ASP.NET Cookie是怎么生成的


ASP.NET Cookie是怎么生成的

可能有人知道Cookie的生成由machineKey有關,machineKey用於決定Cookie生成的算法和密鑰,並如果使用多台服務器做負載均衡時,必須指定一致的machineKey用於解密,那么這個過程到底是怎樣的呢?

如果需要在.NET Core中使用ASP.NET Cookie,本文將提到的內容也將是一些必經之路。

抽絲剝繭,一步一步分析

首先用戶通過AccountController->Login進行登錄:

//
// POST: /Account/Login
public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginViewModel model, string returnUrl)
{
    if (!ModelState.IsValid)
    {
        return View(model);
    }

    var result = await SignInManager.PasswordSignInAsync(model.Email, model.Password, model.RememberMe, shouldLockout: false);
    switch (result)
    {
        case SignInStatus.Success:
            return RedirectToLocal(returnUrl);
        // ......省略其它代碼
    }
}

它調用了SignInManagerPasswordSignInAsync方法,該方法代碼如下(有刪減):

public virtual async Task<SignInStatus> PasswordSignInAsync(string userName, string password, bool isPersistent, bool shouldLockout)
{
    // ...省略其它代碼
    if (await UserManager.CheckPasswordAsync(user, password).WithCurrentCulture())
    {
        if (!await IsTwoFactorEnabled(user))
        {
            await UserManager.ResetAccessFailedCountAsync(user.Id).WithCurrentCulture();
        }
        return await SignInOrTwoFactor(user, isPersistent).WithCurrentCulture();
    }
    // ...省略其它代碼
    return SignInStatus.Failure;
}

想瀏覽原始代碼,可參見官方的Github鏈接:https://github.com/aspnet/AspNetIdentity/blob/master/src/Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin/SignInManager.cs#L235-L276

可見它先需要驗證密碼,密碼驗證正確后,它調用了SignInOrTwoFactor方法,該方法代碼如下:

private async Task<SignInStatus> SignInOrTwoFactor(TUser user, bool isPersistent)
{
    var id = Convert.ToString(user.Id);
    if (await IsTwoFactorEnabled(user) && !await AuthenticationManager.TwoFactorBrowserRememberedAsync(id).WithCurrentCulture())
    {
        var identity = new ClaimsIdentity(DefaultAuthenticationTypes.TwoFactorCookie);
        identity.AddClaim(new Claim(ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier, id));
        AuthenticationManager.SignIn(identity);
        return SignInStatus.RequiresVerification;
    }
    await SignInAsync(user, isPersistent, false).WithCurrentCulture();
    return SignInStatus.Success;
}

該代碼只是判斷了是否需要做雙重驗證,在需要雙重驗證的情況下,它調用了AuthenticationManagerSignIn方法;否則調用SignInAsync方法。SignInAsync的源代碼如下:

public virtual async Task SignInAsync(TUser user, bool isPersistent, bool rememberBrowser)
{
    var userIdentity = await CreateUserIdentityAsync(user).WithCurrentCulture();
    // Clear any partial cookies from external or two factor partial sign ins
    AuthenticationManager.SignOut(DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ExternalCookie, DefaultAuthenticationTypes.TwoFactorCookie);
    if (rememberBrowser)
    {
        var rememberBrowserIdentity = AuthenticationManager.CreateTwoFactorRememberBrowserIdentity(ConvertIdToString(user.Id));
        AuthenticationManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties { IsPersistent = isPersistent }, userIdentity, rememberBrowserIdentity);
    }
    else
    {
        AuthenticationManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties { IsPersistent = isPersistent }, userIdentity);
    }
}

可見,最終所有的代碼都是調用了AuthenticationManager.SignIn方法,所以該方法是創建Cookie的關鍵。

AuthenticationManager的實現定義在Microsoft.Owin中,因此無法在ASP.NET Identity中找到其源代碼,因此我們打開Microsoft.Owin的源代碼繼續跟蹤(有刪減):

public void SignIn(AuthenticationProperties properties, params ClaimsIdentity[] identities)
{
    AuthenticationResponseRevoke priorRevoke = AuthenticationResponseRevoke;
    if (priorRevoke != null)
    {
        // ...省略不相關代碼
        AuthenticationResponseRevoke = new AuthenticationResponseRevoke(filteredSignOuts);
    }

