_format=row skip-name-resolve server-id=8 gtid-mode=on enforce-gtid-consistency=true log-slave-updates=1 EOF cat >/data/3309/my.cnf<<EOF [mysqld] basedir=/app/database/mysql datadir=/data/3309/data socket=/data/3309/mysql.sock port=3309 log-error=/data/3309/mysql.log log_bin=/data/3309/mysql-bin binlog_format=row skip-name-resolve server-id=9 gtid-mode=on enforce-gtid-consistency=true log-slave-updates=1 EOF cat >/data/3310/my.cnf<<EOF [mysqld] basedir=/app/database/mysql datadir=/data/3310/data socket=/data/3310/mysql.sock port=3310 log-error=/data/3310/mysql.log log_bin=/data/3310/mysql-bin binlog_format=row skip-name-resolve server-id=10 gtid-mode=on enforce-gtid-consistency=true log-slave-updates=1 EOF #db01啟動文件 cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3307.service<<EOF [Unit] Description=MySQL Server Documentation=man:mysqld(8) Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html After=network.target After=syslog.target [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target [Service] User=mysql Group=mysql ExecStart=/app/database/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3307/my.cnf LimitNOFILE = 5000 EOF cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3308.service<<EOF [Unit] Description=MySQL Server Documentation=man:mysqld(8) Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html After=network.target After=syslog.target [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target [Service] User=mysql Group=mysql ExecStart=/app/database/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3308/my.cnf LimitNOFILE = 5000 EOF cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3309.service<<EOF [Unit] Description=MySQL Server Documentation=man:mysqld(8) Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html After=network.target After=syslog.target [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target [Service] User=mysql Group=mysql ExecStart=/app/database/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3309/my.cnf LimitNOFILE = 5000 EOF cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3310.service<<EOF [Unit] Description=MySQL Server Documentation=man:mysqld(8) Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html After=network.target After=syslog.target [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target [Service] User=mysql Group=mysql ExecStart=/app/database/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3310/my.cnf LimitNOFILE = 5000 EOF
- db02配置文件和啟動文件
#配置文件 cat >/data/3307/my.cnf<<EOF [mysqld] basedir=/app/database/mysql datadir=/data/3307/data socket=/data/3307/mysql.sock port=3307 log-error=/data/3307/mysql.log log_bin=/data/3307/mysql-bin binlog_format=row skip-name-resolve server-id=17 gtid-mode=on enforce-gtid-consistency=true log-slave-updates=1 EOF cat >/data/3308/my.cnf<<EOF [mysqld] basedir=/app/database/mysql datadir=/data/3308/data port=3308 socket=/data/3308/mysql.sock log-error=/data/3308/mysql.log log_bin=/data/3308/mysql-bin binlog_format=row skip-name-resolve server-id=18 gtid-mode=on enforce-gtid-consistency=true log-slave-updates=1 EOF cat >/data/3309/my.cnf<<EOF [mysqld] basedir=/app/database/mysql datadir=/data/3309/data socket=/data/3309/mysql.sock port=3309 log-error=/data/3309/mysql.log log_bin=/data/3309/mysql-bin binlog_format=row skip-name-resolve server-id=19 gtid-mode=on enforce-gtid-consistency=true log-slave-updates=1 EOF cat >/data/3310/my.cnf<<EOF [mysqld] basedir=/app/database/mysql datadir=/data/3310/data socket=/data/3310/mysql.sock port=3310 log-error=/data/3310/mysql.log log_bin=/data/3310/mysql-bin binlog_format=row skip-name-resolve server-id=20 gtid-mode=on enforce-gtid-consistency=true log-slave-updates=1 EOF #啟動文件 cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3307.service<<EOF [Unit] Description=MySQL Server Documentation=man:mysqld(8) Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html After=network.target After=syslog.target [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target [Service] User=mysql Group=mysql ExecStart=/app/database/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3307/my.cnf LimitNOFILE = 5000 EOF cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3308.service<<EOF [Unit] Description=MySQL Server Documentation=man:mysqld(8) Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html After=network.target After=syslog.target [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target [Service] User=mysql Group=mysql ExecStart=/app/database/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3308/my.cnf LimitNOFILE = 5000 EOF cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3309.service<<EOF [Unit] Description=MySQL Server