xtrabackup備份還原mariadb數據庫

本文轉載自查看原文 2020-01-18 20:01 672 數據庫備份還原/ MariaDB/ 數據庫/ xtrabackup

　　一、xtrabackup 簡介

　　xtrabackup 是由percona公司開源免費的數據庫熱備軟件，它能對InnoDB數據庫和XtraDB存儲引擎的數據庫非阻塞地備份，對於myisam的備份同樣需要加表鎖。mysqldump備份方式是通過用戶名密碼連接到數據庫，將其要備份的數據庫用SQL語句的形式輸出到標准輸出，這種邏輯備份的方式最大的缺點是備份和恢復的速度較慢，如果數據庫過大，mysqldump備份就顯得力不從心了。這時選擇用xtrabackup來備份就能很好解決數據庫過大而導致備份過慢的問題。

　　xtrabackup的優點

　　　　1）備份還原過程快速、可靠

　　　　2）備份過程不會打斷正在執行的事務

　　　　3）能夠基於壓縮等功能節約磁盤空間和流量

　　　　4）自動實現備份檢驗

　　　　5）開源，免費

　　xtrabackup2.2版本之前包括4個可執行文件：

　　　　innobackuppex：這個是一個perl腳本，它的主要作用是用來備份非innodb表，同時會調用xtrabackup命令來備份innodb表，還會和mysql server 發送命令進行交互，如家全局讀鎖（FTWRL）、獲取位置點（show slave status）等。

　　　　xtrabackup:這個文件是用C/C++編譯的二進制文件，它的主要作用用來備份Innodb表達，不能備份非Innodb表，也沒有和mysql server交互。

　　　　xbcrypt:這個文件的主要作用用於加密解密

　　　　xbstream:這個文件的主要作用支持並發寫的流文件格式

　　xtrabackup版本升級到2.4后，相比之前的2.1有了較大的變化，innobackupex功能全部集成到xtrabackup里面，只有一個二進制程序，另外為了兼容考慮，innobackupex作為xtrabackup的軟連接，換句話說xtrabackup現在支持非Innodb表備份，並且innobackupex在下一個版本中移除，所以建議xtrabackup替換innobackupex

　　xtrabackup備份原理

　　1）備份開始時會啟動兩個進程一個是主進程innobackuppex，一個是子進程xtrabackup

　　2）xtrabackup創建一個redo線程，用於拷貝和實時監測msyql redo的變化，一旦有新的數據寫入，它將立即把日志記錄到日志文件xtrabackup_log中。

　　3）xtrabackup創建一個ibd線程，用於拷貝ibd（存放數據庫的數據，索引）文件，ibd文件拷貝完成后，線程立即退出，並通知主進程ibd拷貝完畢

　　4）主進程對非Innodb表加全局讀鎖

　　5）主進程拷貝非innodb表的表空間文件，數據文件，索引文件，以及mysql的配置文件

　　6）拷貝完非innodb表的文件后，主進程將給redo線程發送停止拷貝redo的消息

　　7）redo線程收到主進程的停止信號后，立刻停止，並給主進程發送redo拷貝結束的消息，然后線程退出

　　8）主進程收到redo拷貝完成對消息后，立刻對非innodb表解鎖，並等待子進程xtrabackup的結束

　　9）子進程結束退出后，並告知主進程。主進程退出，備份結束。

　　二、xtrabackup安裝

　　1）添加yum源

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# yum install http://www.percona.com/downloads/percona-release/redhat/0.1-4/percona-release-0.1-4.noarch.rpm

　　說明：以上命令會在/etc/yum.repo.d/下面生成percona-release.repo 文件，此文件就是xtrabackup的yum倉庫地址文件

　　2）查看xtrabackup包信息

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# yum info percona-xtrabackup
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Available Packages
Name        : percona-xtrabackup
Arch        : x86_64
Version     : 2.3.10
Release     : 1.el7
Size        : 5.0 M
Repo        : percona-release-x86_64/7/x86_64
Summary     : XtraBackup online backup for MySQL / InnoDB
URL         : http://www.percona.com/software/percona-xtrabackup
License     : GPLv2
Description : Percona XtraBackup is OpenSource online (non-blockable) backup solution for InnoDB and XtraDB engines

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]#

　　說明：默認情況我們添加了xtrabackup的yum源后，默認是安裝的2.3版本，需要安裝2.2或者2.4可在后面添加版本號，如下

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# yum info percona-xtrabackup-22
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Installed Packages
Name        : percona-xtrabackup-22
Arch        : x86_64
Version     : 2.2.13
Release     : 1.el7
Size        : 18 M
Repo        : installed
From repo   : percona-release-x86_64
Summary     : XtraBackup online backup for MySQL / InnoDB
URL         : http://www.percona.com/software/percona-xtrabackup
License     : GPLv2
Description : Percona XtraBackup is OpenSource online (non-blockable) backup solution for InnoDB and XtraDB engines

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# yum info percona-xtrabackup-24
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Available Packages
Name        : percona-xtrabackup-24
Arch        : x86_64
Version     : 2.4.18
Release     : 1.el7
Size        : 7.6 M
Repo        : percona-release-x86_64/7/x86_64
Summary     : XtraBackup online backup for MySQL / InnoDB
URL         : http://www.percona.com/software/percona-xtrabackup
License     : GPLv2
Description : Percona XtraBackup is OpenSource online (non-blockable) backup solution for InnoDB and XtraDB engines

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]#

　　3）安裝xtrabackup特定的版本

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# yum install -y percona-xtrabackup-24

　　4）查看percona-xtrabackup-24包安裝路徑

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# rpm -ql percona-xtrabackup-24
/usr/bin/innobackupex
/usr/bin/xbcloud
/usr/bin/xbcloud_osenv
/usr/bin/xbcrypt
/usr/bin/xbstream
/usr/bin/xtrabackup
/usr/lib64/xtrabackup/plugin/keyring_file.so
/usr/lib64/xtrabackup/plugin/keyring_vault.so
/usr/share/doc/percona-xtrabackup-24-2.4.18
/usr/share/doc/percona-xtrabackup-24-2.4.18/COPYING
/usr/share/man/man1/innobackupex.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/xbcrypt.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/xbstream.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/xtrabackup.1.gz
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# file /usr/bin/innobackupex 
/usr/bin/innobackupex: symbolic link to `xtrabackup'
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ll /usr/bin/innobackupex
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 10 Jan 17 23:46 /usr/bin/innobackupex -> xtrabackup
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# file /usr/bin/xtrabackup 
/usr/bin/xtrabackup: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (GNU/Linux), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6.32, BuildID[sha1]=259960b7e21a0a6a6aab5883cc81be34db03f42c, stripped
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]#

　　說明：2.2版本以前/usr/bin/innobackupex 文件都是一個perl腳本，2.2以后/usr/bin/innobackupex 是一個軟連接指向/usr/bin/xtrabackup

[root@test-centos6-node1 ~]# rpm -ql percona-xtrabackup-22
/usr/bin/innobackupex
/usr/bin/xbcrypt
/usr/bin/xbstream
/usr/bin/xtrabackup
/usr/share/doc/percona-xtrabackup-22-2.2.13
/usr/share/doc/percona-xtrabackup-22-2.2.13/COPYING
/usr/share/man/man1/innobackupex.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/xbcrypt.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/xbstream.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/xtrabackup.1.gz
[root@test-centos6-node1 ~]# file /usr/bin/innobackupex
/usr/bin/innobackupex: a /usr/bin/env perl script text executable
[root@test-centos6-node1 ~]# file /usr/bin/xtrabackup
/usr/bin/xtrabackup: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6.18, stripped
[root@test-centos6-node1 ~]#