    AuthenticationResponseGrant priorGrant = AuthenticationResponseGrant;
    if (priorGrant == null)
    {
        AuthenticationResponseGrant = new AuthenticationResponseGrant(new ClaimsPrincipal(identities), properties);
    }
    else
    {
        // ...省略不相關代碼

        AuthenticationResponseGrant = new AuthenticationResponseGrant(new ClaimsPrincipal(mergedIdentities), priorGrant.Properties);
    }
}

AuthenticationManagerGithub鏈接如下:https://github.com/aspnet/AspNetKatana/blob/c33569969e79afd9fb4ec2d6bdff877e376821b2/src/Microsoft.Owin/Security/AuthenticationManager.cs

可見它用到了AuthenticationResponseGrant,繼續跟蹤可以看到它實際是一個屬性:

public AuthenticationResponseGrant AuthenticationResponseGrant
{
    // 省略get
    set
    {
        if (value == null)
        {
            SignInEntry = null;
        }
        else
        {
            SignInEntry = Tuple.Create((IPrincipal)value.Principal, value.Properties.Dictionary);
        }
    }
}

發現它其實是設置了SignInEntry,繼續追蹤:

public Tuple<IPrincipal, IDictionary<string, string>> SignInEntry
{
    get { return _context.Get<Tuple<IPrincipal, IDictionary<string, string>>>(OwinConstants.Security.SignIn); }
    set { _context.Set(OwinConstants.Security.SignIn, value); }
}

其中,_context的類型為IOwinContextOwinConstants.Security.SignIn的常量值為"security.SignIn"

跟蹤完畢……

啥?跟蹤這么久,居然跟丟啦!?

當然沒有!但接下來就需要一定的技巧了。

原來,ASP.NET是一種中間件(Middleware)模型,在這個例子中,它會先處理MVC中間件,該中間件處理流程到設置AuthenticationResponseGrant/SignInEntry為止。但接下來會繼續執行CookieAuthentication中間件,該中間件的核心代碼在aspnet/AspNetKatana倉庫中可以看到,關鍵類是CookieAuthenticationHandler,核心代碼如下:

protected override async Task ApplyResponseGrantAsync()
{
    AuthenticationResponseGrant signin = Helper.LookupSignIn(Options.AuthenticationType);
    // ... 省略部分代碼

    if (shouldSignin)
    {
        var signInContext = new CookieResponseSignInContext(
            Context,
            Options,
            Options.AuthenticationType,
            signin.Identity,
            signin.Properties,
            cookieOptions);

        // ... 省略部分代碼

        model = new AuthenticationTicket(signInContext.Identity, signInContext.Properties);
        // ... 省略部分代碼

        string cookieValue = Options.TicketDataFormat.Protect(model);

        Options.CookieManager.AppendResponseCookie(
            Context,
            Options.CookieName,
            cookieValue,
            signInContext.CookieOptions);
    }
    // ... 又省略部分代碼
}

這個原始函數有超過200行代碼,這里我省略了較多,但保留了關鍵、核心部分,想查閱原始代碼可以移步Github鏈接:https://github.com/aspnet/AspNetKatana/blob/0fc4611e8b04b73f4e6bd68263e3f90e1adfa447/src/Microsoft.Owin.Security.Cookies/CookieAuthenticationHandler.cs#L130-L313

這里挑幾點最重要的講。

MVC建立關系

建立關系的核心代碼就是第一行,它從上文中提到的位置取回了AuthenticationResponseGrant,該Grant保存了ClaimsAuthenticationTicketCookie重要組成部分:

AuthenticationResponseGrant signin = Helper.LookupSignIn(Options.AuthenticationType);

繼續查閱LookupSignIn源代碼,可看到,它就是從上文中的AuthenticationManager中取回了AuthenticationResponseGrant(有刪減):

public AuthenticationResponseGrant LookupSignIn(string authenticationType)
{
    // ...
    AuthenticationResponseGrant grant = _context.Authentication.AuthenticationResponseGrant;
    // ...

    foreach (var claimsIdentity in grant.Principal.Identities)
    {
        if (string.Equals(authenticationType, claimsIdentity.AuthenticationType, StringComparison.Ordinal))
        {
            return new AuthenticationResponseGrant(claimsIdentity, grant.Properties ?? new AuthenticationProperties());
        }
    }

    return null;
}

如此一來,柳暗花明又一村,所有的線索就立即又明朗了

Cookie的生成

AuthenticationTicket變成Cookie字節串,最關鍵的一步在這里:

string cookieValue = Options.TicketDataFormat.Protect(model);