Documentation=man:mysqld(8) Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html After=network.target After=syslog.target [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target [Service] User=mysql Group=mysql ExecStart=/app/database/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3309/my.cnf LimitNOFILE = 5000 EOF cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3310.service<<EOF [Unit] Description=MySQL Server Documentation=man:mysqld(8) Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html After=network.target After=syslog.target [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target [Service] User=mysql Group=mysql ExecStart=/app/database/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3310/my.cnf LimitNOFILE = 5000 EOF
5. 修改權限，啟動多實例
chown -R mysql.mysql /data/* systemctl start mysqld3307 systemctl start mysqld3308 systemctl start mysqld3309 systemctl start mysqld3310 netstat -lntup mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'" mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'" mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'"
6. 節點主從規划
箭頭指向誰是主庫
10.0.0.52:3308 <-----> 10.0.0.51:3308
10.0.0.52:3310 -----> 10.0.0.52:3308
10.0.0.51:3310 -----> 10.0.0.51:3308
7.開始配置
##shard1
10.0.0.51:3307 <-----> 10.0.0.52:3307
- db02
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "grant replication slave on *.* to repl@'10.0.0.%' identified by '123';" mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "grant all on *.* to root@'10.0.0.%' identified by '123' with grant option;"
- db01
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='10.0.0.52', MASTER_PORT=3307, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';" mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "start slave;" mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show slave status\G"
- db02
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='10.0.0.51', MASTER_PORT=3307, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';" mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "start slave;" mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show slave status\G"
10.0.0.51:3309 ------> 10.0.0.51:3307
- db01
mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='10.0.0.51', MASTER_PORT=3307, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';" mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "start slave;" mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "show slave status\G"
10.0.0.52:3309 ------> 10.0.0.52:3307
- db02
mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='10.0.0.52', MASTER_PORT=3307, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';" mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "start slave;" mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "show slave status\G"
10.0.0.52:3308 <-----> 10.0.0.51:3308
- db01
mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "grant replication slave on *.* to repl@'10.0.0.%' identified by '123';" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "grant all on *.* to root@'10.0.0.%' identified by '123' with grant option;"
- db02
mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='10.0.0.51', MASTER_PORT=3308, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "start slave;" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "show slave status\G"
- db01
mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='10.0.0.52', MASTER_PORT=3308, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "start slave;" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "show slave status\G"
10.0.0.52:3310 -----> 10.0.0.52:3308
- db02
mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='10.0.0.52', MASTER_PORT=3308, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';" mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "start slave;" mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "show slave status\G"
10.0.0.51:3310 -----> 10.0.0.51:3308
- db01
mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='10.0.0.51', MASTER_PORT=3308, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';" mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "start slave;" mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "show slave status\G"
8. 檢查主從狀態
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show slave status\G"|grep "Running:" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "show slave status\G"|grep "Running:" mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "show slave status\G"|grep "Running:" mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "show slave status\G"|grep "Running:"
注：(沒問題不要做這部！！！！) 如果中間出現錯誤，在每個節點進行執行以下命令