　　二、xtrabackup用法

　　1）備份

　　　　--user：指定備份連接數據庫的賬號

　　　　--password：指定備份連接數據庫賬號的密碼

　　　　--host：指定備份連接數據庫地址

　　　　--databases：該選項接受的參數為數據庫名，如果要指定多個數據庫，彼此間需要以空格隔開；如："xtra_test dba_test"，同時，在指定某數據庫時，也可以只指定其中的某張表。如："mydatabase.mytable"。該選項對innodb引擎表無效，還是會備份所有innodb表

　　　　--defaults-file：該選項指定從哪個文件讀取MySQL配置，必須放在命令行第一個選項位置

　　　　--incremental：該選項表示創建一個增量備份，需要指定--incremental-basedir

　　　　 --incremental-basedir：該選項指定為前一次全備份或增量備份的目錄，與--incremental同時使用

　　　　--incremental-dir：該選項表示還原時增量備份的目錄

　　　　 --include=name：指定表名，格式：databasename.tablename

　　2）預處理整理

　　　　--apply-log：一般情況下,在備份完成后，數據尚且不能用於恢復操作，因為備份的數據中可能會包含尚未提交的事務或已經提交但尚未同步至數據文件中的事務。因此，此時數據文件仍處理不一致狀態。此選項作用是通過回滾未提交的事務及同步已經提交的事務至數據文件使數據文件處於一致性狀態

　　　　--use-memory：和--apply-log選項一起使用，當prepare 備份時，做crash recovery分配的內存大小，單位字節，也可1MB,1M,1G,1GB等，推薦1G

　　　　--export：表示開啟可導出單獨的表之后再導入其他Mysql中

　　　　--redo-only：此選項在prepare base full backup，往其中合並增量備份時候使用，但不包括對最后一個增量備份的合並　

　　3）還原

　　　　--copy-back：做數據恢復時將備份數據文件拷貝到MySQL服務器的datadir

　　　　--move-back：這個選項與--copy-back相似，唯一的區別是它不拷貝文件，而是移動文件到目的地。這個選項移除backup文件，用時候必須小心。使用場景：沒有足夠的磁盤空間同事保留數據文件和Backup副本

三、xtrabackup全備實現

　　1）不使用任何壓縮工具復制全備

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# xtrabackup --backup --target-dir=/root/backup/
xtrabackup: recognized server arguments: --datadir=/var/lib/mysql 
xtrabackup: recognized client arguments: --backup=1 --target-dir=/root/backup/ 
200118 00:08:03  version_check Connecting to MySQL server with DSN 'dbi:mysql:;mysql_read_default_group=xtrabackup' (using password: NO).
200118 00:08:03  version_check Connected to MySQL server
200118 00:08:03  version_check Executing a version check against the server...
200118 00:08:03  version_check Done.
200118 00:08:03 Connecting to MySQL server host: localhost, user: not set, password: not set, port: not set, socket: not set
Using server version 5.5.56-MariaDB
xtrabackup version 2.4.18 based on MySQL server 5.7.26 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 29b4ca5)
xtrabackup: uses posix_fadvise().
xtrabackup: cd to /var/lib/mysql
xtrabackup: open files limit requested 0, set to 1024
xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration:
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = ./
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 2
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 5242880
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
200118 00:08:03 >> log scanned up to (1597945)
xtrabackup: Generating a list of tablespaces
200118 00:08:04 [01] Copying ./ibdata1 to /root/backup/ibdata1
200118 00:08:04 [01]        ...done
200118 00:08:04 >> log scanned up to (1597945)
200118 00:08:05 Executing FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG TABLES...
200118 00:08:05 Executing FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK...
200118 00:08:05 Starting to backup non-InnoDB tables and files
200118 00:08:05 [01] Copying ./mysql/db.frm to /root/backup/mysql/db.frm
200118 00:08:05 [01]        ...done
……省略部分內容
200118 00:08:05 [01]        ...done
200118 00:08:05 Finished backing up non-InnoDB tables and files
200118 00:08:05 Executing FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG ENGINE LOGS...
xtrabackup: The latest check point (for incremental): '1597945'
xtrabackup: Stopping log copying thread.
.200118 00:08:05 >> log scanned up to (1597945)

200118 00:08:05 Executing UNLOCK TABLES
200118 00:08:05 All tables unlocked
200118 00:08:05 Backup created in directory '/root/backup/'
200118 00:08:05 [00] Writing /root/backup/backup-my.cnf
200118 00:08:05 [00]        ...done
200118 00:08:05 [00] Writing /root/backup/xtrabackup_info
200118 00:08:05 [00]        ...done
xtrabackup: Transaction log of lsn (1597945) to (1597945) was copied.
200118 00:08:05 completed OK!
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ll backup/
total 18456
-rw-r-----. 1 root root      431 Jan 18 00:08 backup-my.cnf
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 18874368 Jan 18 00:08 ibdata1
drwxr-x---. 2 root root     4096 Jan 18 00:08 mysql
drwxr-x---. 2 root root     4096 Jan 18 00:08 performance_schema
drwxr-x---. 2 root root       20 Jan 18 00:08 test
-rw-r-----. 1 root root      135 Jan 18 00:08 xtrabackup_checkpoints
-rw-r-----. 1 root root      425 Jan 18 00:08 xtrabackup_info
-rw-r-----. 1 root root     2560 Jan 18 00:08 xtrabackup_logfile
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]#

　　說明：生產環境中需要指定用戶名和密碼來備份，這里需要注意一點xtrabackup備份是基於復制數據文件的方式來做的備份，它和mysqldump不一樣的是，它不能連接到遠端服務器上把備份文件拉取到本地，但是它可在遠端服務器上把備份推到本地來。換句話說xtrabackup 只能備份本地數據庫的文件，執行命令需要在本地執行。

　　2）基於流式傳輸和壓縮備份（--stream=xbstream）

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# xtrabackup --stream=xbstream --backup > /root/backup2/all_backup.xbstream         
xtrabackup: recognized server arguments: --datadir=/var/lib/mysql 
xtrabackup: recognized client arguments: --stream=xbstream --backup=1 
200118 00:36:52  version_check Connecting to MySQL server with DSN 'dbi:mysql:;mysql_read_default_group=xtrabackup' (using password: NO).
200118 00:36:52  version_check Connected to MySQL server
200118 00:36:52  version_check Executing a version check against the server...
200118 00:36:52  version_check Done.
200118 00:36:52 Connecting to MySQL server host: localhost, user: not set, password: not set, port: not set, socket: not set
Using server version 5.5.56-MariaDB
xtrabackup version 2.4.18 based on MySQL server 5.7.26 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 29b4ca5)
xtrabackup: uses posix_fadvise().
xtrabackup: cd to /var/lib/mysql
xtrabackup: open files limit requested 0, set to 1024
xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration:
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = ./
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 2
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 5242880
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
200118 00:36:52 >> log scanned up to (1597945)
xtrabackup: Generating a list of tablespaces
200118 00:36:53 [01] Streaming ./ibdata1
200118 00:36:53 [01]        ...done
200118 00:36:53 >> log scanned up to (1597945)
200118 00:36:54 Executing FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG TABLES...
200118 00:36:54 Executing FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK...
200118 00:36:54 Starting to backup non-InnoDB tables and files
200118 00:36:54 [01] Streaming ./mysql/db.frm to <STDOUT>
200118 00:36:54 [01]        ...done
……省略部分內容
200118 00:36:54 [01] Streaming ./performance_schema/threads.frm to <STDOUT>
200118 00:36:54 [01]        ...done
200118 00:36:54 Finished backing up non-InnoDB tables and files
200118 00:36:54 Executing FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG ENGINE LOGS...
xtrabackup: The latest check point (for incremental): '1597945'
xtrabackup: Stopping log copying thread.
.200118 00:36:54 >> log scanned up to (1597945)