在接下來的代碼中,只提到使用CookieManager將該Cookie字節串添加到Http響應中,翻閱CookieManager可以看到如下代碼:

public void AppendResponseCookie(IOwinContext context, string key, string value, CookieOptions options)
{
    if (context == null)
    {
        throw new ArgumentNullException("context");
    }
    if (options == null)
    {
        throw new ArgumentNullException("options");
    }

    IHeaderDictionary responseHeaders = context.Response.Headers;
    // 省去“1萬”行計算chunk和處理細節的流程
    responseHeaders.AppendValues(Constants.Headers.SetCookie, chunks);
}

有興趣的朋友可以訪問Github看原始版本的代碼:https://github.com/aspnet/AspNetKatana/blob/0fc4611e8b04b73f4e6bd68263e3f90e1adfa447/src/Microsoft.Owin/Infrastructure/ChunkingCookieManager.cs#L125-L215

可見這個實現比較……簡單,就是往Response.Headers中加了個頭,重點只要看TicketDataFormat.Protect方法即可。

逐漸明朗

該方法源代碼如下:

public string Protect(TData data)
{
    byte[] userData = _serializer.Serialize(data);
    byte[] protectedData = _protector.Protect(userData);
    string protectedText = _encoder.Encode(protectedData);
    return protectedText;
}

可見它依賴於_serializer_protector_encoder三個類,其中,_serializer的關鍵代碼如下:

public virtual byte[] Serialize(AuthenticationTicket model)
{
    using (var memory = new MemoryStream())
    {
        using (var compression = new GZipStream(memory, CompressionLevel.Optimal))
        {
            using (var writer = new BinaryWriter(compression))
            {
                Write(writer, model);
            }
        }
        return memory.ToArray();
    }
}

其本質是進行了一次二進制序列化,並緊接着進行了gzip壓縮,確保Cookie大小不要失去控制(因為.NET的二進制序列化結果較大,並且微軟喜歡搞xml,更大😂)。

然后來看一下_encoder源代碼:

public string Encode(byte[] data)
{
    if (data == null)
    {
        throw new ArgumentNullException("data");
    }

    return Convert.ToBase64String(data).TrimEnd('=').Replace('+', '-').Replace('/', '_');
}

可見就是進行了一次簡單的base64-url編碼,注意該編碼把=號刪掉了,所以在base64-url解碼時,需要補=號。

這兩個都比較簡單,稍復雜的是_protector,它的類型是IDataProtector

IDataProtector

它在CookieAuthenticationMiddleware中進行了初始化,創建代碼和參數如下:

IDataProtector dataProtector = app.CreateDataProtector(
    typeof(CookieAuthenticationMiddleware).FullName,
    Options.AuthenticationType, "v1");

注意它傳了三個參數,第一個參數是CookieAuthenticationMiddlewareFullName,也就是"Microsoft.Owin.Security.Cookies.CookieAuthenticationMiddleware",第二個參數如果沒定義,默認值是CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationType,該值為定義為"Cookies"

但是,在默認創建的ASP.NET MVC模板項目中,該值被重新定義為ASP.NET Identity的默認值,即"ApplicationCookie",需要注意。

然后來看看CreateDataProtector的源碼:

public static IDataProtector CreateDataProtector(this IAppBuilder app, params string[] purposes)
{
    if (app == null)
    {
        throw new ArgumentNullException("app");
    }

    IDataProtectionProvider dataProtectionProvider = GetDataProtectionProvider(app);
    if (dataProtectionProvider == null)
    {
        dataProtectionProvider = FallbackDataProtectionProvider(app);
    }
    return dataProtectionProvider.Create(purposes);
}

public static IDataProtectionProvider GetDataProtectionProvider(this IAppBuilder app)
{
    if (app == null)
    {
        throw new ArgumentNullException("app");
    }
    object value;
    if (app.Properties.TryGetValue("security.DataProtectionProvider", out value))
    {
        var del = value as DataProtectionProviderDelegate;
        if (del != null)
        {
            return new CallDataProtectionProvider(del);
        }
    }
    return null;
}