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "stop slave; reset slave all;" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "stop slave; reset slave all;" mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "stop slave; reset slave all;" mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "stop slave; reset slave all;"
-
-
Mycat是基於阿里開源的Cobar產品研發，Cobar的穩定性、可靠性、優秀的bib架構和性能以及眾多成熟的使用案例使得Mycat變得非常強大。
-
Mycat架構圖：
官方下載主頁：http://www.mycat.io
下載地址：
mkdir /data/mycat/ cd /data/mycat wget http://dl.mycat.io/1.6.7.1/Mycat-server-1.6.7.1-release-20190627191042-linux.tar.gz tar xf Mycat-server-1.6.7.1-release-20190627191042-linux.tar.gz #添加 export PATH=/data/mycat/bin:$PATH #生效 source /etc/profile
- 解壓到
/usr/local，創建軟連接
mkdir /app/ tar xf jdk-8u221-linux-x64.tar.gz -C /app/ ln -s /app/jdk1.8.0_221/ /app/jdk
- 全局環境變量
export JAVA_HOME=/app/jdk export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$JAVA_HOME/jre/bin:$PATH export CLASSPATH=.$CLASSPATH:$JAVA_HOME/lib:$JAVA_HOME/jre/lib:$JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jarq . /etc/profile
- 測試版本
[root@db01 /app]# java -version java version "1.8.0_221" Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_221-b11) Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.221-b11, mixed mode)
[root@db01 mycat]# mycat start Starting Mycat-server... [root@db01 mycat]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -h 127.0.0.1 -P8066
mycat 程序，啟動和關閉mycat中間件
conf：配置相關目錄
schema.xml 主配置文件
rule.xml 分片配置
server.xml mycat服務相關配置
logs：日志相關目錄
wrapper.log
[root@db01 conf]# cd /data/mycat/conf/ mv schema.xml schema.xml.bak vim schema.xml # 邏輯庫： <schema name="TESTDB" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100" dataNode="dn1"> </schema> # DN數據節點（邏輯分片）：數據節點（邏輯分片）： <dataNode name="dn1" dataHost="localhost1" database= "world" /> 作用： 垂直和水平查分。 # DH 數據主機 作用： 高可用和讀寫分離 <dataHost name="localhost1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1" writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1"> <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat> <writeHost host="db1" url="10.0.0.51:3307" user="root" password="123"> #寫的節點 <readHost host="db2" url="10.0.0.51:3309" user="root" password="123" /> #讀的節點 </writeHost> </dataHost> </mycat:schema>
- schema.xml文件邏輯結構
word.sql鏈接地址：https://pan.baidu.com/s/1kUecaHEjQzsRGUlFfw4_5A 提取碼：j3o9
- 配置文件
vim /data/mycat/conf/schema.xml <?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE mycat:schema SYSTEM "schema.dtd"> <mycat:schema xmlns:mycat="http://io.mycat/"> <schema name="TESTDB" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100" dataNode="dn1"> </schema> <dataNode name="dn1" dataHost="localhost1" database= "world" /> <dataHost name="localhost1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1" writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1"> <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat> <writeHost host="db1" url="10.0.0.51:3307" user="root" password="123"> <readHost host="db2" url="10.0.0.51:3309" user="root" password="123" /> </writeHost> </dataHost> </mycat:schema>
- db01：
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock grant all on *.* to root@'10.0.0.%' identified by '123'; source /root/world.sql mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock grant all on *.* to root@'10.0.0.%' identified by '123'; source /root/world.sql
- 重啟mycat
# mycat restart Stopping Mycat-server... Stopped Mycat-server. Starting Mycat-server...
[root@db01 ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -h 10.0.0.51 -P8066 # 測試讀 mysql> select @@server_id; +-------------+ | @@server_id | +-------------+ | 9 | +-------------+ 1 row in set (0.05 sec) # 測試寫 mysql> begin ; select @@server_id;commit; +-------------+ | @@server_id | +-------------+ | 7 | +-------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
[root@db01 conf]# mv schema.xml schema.xml.rw [root@db01 conf]# vim schema.xml <?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE mycat:schema SYSTEM "schema.dtd"> <mycat:schema xmlns:mycat="http://io.mycat/"> <schema name="TESTDB" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100" dataNode="sh1"> </schema> <dataNode name="sh1" dataHost="oldguo1" database= "world" /> <dataHost name="oldguo1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1" writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1"> <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat> <writeHost host="db1" url="10.0.0.51:3307" user="root" password="123"> <readHost host="db2" url="10.0.0.51:3309" user="root" password="123" /> </writeHost> <writeHost host="db3" url="10.0.0.52:3307" user="root" password="123"> <readHost host="db4" url="10.0.0.52:3309" user="root" password="123" /> </writeHost> </dataHost> </mycat:schema> [root@db01 conf]# mycat restart Stopping Mycat-server... Stopped Mycat-server. Starting Mycat-server...