200118 00:36:54 Executing UNLOCK TABLES
200118 00:36:54 All tables unlocked
200118 00:36:54 Backup created in directory '/root/xtrabackup_backupfiles/'
200118 00:36:54 [00] Streaming <STDOUT>
200118 00:36:54 [00]        ...done
200118 00:36:54 [00] Streaming <STDOUT>
200118 00:36:54 [00]        ...done
xtrabackup: Transaction log of lsn (1597945) to (1597945) was copied.
200118 00:36:54 completed OK!
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ll /root/backup2/
total 32768
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 19908780 Jan 18 00:36 all_backup.xbstream
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]#

　　說明：以上方式是通過流傳輸模式以xbstream的二進制格式將備份輸出到標准輸出，然后通過輸出重定向到一個以.xbstream結尾的文件。這樣備份有一個好處就是它可以自動加密備份數據，使得我們備份的數據相比復制文件的方式要安全。要使用流式傳輸功能，必須使用--stream，提供流（tar或xbstream）的格式以及臨時文件的存儲位置

　　3）使用流備份並壓縮

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# xtrabackup --stream=xbstream --backup --compress > /root/backup2/all_backup2.xbstream

　　說明：使用--compress選項就表示壓縮數據，以上命令備份的文件要比不加--compress備份的文件要小得多

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ll backup2/
total 19984
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root   550056 Jan 18 00:42 all_backup2.xbstream
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 19908780 Jan 18 00:36 all_backup.xbstream
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]#

　　4）將流備份解壓到指定目錄

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# xbstream -x < backup2/all_backup.xbstream -C xxxx/
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ll xxxx/
total 18456
-rw-r-----. 1 root root      431 Jan 18 01:00 backup-my.cnf
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 18874368 Jan 18 01:00 ibdata1
drwxr-x---. 2 root root     4096 Jan 18 01:00 mysql
drwxr-x---. 2 root root     4096 Jan 18 01:00 performance_schema
drwxr-x---. 2 root root       20 Jan 18 01:00 test
-rw-r-----. 1 root root      135 Jan 18 01:00 xtrabackup_checkpoints
-rw-r-----. 1 root root      420 Jan 18 01:00 xtrabackup_info
-rw-r-----. 1 root root     2560 Jan 18 01:00 xtrabackup_logfile
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]

　　說明：如果備份是通過--compress 備份，用以上命令解開后的文件是以.qp結尾的文件，這個文件是沒法直接使用需要用對應的工具將其再解壓。

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# xbstream -x < /root/backup2/all_backup2.xbstream -C /root/xtrabackup_backupfiles/
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ll /root/xtrabackup_backupfiles/
total 292
-rw-r-----. 1 root root    407 Jan 18 00:56 backup-my.cnf.qp
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 270377 Jan 18 00:56 ibdata1.qp
drwxr-x---. 2 root root   4096 Jan 18 00:56 mysql
drwxr-x---. 2 root root   4096 Jan 18 00:56 performance_schema
drwxr-x---. 2 root root     23 Jan 18 00:56 test
-rw-r-----. 1 root root    135 Jan 18 00:56 xtrabackup_checkpoints
-rw-r-----. 1 root root    423 Jan 18 00:56 xtrabackup_info.qp
-rw-r-----. 1 root root    498 Jan 18 00:56 xtrabackup_logfile.qp
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# file /root/xtrabackup_backupfiles/backup-my.cnf.qp 
/root/xtrabackup_backupfiles/backup-my.cnf.qp: data
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]#

　　說明：以上就是通過壓縮后在通過流傳輸將標准輸出到某一個文件后，解壓該文件得到的文件，.qp的文件如果用cat 查看是亂碼的，這個時候就需要工具來將其解壓后就可正常查看。qpress工具就可將其文件解開。下載鏈接http://www.quicklz.com/qpress-11-linux-x64.tar。

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ./qpress -d xtrabackup_backupfiles/backup-my.cnf.qp /root/
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ll 
total 160
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root   172 Jan 18 00:08 backup
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root    61 Jan 18 00:42 backup2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root   431 Jan 18 01:12 backup-my.cnf
-rwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 75684 Sep 23  2010 qpress
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 81920 Jan 18 01:09 qpress-11-linux-x64.tar
drwxr-x---. 5 root root   184 Jan 18 00:56 xtrabackup_backupfiles
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root   172 Jan 18 01:00 xxxx
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# cat backup-my.cnf 
# This MySQL options file was generated by innobackupex.

# The MySQL server
[mysqld]
innodb_checksum_algorithm=innodb
innodb_log_checksum_algorithm=innodb
innodb_data_file_path=ibdata1:10M:autoextend
innodb_log_files_in_group=2
innodb_log_file_size=5242880
innodb_fast_checksum=false
innodb_page_size=16384
innodb_log_block_size=512
innodb_undo_directory=.
innodb_undo_tablespaces=0
server_id=0
redo_log_version=0
master_key_id=0
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]#

　　說明：下載下來的tar包解開后就是一個二進制文件，我們可以將這個二進制文件直接拷貝到/usr/bin 這樣就不用./去運行。解壓用-d 后面跟要解壓到文件和解壓后的文件存放目錄，這里需要注意一點，它和gzip不一樣，gzip解壓后原文件就消失了，而它不會。

　　5）將壓縮備份發送到另一台主機並解壓縮它

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# xtrabackup --stream=xbstream --backup | ssh root@192.168.0.11 "xbstream -x -C /root/"
xtrabackup: recognized server arguments: --datadir=/var/lib/mysql 
xtrabackup: recognized client arguments: --stream=xbstream --backup=1 
200118 01:24:07  version_check Connecting to MySQL server with DSN 'dbi:mysql:;mysql_read_default_group=xtrabackup' (using password: NO).
200118 01:24:07  version_check Connected to MySQL server
200118 01:24:07  version_check Executing a version check against the server...
200118 01:24:07  version_check Done.
200118 01:24:07 Connecting to MySQL server host: localhost, user: not set, password: not set, port: not set, socket: not set
Using server version 5.5.56-MariaDB
xtrabackup version 2.4.18 based on MySQL server 5.7.26 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 29b4ca5)
xtrabackup: uses posix_fadvise().
xtrabackup: cd to /var/lib/mysql
xtrabackup: open files limit requested 0, set to 1024
xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration:
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = ./
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 2
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 5242880
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
200118 01:24:07 >> log scanned up to (1597945)
xtrabackup: Generating a list of tablespaces
200118 01:24:07 [01] Streaming ./ibdata1
200118 01:24:07 [01]        ...done
200118 01:24:08 >> log scanned up to (1597945)
200118 01:24:08 Executing FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG TABLES...
200118 01:24:08 Executing FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK...
200118 01:24:08 Starting to backup non-InnoDB tables and files
200118 01:24:08 [01] Streaming ./mysql/db.frm to <STDOUT>
200118 01:24:08 [01]        ...done
……省略部分內容
200118 01:24:08 [01] Streaming ./performance_schema/threads.frm to <STDOUT>
200118 01:24:08 [01]        ...done
200118 01:24:08 Finished backing up non-InnoDB tables and files
200118 01:24:08 Executing FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG ENGINE LOGS...
xtrabackup: The latest check point (for incremental): '1597945'
xtrabackup: Stopping log copying thread.
.200118 01:24:08 >> log scanned up to (1597945)