可見它先從IAppBuilder"security.DataProtectionProvider"屬性中取一個IDataProtectionProvider,否則使用DpapiDataProtectionProvider

我們翻閱代碼,在OwinAppContext中可以看到,該值被指定為MachineKeyDataProtectionProvider

builder.Properties[Constants.SecurityDataProtectionProvider] = new MachineKeyDataProtectionProvider().ToOwinFunction();

文中的Constants.SecurityDataProtectionProvider,剛好就被定義為"security.DataProtectionProvider"

我們翻閱MachineKeyDataProtector的源代碼,剛好看到它依賴於MachineKey

internal class MachineKeyDataProtector
{
    private readonly string[] _purposes;

    public MachineKeyDataProtector(params string[] purposes)
    {
        _purposes = purposes;
    }

    public virtual byte[] Protect(byte[] userData)
    {
        return MachineKey.Protect(userData, _purposes);
    }

    public virtual byte[] Unprotect(byte[] protectedData)
    {
        return MachineKey.Unprotect(protectedData, _purposes);
    }
}

最終到了我們的老朋友MachineKey

逆推過程,破解Cookie

首先總結一下這個過程,對一個請求在Mvc中的流程來說,這些代碼集中在ASP.NET Identity中,它會經過:

  1. AccountController
  2. SignInManager
  3. AuthenticationManager
  4. 設置AuthenticationResponseGrant

然后進入CookieAuthentication的流程,這些代碼集中在Owin中,它會經過:

  1. CookieAuthenticationMiddleware(讀取AuthenticationResponseGrant
  2. ISecureDataFormat(實現類:SecureDataFormat<T>
  3. IDataSerializer(實現類:TicketSerializer
  4. IDataProtector(實現類:MachineKeyDataProtector
  5. ITextEncoder(實現類:Base64UrlTextEncoder

這些過程,結果上文中找到的所有參數的值,我總結出的“祖傳破解代碼”如下:

string cookie = "nZBqV1M-Az7yJezhb6dUzS_urj1urB0GDufSvDJSa0pv27CnDsLHRzMDdpU039j6ApL-VNfrJULfE85yU9RFzGV_aAGXHVkGckYqkCRJUKWV8SqPEjNJ5ciVzW--uxsCBNlG9jOhJI1FJIByRzYJvidjTYABWFQnSSd7XpQRjY4lb082nDZ5lwJVK3gaC_zt6H5Z1k0lUFZRb6afF52laMc___7BdZ0mZSA2kRxTk1QY8h2gQh07HqlR_p0uwTFNKi0vW9NxkplbB8zfKbfzDj7usep3zAeDEnwofyJERtboXgV9gIS21fLjc58O-4rR362IcCi2pYjaKHwZoO4LKWe1bS4r1tyzW0Ms-39Njtiyp7lRTN4HUHMUi9PxacRNgVzkfK3msTA6LkCJA3VwRm_UUeC448Lx5pkcCPCB3lGat_5ttGRjKD_lllI-YE4esXHB5eJilJDIZlEcHLv9jYhTl17H0Jl_H3FqXyPQJR-ylQfh";
var bytes = TextEncodings.Base64Url.Decode(cookie);
var decrypted = MachineKey.Unprotect(bytes,
    "Microsoft.Owin.Security.Cookies.CookieAuthenticationMiddleware",
    "ApplicationCookie",
    "v1");
var serializer = new TicketSerializer();
var ticket = serializer.Deserialize(decrypted);
ticket.Dump(); // Dump為LINQPad專有函數,用於方便調試顯示,此處可以用循環輸出代替

運行前請設置好app.config/web.config中的machineKey節點,並安裝NuGet包:Microsoft.Owin.Security,運行結果如下(完美破解):

總結

學習方式有很多種,其中看代碼是我個人非常喜歡的一種方式,並非所有代碼都會一馬平川。像這個例子可能還需要有一定ASP.NET知識背景。

注意這個“祖傳代碼”是基於.NET Framework,由於其用到了MachineKey,因此無法在.NET Core中運行。我稍后將繼續深入聊聊MachineKey這個類,看它底層代碼是如何工作的,然后最終得以在.NET Core中直接破解ASP.NET Identity中的Cookie,敬請期待!

喜歡的朋友請關注我的微信公眾號:【DotNet騷操作】

DotNet騷操作

最后,在新的一年里,祝大家闔家歡樂,鼠年大吉!


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