standby writehost：和readhost一樣，只提供讀服務
- 測試
mysql -uroot -p123456 -h 127.0.0.1 -P 8066 show variables like 'server_id';
- 讀寫分離測試
mysql -uroot -p -h 127.0.0.1 -P8066 show variables like 'server_id'; show variables like 'server_id'; show variables like 'server_id'; begin; show variables like 'server_id';
有兩個參數需要注意，balance和switchType。
其中，balance指的負載均衡類型，目前的取值有4種：
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balance="0"：不開啟讀寫分離機制，所有讀操作都發送發到當前可用的
writeHost上。 -
balance="1"：全部的readHost 與 stand by writeHost 參與 select 語句的負載均衡，簡單的說，當雙主雙從模式(M1-->S1，M2-->S2，並且 M1與 M2 互為主備)，正常情況下，M2，S1，S2 都參與 select 語句的負載均衡。
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balance="2"：所有讀操作都隨機的在
writeHost、readhost上分發。 -
balance="3"：所有讀請求隨機的分發到
writeHost對應的readhost執行，writeHost不負擔讀壓力
switchType指的是切換模式，目前的取值也有4種：
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-
switchType="1"：默認值，表示自動切換
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switchType="2"：基於MySQL主從同步的狀態決定是否切換，心跳語句為
show slave status; -
datahost其他配置
<dataHost name="localhost1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1" writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1">
-
-
minCon="10"：mycat在啟動之后，會在后端節點上自動連接線程
-
systemctl restart mysqld3307
systemctl restart mysqld3308
systemctl restart mysqld3309
sysetmctl restart mysqld3310
- 查看主從狀態
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show slave status\G"|grep "Running:" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "show slave status\G"|grep "Running:" mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "show slave status\G"|grep "Running:" mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "show slave status\G"|grep "Running:"
分表架構圖：
cd /data/mycat/conf mv schema.xml schema.xml.ha vim schema.xml <?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE mycat:schema SYSTEM "schema.dtd"> <mycat:schema xmlns:mycat="http://io.mycat/"> <schema name="TESTDB" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100" dataNode="sh1"> <table name="user" dataNode="sh1"/> <table name="order_t" dataNode="sh2"/> </schema> <dataNode name="sh1" dataHost="oldguo1" database= "taobao" /> <dataNode name="sh2" dataHost="oldguo2" database= "taobao" /> <dataHost name="oldguo1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1" writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1"> <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat> <writeHost host="db1" url="10.0.0.51:3307" user="root" password="123"> <readHost host="db2" url="10.0.0.51:3309" user="root" password="123" /> </writeHost> <writeHost host="db3" url="10.0.0.52:3307" user="root" password="123"> <readHost host="db4" url="10.0.0.52:3309" user="root" password="123" /> </writeHost> </dataHost> <dataHost name="oldguo2" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1" writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1"> <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat> <writeHost host="db1" url="10.0.0.51:3308" user="root" password="123"> <readHost host="db2" url="10.0.0.51:3310" user="root" password="123" /> </writeHost> <writeHost host="db3" url="10.0.0.52:3308" user="root" password="123"> <readHost host="db4" url="10.0.0.52:3310" user="root" password="123" /> </writeHost> </dataHost> </mycat:schema>
- 創建測試庫和表
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "create database taobao charset utf8;" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "create database taobao charset utf8;" mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table user(id int,name varchar(20))"; mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table order_t(id int,name varchar(20))"
- 重啟mycat
mycat restart
- 讀操作測試
mysql -uroot -p123456 -h10.0.0.51 -P8066 mysql> use TESTDB; mysql> show tables; +------------------+ | Tables_in_taobao | +------------------+ | order_t | | user | +------------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) [root@db01 /data/mycat/conf]# mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show tables from taobao" +------------------+ | Tables_in_taobao | +------------------+ | user | +------------------+ [root@db01 /data/mycat/conf]# mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "show tables from taobao" +------------------+ | Tables_in_taobao | +------------------+ | order_t | +------------------+
文章地址：https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1526776
水平拆分：
水平分表：
水平分開庫分表：
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-
地理拆分：將訂單表按照不同地區將表中的數據拆分到不同數據庫的order數據庫中存儲。比如可以安裝省份來進行拆分。
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取模拆分：取模就是剛才在水平分表講到的比如有三個訂單表，可以將id對3取余，但是區別在於水平分庫分表是將同樣的數據庫和數據表存放在不同機器，所以可以說有效緩解單機瓶頸問題。
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時間拆分：
- 修改schema.xml文件，定制分片策略
cp schema.xml schema.xml.1 vim schema.xml <schema name="TESTDB" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100" dataNode="sh1"> <table name="t3" dataNode="sh1,sh2" rule="auto-sharding-long" /> ---對t3表進行定制分片策略 </schema> <dataNode name="sh1" dataHost="oldguo1" database= "taobao" /> <dataNode name="sh2" dataHost="oldguo2" database= "taobao" />
- rule.xml文件配置切分規則