200118 01:24:09 Executing UNLOCK TABLES
200118 01:24:09 All tables unlocked
200118 01:24:09 Backup created in directory '/root/xtrabackup_backupfiles/'
200118 01:24:09 [00] Streaming <STDOUT>
200118 01:24:09 [00]        ...done
200118 01:24:09 [00] Streaming <STDOUT>
200118 01:24:09 [00]        ...done
xtrabackup: Transaction log of lsn (1597945) to (1597945) was copied.
200118 01:24:09 completed OK!
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ssh 192.168.0.11
Last login: Sat Jan 18 22:21:05 2020 from 192.168.0.10
[root@test-centos6-node1 ~]# ll
total 18460
-rw-r-----. 1 root root      431 Jan 18 22:23 backup-my.cnf
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 18874368 Jan 18 22:23 ibdata1
drwx------. 2 root root     4096 Jan 18 22:23 mysql
drwx------. 2 root root     4096 Jan 18 22:23 performance_schema
drwx------. 2 root root     4096 Jan 18 22:23 test
-rw-r-----. 1 root root      135 Jan 18 22:23 xtrabackup_checkpoints
-rw-r-----. 1 root root      420 Jan 18 22:23 xtrabackup_info
-rw-r-----. 1 root root     2560 Jan 18 22:23 xtrabackup_logfile
[root@test-centos6-node1 ~]#

　　說明：以上命令很容易理解通過標准輸出內容交給管道，通過ssh 遠程執行命令解壓數據。做以上操作前提建議先做好ssh認證免密；有關ssh 基於key驗證免密請參考https://www.cnblogs.com/qiuhom-1874/p/11783371.html

　　6）基於流式傳輸和壓縮備份（--stream=tar）

　　　　將完整備份直接存儲到tar歸檔文件中

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# xtrabackup --stream=tar --backup > /root/all.tar
xtrabackup: recognized server arguments: --datadir=/var/lib/mysql 
xtrabackup: recognized client arguments: --stream=tar --backup=1 
200118 01:36:41  version_check Connecting to MySQL server with DSN 'dbi:mysql:;mysql_read_default_group=xtrabackup' (using password: NO).
200118 01:36:41  version_check Connected to MySQL server
200118 01:36:41  version_check Executing a version check against the server...
200118 01:36:41  version_check Done.
200118 01:36:41 Connecting to MySQL server host: localhost, user: not set, password: not set, port: not set, socket: not set
Using server version 5.5.56-MariaDB
xtrabackup version 2.4.18 based on MySQL server 5.7.26 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 29b4ca5)
xtrabackup: uses posix_fadvise().
xtrabackup: cd to /var/lib/mysql
xtrabackup: open files limit requested 0, set to 1024
xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration:
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = ./
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 2
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 5242880
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
200118 01:36:41 >> log scanned up to (1597945)
xtrabackup: Generating a list of tablespaces
200118 01:36:41 [01] Streaming ./ibdata1
200118 01:36:41 [01]        ...done
200118 01:36:42 >> log scanned up to (1597945)
200118 01:36:42 Executing FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG TABLES...
200118 01:36:42 Executing FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK...
200118 01:36:42 Starting to backup non-InnoDB tables and files
200118 01:36:42 [01] Streaming ./mysql/db.frm to <STDOUT>
200118 01:36:42 [01]        ...done
……省略部分內容
200118 01:36:42 [01] Streaming ./performance_schema/threads.frm to <STDOUT>
200118 01:36:42 [01]        ...done
200118 01:36:42 Finished backing up non-InnoDB tables and files
200118 01:36:42 Executing FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG ENGINE LOGS...
xtrabackup: The latest check point (for incremental): '1597945'
xtrabackup: Stopping log copying thread.
.200118 01:36:42 >> log scanned up to (1597945)

200118 01:36:42 Executing UNLOCK TABLES
200118 01:36:42 All tables unlocked
200118 01:36:42 Backup created in directory '/root/xtrabackup_backupfiles/'
200118 01:36:42 [00] Streaming <STDOUT>
200118 01:36:42 [00]        ...done
200118 01:36:42 [00] Streaming <STDOUT>
200118 01:36:42 [00]        ...done
xtrabackup: Transaction log of lsn (1597945) to (1597945) was copied.
200118 01:36:43 completed OK!
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ll /root/
total 32928
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 19964416 Jan 18 01:36 all.tar
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root      172 Jan 18 00:08 backup
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root       61 Jan 18 00:42 backup2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root      431 Jan 18 01:12 backup-my.cnf
-rwxrwxrwx. 1 root root    75684 Sep 23  2010 qpress
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    81920 Jan 18 01:09 qpress-11-linux-x64.tar
drwxr-x---. 5 root root      184 Jan 18 00:56 xtrabackup_backupfiles
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root      172 Jan 18 01:00 xxxx
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]#

　　要將tar存檔發送到另一個主機

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ssh 192.168.0.11
Last login: Sat Jan 18 22:45:34 2020 from 192.168.0.10
[root@test-centos6-node1 ~]# ls
[root@test-centos6-node1 ~]# exit
logout
Connection to 192.168.0.11 closed.
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# xtrabackup --stream=tar --backup | ssh root@192.168.0.11 "cat - > /root/all.tar"
xtrabackup: recognized server arguments: --datadir=/var/lib/mysql 
xtrabackup: recognized client arguments: --stream=tar --backup=1 
200118 01:47:47  version_check Connecting to MySQL server with DSN 'dbi:mysql:;mysql_read_default_group=xtrabackup' (using password: NO).
200118 01:47:47  version_check Connected to MySQL server
200118 01:47:47  version_check Executing a version check against the server...
200118 01:47:47  version_check Done.
200118 01:47:47 Connecting to MySQL server host: localhost, user: not set, password: not set, port: not set, socket: not set
Using server version 5.5.56-MariaDB
xtrabackup version 2.4.18 based on MySQL server 5.7.26 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 29b4ca5)
xtrabackup: uses posix_fadvise().
xtrabackup: cd to /var/lib/mysql
xtrabackup: open files limit requested 0, set to 1024
xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration:
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = ./
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 2
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 5242880
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
200118 01:47:47 >> log scanned up to (1597945)
xtrabackup: Generating a list of tablespaces
200118 01:47:47 [01] Streaming ./ibdata1
200118 01:47:47 [01]        ...done
200118 01:47:48 >> log scanned up to (1597945)
200118 01:47:48 Executing FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG TABLES...
200118 01:47:48 Executing FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK...
200118 01:47:48 Starting to backup non-InnoDB tables and files
200118 01:47:48 [01] Streaming ./mysql/db.frm to <STDOUT>
200118 01:47:48 [01]        ...done
……省略部分內容
200118 01:47:48 [01] Streaming ./performance_schema/threads.frm to <STDOUT>
200118 01:47:48 [01]        ...done
200118 01:47:48 Finished backing up non-InnoDB tables and files
200118 01:47:48 Executing FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG ENGINE LOGS...
xtrabackup: The latest check point (for incremental): '1597945'
xtrabackup: Stopping log copying thread.
.200118 01:47:48 >> log scanned up to (1597945)

