python中一般並不需要查看內存內容,但作為從C/C++過來的人,有的時候還是想看看內存,有時是為了驗證內容是否與預期一致,有時是為了探究下內存布局。
from sys import getsizeof
from ctypes import string_at
'''
getsizeof(...)
getsizeof(object, default) -> int
Return the size of object in bytes.
string_at(ptr, size=-1)
string_at(addr[, size]) -> string
Return the string at addr.
'''
getsizeof
用於獲取對象占用的內存大小,string_at
用於獲取指定地址、指定字節長度的內容,因為返回的對象類型是bytes
,可以調用hex()
函數轉換成16進制查看。
對int
對象的內存內容如下,首先通過函數id
獲取對象的內存地址。
i = 100
type(i)
# int
s = string_at(id(i), getsizeof(i))
type(s)
# bytes
s
# b'>\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xa0\x99\xfd\x1d\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00d\x00\x00\x00'
s.hex()
# '3e00000000000000a099fd1d00000000010000000000000064000000'
如果對int
對象的內存布局不熟悉,可能看不出什么。
再舉一個numpy
的例子。
>>> import numpy as np
>>> a = np.arange(12).reshape(3,4)
>>> a
array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],
[ 4, 5, 6, 7],
[ 8, 9, 10, 11]])
>>> a.data
<memory at 0x00000000062483A8>
>>> m = a.data
>>> type(m)
memoryview
>>> m.hex()
'000000000100000002000000030000000400000005000000060000000700000008000000090000000a0000000b000000'
>>> a.ctypes.data
68393696
>>> string_at(a.ctypes.data, a.nbytes).hex()
'000000000100000002000000030000000400000005000000060000000700000008000000090000000a0000000b000000'
上面展示的兩個例子,一個是通過memoryview
對象查看,另一個是通過string_at
查看。不是所有對象都支持memoryview
,
class
memoryview
(obj)Create a
memoryview
that references obj. obj must support the buffer protocol. Built-in objects that support the buffer protocol includebytes
andbytearray
.—— from https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#memoryview
但string_at
,
ctypes.string_at
(address, size=-1)This function returns the C string starting at memory address address as a bytes object. If size is specified, it is used as size, otherwise the string is assumed to be zero-terminated.
—— from https://docs.python.org/3/library/ctypes.html?highlight=string_at#ctypes.string_at