vim rule.xml <!-- name屬性指定分片規則的名稱，必須在 rule.xml 文件中是唯一的 --> <tableRule name="auto-sharding-long"> <rule> <!-- 指定使用表中的哪個列進行分片 --> <columns>id</columns> <!-- 指定表的分片算法，取值為<function>標簽的name屬性 --> <algorithm>rang-long</algorithm> </rule> <function name="rang-long" class="io.mycat.route.function.AutoPartitionByLong"> <!-- 使用range-log需要搭配autopartition-long.txt這個文件 --> <property name="mapFile">autopartition-long.txt</property> </function>
- autopartition-long.txt 定制范圍-range
# range start-end,data node index # k=1000,M=10000. 0-10=0 10-20=1 # 0,1是分片的編號
- 創建測試表
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table t3 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table t3 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);"
- 測試
# 重啟mycat mycat restart mysql -uroot -p123456 -h 127.0.0.1 -P 8066 insert into t3(id,name) values(1,'a'); insert into t3(id,name) values(2,'b'); insert into t3(id,name) values(3,'c'); insert into t3(id,name) values(4,'d'); insert into t3(id,name) values(11,'aa'); insert into t3(id,name) values(12,'bb'); insert into t3(id,name) values(13,'cc'); insert into t3(id,name) values(14,'dd'); [root@db01 conf]# mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "select * from taobao.t3" +----+------+ | id | name | +----+------+ | 11 | aa | | 12 | bb | | 13 | cc | | 14 | dd | +----+------+ [root@db01 conf]# mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "select * from taobao.t3" +----+------+ | id | name | +----+------+ | 1 | a | | 2 | b | | 3 | c | | 4 | d | +----+------+
- 復制配置文件
#修改配置文件 vim schema.xml <table name="t4" dataNode="sh1,sh2" rule="mod-long" /> #查看和定義分片使用 vim rule.xml <property name="count">2</property> #這里我們有幾個節點就寫幾，這里我們是2個多實例節點
- 准備測試環境
#創建t4測試表 mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table t4 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table t4 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);" #重啟mycat mycat restart #測試 mysql -root -p123456 -h10.0.0.051 -P8066 use TESTDB insert into t4(id,name) values(1,'a'); insert into t4(id,name) values(2,'b'); insert into t4(id,name) values(3,'c'); insert into t4(id,name) values(4,'d'); insert into t4(id,name) values(6,'x'),(8,'y'),(10,'z'); #分別登錄后端節點查詢數據 mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "select * from taobao.t4" +----+------+ | id | name | +----+------+ | 1 | a | | 3 | c | +----+------+ mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "select * from taobao.t4" +----+------+ | id | name | +----+------+ | 2 | b | | 4 | d | | 6 | x | | 8 | y | | 10 | z | +----+------+
- 表格規划
t5 表 id name telnum 1 bj 1212 2 sh 22222 3 bj 3333 4 sh 44444 5 bj 5555 #使用的函數 sharding-by-intfile
- schema.xml配置文件
<table name="t5" dataNode="sh1,sh2" rule="sharding-by-intfile" />
- rule.xml分片配置文件
vim rule.xml <tableRule name="sharding-by-intfile"> <rule> <columns>name</columns> <algorithm>hash-int</algorithm> </rule> </tableRule> <function name="hash-int" class="org.opencloudb.route.function.PartitionByFileMap"> <property name="mapFile">partition-hash-int.txt</property> <property name="type">1</property> ###type這一列，打開中英文的支持 <property name="defaultNode">1</property> ###這里行是添加的其他數據默認加入sh=1里面 </function>
bj=0 sh=1 DEFAULT_NODE=1 #上面這個參數是其他數據往sh=1這個表里走
注：columns 標識將要分片的表字段，algorithm 分片函數， 其中分片函數配置中，mapFile標識配置文件名稱
- 准備測試環境
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table t5 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table t5 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);"
- 重啟mycat，查看結構
#重啟 mycat restart #連接加入表數據 mysql -uroot -p123456 -h10.0.0.51 -P8066 use TESTDB insert into t5(id,name) values(1,'bj'); insert into t5(id,name) values(2,'sh'); insert into t5(id,name) values(3,'bj'); insert into t5(id,name) values(4,'sh'); insert into t5(id,name) values(5,'tj'); #查看結果 mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "select * from taobao.t5" +----+------+ | id | name | +----+------+ | 2 | sh | | 4 | sh | | 5 | tj | +----+------+ mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "select * from taobao.t5" +----+------+ | id | name | +----+------+ | 1 | bj | | 3 | bj | +----+------+
a b c d ..... join t select t1.name ,t.x from t1 join t select t2.name ,t.x from t2 join t select t3.name ,t.x from t3 join t
注：所有表都要去join t這張表，我們要把這張表變成全局表
-
如果你的業務中有些數據類似於數據字典，比如配置文件的配置， 常用業務的配置或者數據量不大很少變動的表，這些表往往不是特別大， 而且大部分的業務場景都會用到，那么這種表適合於Mycat全局表，無須對數據進行切分， 要在所有的分片上保存一份數據即可，Mycat 在Join操作中，業務表與全局表進行Join聚合會優先選擇相同分片內的全局表join， 避免跨庫Join，在進行數據插入操作時，mycat將把數據分發到全局表對應的所有分片執行，在進行數據讀取時候將會隨機獲取一個節點讀取數據。
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vim schema.xml <table name="t_area" primaryKey="id" type="global" dataNode="sh1,sh2" />
- 后端數據准備
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table t_area (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table t_area (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);"
- 重啟mycat
mycat restart
- 測試
mysql -uroot -p123456 -h10.0.0.51 -P8066 use TESTDB insert into t_area(id,name) values(1,'a'); insert into t_area(id,name) values(2,'b'); insert into t_area(id,name) values(3,'c'); insert into t_area(id,name) values(4,'d'); #查看表 mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "select * from taobao.t_area" +----+------+ | id | name | +----+------+ | 1 | a | | 2 | b | | 3 | c | | 4 | d | +----+------+ mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "select * from taobao.t_area" +----+------+ | id | name | +----+------+ | 1 | a | | 2 | b | | 3 | c | | 4 | d | +----+------+
比如：
怎么辦?