200118 01:47:48 Executing UNLOCK TABLES
200118 01:47:48 All tables unlocked
200118 01:47:48 Backup created in directory '/root/xtrabackup_backupfiles/'
200118 01:47:48 [00] Streaming <STDOUT>
200118 01:47:48 [00]        ...done
200118 01:47:48 [00] Streaming <STDOUT>
200118 01:47:48 [00]        ...done
xtrabackup: Transaction log of lsn (1597945) to (1597945) was copied.
200118 01:47:48 completed OK!
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ssh 192.168.0.11
Last login: Sat Jan 18 22:47:19 2020 from 192.168.0.10
[root@test-centos6-node1 ~]# ls
all.tar
[root@test-centos6-node1 ~]# mkdir test
[root@test-centos6-node1 ~]# tar xf all.tar -C test/
[root@test-centos6-node1 ~]# ll test/
total 18460
-rw-rw----. 1 root root      431 Jan 18 14:47 backup-my.cnf
-rw-rw----. 1 root root 18874368 Jan 18 13:06 ibdata1
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root     4096 Jan 18 22:47 mysql
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root     4096 Jan 18 22:47 performance_schema
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root     4096 Jan 18 22:47 test
-rw-rw----. 1 root root      135 Jan 18 14:47 xtrabackup_checkpoints
-rw-rw----. 1 root root      410 Jan 18 14:47 xtrabackup_info
-rw-rw----. 1 root root     2560 Jan 18 14:47 xtrabackup_logfile
[root@test-centos6-node1 ~]#

　　使用其他壓縮工具壓縮

　　　　gzip壓縮

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# xtrabackup --stream=tar --backup | gzip - >/root/all.tar.gz
xtrabackup: recognized server arguments: --datadir=/var/lib/mysql 
xtrabackup: recognized client arguments: --stream=tar --backup=1 
200118 01:51:13  version_check Connecting to MySQL server with DSN 'dbi:mysql:;mysql_read_default_group=xtrabackup' (using password: NO).
200118 01:51:13  version_check Connected to MySQL server
200118 01:51:13  version_check Executing a version check against the server...
200118 01:51:13  version_check Done.
200118 01:51:13 Connecting to MySQL server host: localhost, user: not set, password: not set, port: not set, socket: not set
Using server version 5.5.56-MariaDB
xtrabackup version 2.4.18 based on MySQL server 5.7.26 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 29b4ca5)
xtrabackup: uses posix_fadvise().
xtrabackup: cd to /var/lib/mysql
xtrabackup: open files limit requested 0, set to 1024
xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration:
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = ./
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 2
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 5242880
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
200118 01:51:13 >> log scanned up to (1597945)
xtrabackup: Generating a list of tablespaces
200118 01:51:13 [01] Streaming ./ibdata1
200118 01:51:14 [01]        ...done
200118 01:51:14 >> log scanned up to (1597945)
200118 01:51:14 Executing FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG TABLES...
200118 01:51:14 Executing FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK...
200118 01:51:14 Starting to backup non-InnoDB tables and files
200118 01:51:14 [01] Streaming ./mysql/db.frm to <STDOUT>
200118 01:51:14 [01]        ...done
……省略部分內容
200118 01:51:15 [01] Streaming ./performance_schema/threads.frm to <STDOUT>
200118 01:51:15 [01]        ...done
200118 01:51:15 Finished backing up non-InnoDB tables and files
200118 01:51:15 Executing FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG ENGINE LOGS...
xtrabackup: The latest check point (for incremental): '1597945'
xtrabackup: Stopping log copying thread.
.200118 01:51:15 >> log scanned up to (1597945)

200118 01:51:15 Executing UNLOCK TABLES
200118 01:51:15 All tables unlocked
200118 01:51:15 Backup created in directory '/root/xtrabackup_backupfiles/'
200118 01:51:15 [00] Streaming <STDOUT>
200118 01:51:15 [00]        ...done
200118 01:51:15 [00] Streaming <STDOUT>
200118 01:51:15 [00]        ...done
xtrabackup: Transaction log of lsn (1597945) to (1597945) was copied.
200118 01:51:15 completed OK!
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ls
all.tar.gz  xtrabackup_backupfiles
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ll xtrabackup_backupfiles/
total 0
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# tar xf all.tar.gz -C xtrabackup_backupfiles/
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ll xtrabackup_backupfiles/
total 18456
-rw-rw----. 1 root root      431 Jan 18 01:51 backup-my.cnf
-rw-rw----. 1 root root 18874368 Jan 18 00:06 ibdata1
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root     4096 Jan 18 01:51 mysql
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root     4096 Jan 18 01:51 performance_schema
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root       20 Jan 18 01:51 test
-rw-rw----. 1 root root      135 Jan 18 01:51 xtrabackup_checkpoints
-rw-rw----. 1 root root      410 Jan 18 01:51 xtrabackup_info
-rw-rw----. 1 root root     2560 Jan 18 01:51 xtrabackup_logfile
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ll
total 212
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 213460 Jan 18 01:51 all.tar.gz
drwxr-x---. 5 root root    172 Jan 18 01:51 xtrabackup_backupfiles
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]#

　　bzip2壓縮

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# rm -rf *
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ls
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# xtrabackup --backup --stream=tar |bzip2 - > /root/all.tar.bz2
xtrabackup: recognized server arguments: --datadir=/var/lib/mysql 
xtrabackup: recognized client arguments: --backup=1 --stream=tar 
200118 01:57:02  version_check Connecting to MySQL server with DSN 'dbi:mysql:;mysql_read_default_group=xtrabackup' (using password: NO).
200118 01:57:02  version_check Connected to MySQL server
200118 01:57:02  version_check Executing a version check against the server...
200118 01:57:02  version_check Done.
200118 01:57:02 Connecting to MySQL server host: localhost, user: not set, password: not set, port: not set, socket: not set
Using server version 5.5.56-MariaDB
xtrabackup version 2.4.18 based on MySQL server 5.7.26 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 29b4ca5)
xtrabackup: uses posix_fadvise().
xtrabackup: cd to /var/lib/mysql
xtrabackup: open files limit requested 0, set to 1024
xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration:
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = ./
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 2
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 5242880
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
200118 01:57:02 >> log scanned up to (1597945)
xtrabackup: Generating a list of tablespaces
200118 01:57:03 [01] Streaming ./ibdata1
200118 01:57:03 [01]        ...done
200118 01:57:03 >> log scanned up to (1597945)
200118 01:57:04 Executing FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG TABLES...
200118 01:57:04 Executing FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK...
200118 01:57:04 Starting to backup non-InnoDB tables and files
200118 01:57:04 [01] Streaming ./mysql/db.frm to <STDOUT>
200118 01:57:04 [01]        ...done
……省略部分內容
200118 01:57:04 [01] Streaming ./performance_schema/threads.frm to <STDOUT>
200118 01:57:04 [01]        ...done
200118 01:57:04 Finished backing up non-InnoDB tables and files
200118 01:57:04 Executing FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG ENGINE LOGS...
xtrabackup: The latest check point (for incremental): '1597945'
xtrabackup: Stopping log copying thread.
.200118 01:57:04 >> log scanned up to (1597945)