a join b on a.xx =b.yy
為了防止跨分片join，可以使用E-R模式
<table name="a" dataNode="sh1,sh2" rule="mod-long"> <childTable name="b" joinKey="aid" parentKey="id" /> </table>
### a表結構 id name 1 a 2 b 3 c 4 d ### b表結構 id addr aid 1001 bj 1 1002 sh 2 1003 tj 3 1004 wh 4 ### 兩表之間join關聯 select * from a join b on a.id = b.aid where a.name=d
例子：a表和b表做E-R分片，並進行join
1. 修改配置文件
vim schema.xml <table name="a" dataNode="sh1,sh2" rule="mod-long_china"> <childTable name="b" joinKey="aid" parentKey="id" /> </table>
注：a是主，b是負
2. 修改rule.xml mod-log分片策略：
vim rule.xml <tableRule name="mod-long_china"> <rule> <columns>id</columns> <algorithm>mod-long_china</algorithm> </rule> </tableRule> <function name="mod-long_china" class="io.mycat.route.function.PartitionByMod"> <!-- how many data nodes --> <property name="count">2</property> </function>
注：tableRule里的name是我們自定義的，在文件下方的函數也要進行創建，可以參考旁邊的mod-log
3. 創建測試表
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table a (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);" mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table b (id int not null primary key auto_increment,addr varchar(20) not null ,aid int );" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table a (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table b (id int not null primary key auto_increment,addr varchar(20) not null ,aid int );"
4. 重啟mycat測試
mycat restart mysql -uroot -p123456 -h10.0.0.51 -P8066 use TESTDB insert into a(id,name) values(1,'a'); insert into a(id,name) values(2,'b'); insert into a(id,name) values(3,'c'); insert into a(id,name) values(4,'d'); insert into a(id,name) values(5,'e'); insert into b(id,addr,aid) values(1001,'bj',1); insert into b(id,addr,aid) values(1002,'sj',3); insert into b(id,addr,aid) values(1003,'sd',4); insert into b(id,addr,aid) values(1004,'we',2); insert into b(id,addr,aid) values(1005,'er',5);
5. 后端數據節點數據分布
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "select * from taobao.a" mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "select * from taobao.b" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "select * from taobao.a" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "select * from taobao.b"
1. 邏輯庫名
schema.xml <schema name="china" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100" dataNode="sh1"> server.xml <user name="root" defaultAccount="true"> <property name="password">123456</property> <property name="schemas">oldboy,oldguo</property> <property name="defaultSchema">oldboy</property> <!--No MyCAT Database selected 錯誤前會嘗試使用該schema作為schema，不設置則為null,報錯 --> <!-- 表級 DML 權限設置 --> <!-- <privileges check="false"> <schema name="TESTDB" dml="0110" > <table name="tb01" dml="0000"></table> <table name="tb02" dml="1111"></table> </schema> </privileges> --> </user> <user name="user"> <property name="password">user</property> <property name="schemas">oldboy</property> <property name="readOnly">true</property> <property name="defaultSchema">oldboy</property> </user>
2. 添加一個邏輯庫
schema.xml <schema name="china" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100" dataNode="sh1"> </schema> server.xml <property name="schemas">oldboy,oldguo</property>