200118 01:57:04 Executing UNLOCK TABLES
200118 01:57:04 All tables unlocked
200118 01:57:04 Backup created in directory '/root/xtrabackup_backupfiles/'
200118 01:57:04 [00] Streaming <STDOUT>
200118 01:57:04 [00]        ...done
200118 01:57:04 [00] Streaming <STDOUT>
200118 01:57:04 [00]        ...done
xtrabackup: Transaction log of lsn (1597945) to (1597945) was copied.
200118 01:57:04 completed OK!
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ls
all.tar.bz2  xtrabackup_backupfiles
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ll xtrabackup_backupfiles/
total 0
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# tar xf all.tar.bz2 -C xtrabackup_backupfiles/
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ll xtrabackup_backupfiles/
total 18456
-rw-rw----. 1 root root      431 Jan 18 01:57 backup-my.cnf
-rw-rw----. 1 root root 18874368 Jan 18 00:06 ibdata1
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root     4096 Jan 18 01:57 mysql
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root     4096 Jan 18 01:57 performance_schema
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root       20 Jan 18 01:57 test
-rw-rw----. 1 root root      135 Jan 18 01:57 xtrabackup_checkpoints
-rw-rw----. 1 root root      410 Jan 18 01:57 xtrabackup_info
-rw-rw----. 1 root root     2560 Jan 18 01:57 xtrabackup_logfile
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]#

　　xz壓縮

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# rm -rf *
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ls
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# xtrabackup --backup --stream=tar |xz - > /root/all.tar.xz
xtrabackup: recognized server arguments: --datadir=/var/lib/mysql 
xtrabackup: recognized client arguments: --backup=1 --stream=tar 
200118 01:58:45  version_check Connecting to MySQL server with DSN 'dbi:mysql:;mysql_read_default_group=xtrabackup' (using password: NO).
200118 01:58:45  version_check Connected to MySQL server
200118 01:58:45  version_check Executing a version check against the server...
200118 01:58:45  version_check Done.
200118 01:58:45 Connecting to MySQL server host: localhost, user: not set, password: not set, port: not set, socket: not set
Using server version 5.5.56-MariaDB
xtrabackup version 2.4.18 based on MySQL server 5.7.26 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 29b4ca5)
xtrabackup: uses posix_fadvise().
xtrabackup: cd to /var/lib/mysql
xtrabackup: open files limit requested 0, set to 1024
xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration:
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = ./
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 2
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 5242880
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
200118 01:58:45 >> log scanned up to (1597945)
xtrabackup: Generating a list of tablespaces
200118 01:58:45 [01] Streaming ./ibdata1
200118 01:58:46 [01]        ...done
200118 01:58:46 >> log scanned up to (1597945)
200118 01:58:46 Executing FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG TABLES...
200118 01:58:46 Executing FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK...
200118 01:58:46 Starting to backup non-InnoDB tables and files
200118 01:58:46 [01] Streaming ./mysql/db.frm to <STDOUT>
200118 01:58:46 [01]        ...done
……省略部分內容
200118 01:58:47 [01] Streaming ./performance_schema/threads.frm to <STDOUT>
200118 01:58:47 [01]        ...done
200118 01:58:47 Finished backing up non-InnoDB tables and files
200118 01:58:47 Executing FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG ENGINE LOGS...
xtrabackup: The latest check point (for incremental): '1597945'
xtrabackup: Stopping log copying thread.
.200118 01:58:47 >> log scanned up to (1597945)

200118 01:58:47 Executing UNLOCK TABLES
200118 01:58:47 All tables unlocked
200118 01:58:47 Backup created in directory '/root/xtrabackup_backupfiles/'
200118 01:58:47 [00] Streaming <STDOUT>
200118 01:58:47 [00]        ...done
200118 01:58:47 [00] Streaming <STDOUT>
200118 01:58:47 [00]        ...done
xtrabackup: Transaction log of lsn (1597945) to (1597945) was copied.
200118 01:58:47 completed OK!
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ll
total 136
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 136148 Jan 18 01:58 all.tar.xz
drwxr-x---. 2 root root      6 Jan 18 01:58 xtrabackup_backupfiles
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ll xtrabackup_backupfiles/
total 0
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# tar xf all.tar.xz -C xtrabackup_backupfiles/
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ll xtrabackup_backupfiles/
total 18456
-rw-rw----. 1 root root      431 Jan 18 01:58 backup-my.cnf
-rw-rw----. 1 root root 18874368 Jan 18 00:06 ibdata1
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root     4096 Jan 18 01:59 mysql
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root     4096 Jan 18 01:59 performance_schema
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root       20 Jan 18 01:59 test
-rw-rw----. 1 root root      135 Jan 18 01:58 xtrabackup_checkpoints
-rw-rw----. 1 root root      410 Jan 18 01:58 xtrabackup_info
-rw-rw----. 1 root root     2560 Jan 18 01:58 xtrabackup_logfile
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]#

　　四、xtrabackup全備還原實現

　　　　1）刪庫前數據庫里的庫表

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# mysql
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 4
Server version: 5.5.56-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2017, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| hellodb            |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> use hellodb
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
MariaDB [hellodb]> show tables;
+-------------------+
| Tables_in_hellodb |
+-------------------+
| classes           |
| coc               |
| courses           |
| scores            |
| students          |
| teachers          |
| toc               |
+-------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [hellodb]> \q
Bye
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]#

　　2）全量備份

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# xtrabackup --backup --target-dir=/root/backup
xtrabackup: recognized server arguments: --datadir=/var/lib/mysql 
xtrabackup: recognized client arguments: --backup=1 --target-dir=/root/backup 
200118 02:29:28  version_check Connecting to MySQL server with DSN 'dbi:mysql:;mysql_read_default_group=xtrabackup' (using password: NO).
200118 02:29:28  version_check Connected to MySQL server
200118 02:29:28  version_check Executing a version check against the server...
200118 02:29:28  version_check Done.
200118 02:29:28 Connecting to MySQL server host: localhost, user: not set, password: not set, port: not set, socket: not set
Using server version 5.5.56-MariaDB
xtrabackup version 2.4.18 based on MySQL server 5.7.26 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 29b4ca5)
xtrabackup: uses posix_fadvise().
xtrabackup: cd to /var/lib/mysql
xtrabackup: open files limit requested 0, set to 1024
xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration:
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = ./
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 2
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 5242880
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
200118 02:29:28 >> log scanned up to (1628321)
xtrabackup: Generating a list of tablespaces
200118 02:29:28 [01] Copying ./ibdata1 to /root/backup/ibdata1
200118 02:29:28 [01]        ...done
200118 02:29:29 >> log scanned up to (1628321)
200118 02:29:29 Executing FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG TABLES...
200118 02:29:29 Executing FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK...
200118 02:29:29 Starting to backup non-InnoDB tables and files
200118 02:29:29 [01] Copying ./mysql/db.frm to /root/backup/mysql/db.frm
200118 02:29:29 [01]        ...done
……省略部分內容
200118 02:29:30 [01] Copying ./hellodb/toc.frm to /root/backup/hellodb/toc.frm
200118 02:29:30 [01]        ...done
200118 02:29:30 Finished backing up non-InnoDB tables and files
200118 02:29:30 Executing FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG ENGINE LOGS...
xtrabackup: The latest check point (for incremental): '1628321'
xtrabackup: Stopping log copying thread.
.200118 02:29:30 >> log scanned up to (1628321)

200118 02:29:30 Executing UNLOCK TABLES
200118 02:29:30 All tables unlocked
200118 02:29:30 Backup created in directory '/root/backup/'
200118 02:29:30 [00] Writing /root/backup/backup-my.cnf
200118 02:29:30 [00]        ...done
200118 02:29:30 [00] Writing /root/backup/xtrabackup_info
200118 02:29:30 [00]        ...done
xtrabackup: Transaction log of lsn (1628321) to (1628321) was copied.
200118 02:29:30 completed OK!
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ll /root/backup/
total 18456
-rw-r-----. 1 root root      431 Jan 18 02:29 backup-my.cnf
drwxr-x---. 2 root root      146 Jan 18 02:29 hellodb
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 18874368 Jan 18 02:29 ibdata1
drwxr-x---. 2 root root     4096 Jan 18 02:29 mysql
drwxr-x---. 2 root root     4096 Jan 18 02:29 performance_schema
drwxr-x---. 2 root root       20 Jan 18 02:29 test
-rw-r-----. 1 root root      135 Jan 18 02:29 xtrabackup_checkpoints
-rw-r-----. 1 root root      424 Jan 18 02:29 xtrabackup_info
-rw-r-----. 1 root root     2560 Jan 18 02:29 xtrabackup_logfile
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]#

　　3）刪庫

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ll /var/lib/mysql/
total 28700
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql    16384 Jan 18 02:26 aria_log.00000001
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql       52 Jan 18 02:26 aria_log_control
drwx------. 2 mysql mysql      146 Jan 18 02:27 hellodb
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql 18874368 Jan 18 02:27 ibdata1
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql  5242880 Jan 18 02:27 ib_logfile0
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql  5242880 Jan 18 02:26 ib_logfile1
drwx------. 2 mysql mysql     4096 Jan 18 02:26 mysql
srwxrwxrwx. 1 mysql mysql        0 Jan 18 02:26 mysql.sock
drwx------. 2 mysql mysql     4096 Jan 18 02:26 performance_schema
drwx------. 2 mysql mysql        6 Jan 18 02:26 test
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# rm -rf /var/lib/mysql/*
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ll /var/lib/mysql/
total 0
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]#

　　4）停掉數據庫進行還原

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# systemctl stop mariadb
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ss -ntl
State       Recv-Q Send-Q                   Local Address:Port                                  Peer Address:Port              
LISTEN      0      128                                  *:22                                               *:*                  
LISTEN      0      100                          127.0.0.1:25                                               *:*                  
LISTEN      0      128                                 :::22                                              :::*                  
LISTEN      0      100                                ::1:25                                              :::*                  
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# xtrabackup --prepare --target-dir=/root/backup/
xtrabackup: recognized server arguments: --innodb_checksum_algorithm=innodb --innodb_log_checksum_algorithm=innodb --innodb_data_file_path=ibdata1:10M:autoextend --innodb_log_files_in_group=2 --innodb_log_file_size=5242880 --innodb_fast_checksum=0 --innodb_page_size=16384 --innodb_log_block_size=512 --innodb_undo_directory=. --innodb_undo_tablespaces=0 --server-id=0 --redo-log-version=0 
xtrabackup: recognized client arguments: --prepare=1 --target-dir=/root/backup/ 
xtrabackup version 2.4.18 based on MySQL server 5.7.26 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 29b4ca5)
xtrabackup: cd to /root/backup/
xtrabackup: This target seems to be not prepared yet.
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
xtrabackup: xtrabackup_logfile detected: size=8388608, start_lsn=(1629224)
xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration for recovery:
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 1
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 8388608
xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration for recovery:
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 1
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 8388608
xtrabackup: Starting InnoDB instance for recovery.
xtrabackup: Using 104857600 bytes for buffer pool (set by --use-memory parameter)
InnoDB: PUNCH HOLE support available
InnoDB: Mutexes and rw_locks use GCC atomic builtins
InnoDB: Uses event mutexes
InnoDB: GCC builtin __atomic_thread_fence() is used for memory barrier
InnoDB: Compressed tables use zlib 1.2.7
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
InnoDB: Using CPU crc32 instructions
InnoDB: Initializing buffer pool, total size = 100M, instances = 1, chunk size = 100M
InnoDB: Completed initialization of buffer pool
InnoDB: page_cleaner coordinator priority: -20
InnoDB: Highest supported file format is Barracuda.
InnoDB: Creating shared tablespace for temporary tables
InnoDB: Setting file './ibtmp1' size to 12 MB. Physically writing the file full; Please wait ...
InnoDB: File './ibtmp1' size is now 12 MB.
InnoDB: 96 redo rollback segment(s) found. 1 redo rollback segment(s) are active.
InnoDB: 32 non-redo rollback segment(s) are active.
InnoDB: 5.7.26 started; log sequence number 1629224

xtrabackup: starting shutdown with innodb_fast_shutdown = 1
InnoDB: FTS optimize thread exiting.
InnoDB: Starting shutdown...
InnoDB: Shutdown completed; log sequence number 1629243
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration for recovery:
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 2
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 5242880
InnoDB: PUNCH HOLE support available
InnoDB: Mutexes and rw_locks use GCC atomic builtins
InnoDB: Uses event mutexes
InnoDB: GCC builtin __atomic_thread_fence() is used for memory barrier
InnoDB: Compressed tables use zlib 1.2.7
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
InnoDB: Using CPU crc32 instructions
InnoDB: Initializing buffer pool, total size = 100M, instances = 1, chunk size = 100M
InnoDB: Completed initialization of buffer pool
InnoDB: page_cleaner coordinator priority: -20
InnoDB: Setting log file ./ib_logfile101 size to 5 MB
InnoDB: Setting log file ./ib_logfile1 size to 5 MB
InnoDB: Renaming log file ./ib_logfile101 to ./ib_logfile0
InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=1629243
InnoDB: Highest supported file format is Barracuda.
InnoDB: Log scan progressed past the checkpoint lsn 1629708
InnoDB: Doing recovery: scanned up to log sequence number 1629717 (0%)
InnoDB: Database was not shutdown normally!
InnoDB: Starting crash recovery.
InnoDB: Removed temporary tablespace data file: "ibtmp1"
InnoDB: Creating shared tablespace for temporary tables
InnoDB: Setting file './ibtmp1' size to 12 MB. Physically writing the file full; Please wait ...
InnoDB: File './ibtmp1' size is now 12 MB.
InnoDB: 96 redo rollback segment(s) found. 1 redo rollback segment(s) are active.
InnoDB: 32 non-redo rollback segment(s) are active.
InnoDB: 5.7.26 started; log sequence number 1629717
xtrabackup: starting shutdown with innodb_fast_shutdown = 1
InnoDB: FTS optimize thread exiting.
InnoDB: Starting shutdown...
InnoDB: Shutdown completed; log sequence number 1629736
200118 03:09:08 completed OK!
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# xtrabackup --copy-back --target-dir=/root/backup/
xtrabackup: recognized server arguments: --datadir=/var/lib/mysql 
xtrabackup: recognized client arguments: --copy-back=1 --target-dir=/root/backup/ 
xtrabackup version 2.4.18 based on MySQL server 5.7.26 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 29b4ca5)
200118 03:10:13 [01] Copying ib_logfile0 to /var/lib/mysql/ib_logfile0
200118 03:10:13 [01]        ...done
……省略部分內容
200118 03:10:13 [01] Copying ./ibtmp1 to /var/lib/mysql/ibtmp1
200118 03:10:14 [01]        ...done
200118 03:10:14 completed OK!
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /var/lib/mysql/
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ll /var/lib/mysql/
total 40976
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql      146 Jan 18 03:10 hellodb
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 18874368 Jan 18 03:10 ibdata1
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql  5242880 Jan 18 03:10 ib_logfile0
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql  5242880 Jan 18 03:10 ib_logfile1
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 12582912 Jan 18 03:10 ibtmp1
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql     4096 Jan 18 03:10 mysql
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql     4096 Jan 18 03:10 performance_schema
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql       20 Jan 18 03:10 test
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql      425 Jan 18 03:10 xtrabackup_info
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql        1 Jan 18 03:10 xtrabackup_master_key_id
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]#

　　說明：還原操作需要進行三步，第一步是預准備，這一步的主要作用是確保數據的一致性，提交完成的事務，回滾未完成的事務。第二步是復制預處理后的數據文件到mariadb的工作目錄，第三部還原拷貝過去的文件的屬性為mysql。執行拷貝操作需要確保原數據目錄為空，或者加上--force-non-empty-directorires否則copy的時候會報錯。

　　5）啟動mariadb，查看數據庫里的庫表是否恢復到刪除前的狀態

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# systemctl start mariadb
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ss -ntl
State       Recv-Q Send-Q                   Local Address:Port                                  Peer Address:Port              
LISTEN      0      128                                  *:22                                               *:*                  
LISTEN      0      100                          127.0.0.1:25                                               *:*                  
LISTEN      0      50                                   *:3306                                             *:*                  
LISTEN      0      128                                 :::22                                              :::*                  
LISTEN      0      100                                ::1:25                                              :::*                  
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# mysql
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 2
Server version: 5.5.56-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2017, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| hellodb            |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> use hellodb
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
MariaDB [hellodb]> show tables;
+-------------------+
| Tables_in_hellodb |
+-------------------+
| classes           |
| coc               |
| courses           |
| scores            |
| students          |
| teachers          |
| toc               |
+-------------------+
7 rows in set (0.01 sec)

MariaDB [hellodb]>

　　說明：可看到數據庫已經恢復到備份前的狀態

　　五、xtrabackup 增量備份還原實現

　　1）完全備份

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ls
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# mkdir /root/{full_bak,incre_bak1,incre_bak2}
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ls
full_bak  incre_bak1  incre_bak2
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# xtrabackup --backup --target-dir=/root/full_bak/
xtrabackup: recognized server arguments: --datadir=/var/lib/mysql 
xtrabackup: recognized client arguments: --backup=1 --target-dir=/root/full_bak/ 
200118 03:28:20  version_check Connecting to MySQL server with DSN 'dbi:mysql:;mysql_read_default_group=xtrabackup' (using password: NO).
200118 03:28:20  version_check Connected to MySQL server
200118 03:28:20  version_check Executing a version check against the server...
200118 03:28:20  version_check Done.
200118 03:28:20 Connecting to MySQL server host: localhost, user: not set, password: not set, port: not set, socket: not set
Using server version 5.5.56-MariaDB
xtrabackup version 2.4.18 based on MySQL server 5.7.26 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 29b4ca5)
xtrabackup: uses posix_fadvise().
xtrabackup: cd to /var/lib/mysql
xtrabackup: open files limit requested 0, set to 1024
xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration:
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = ./
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 2
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 5242880
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
200118 03:28:20 >> log scanned up to (1629736)
xtrabackup: Generating a list of tablespaces
200118 03:28:20 [01] Copying ./ibdata1 to /root/full_bak/ibdata1
200118 03:28:20 [01]        ...done
200118 03:28:21 >> log scanned up to (1629736)
200118 03:28:21 Executing FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG TABLES...
200118 03:28:21 Executing FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK...
200118 03:28:21 Starting to backup non-InnoDB tables and files
200118 03:28:21 [01] Copying ./mysql/db.frm to /root/full_bak/mysql/db.frm
200118 03:28:21 [01]        ...done
……省略部分內容
200118 03:28:21 [01] Copying ./hellodb/toc.frm to /root/full_bak/hellodb/toc.frm
200118 03:28:21 [01]        ...done
200118 03:28:21 Finished backing up non-InnoDB tables and files
200118 03:28:21 Executing FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG ENGINE LOGS...
xtrabackup: The latest check point (for incremental): '1629736'
xtrabackup: Stopping log copying thread.
.200118 03:28:21 >> log scanned up to (1629736)

200118 03:28:21 Executing UNLOCK TABLES
200118 03:28:21 All tables unlocked
200118 03:28:21 Backup created in directory '/root/full_bak/'
200118 03:28:21 [00] Writing /root/full_bak/backup-my.cnf
200118 03:28:21 [00]        ...done
200118 03:28:21 [00] Writing /root/full_bak/xtrabackup_info
200118 03:28:21 [00]        ...done
xtrabackup: Transaction log of lsn (1629736) to (1629736) was copied.
200118 03:28:21 completed OK!
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]#

　　2）修改數據，在做基於第一次全量備份做第一次增量備份

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# mysql
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 6
Server version: 5.5.56-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2017, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| hellodb            |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> create database abc;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> use abc
Database changed
MariaDB [abc]> create table test(id int );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

MariaDB [abc]> insert test(id)value(1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [abc]> insert test(id)value(2),(3),(4);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

MariaDB [abc]> select * from test ;
+------+
| id   |
+------+
|    1 |
|    2 |
|    3 |
|    4 |
+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [abc]> \q
Bye
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# 
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# xtrabackup --backup --target-dir=/root/incre_bak1/ --incremental-basedir=/root/full_bak/
xtrabackup: recognized server arguments: --datadir=/var/lib/mysql 
xtrabackup: recognized client arguments: --backup=1 --target-dir=/root/incre_bak1/ --incremental-basedir=/root/full_bak/ 
200118 03:49:15  version_check Connecting to MySQL server with DSN 'dbi:mysql:;mysql_read_default_group=xtrabackup' (using password: NO).
200118 03:49:15  version_check Connected to MySQL server
200118 03:49:15  version_check Executing a version check against the server...
200118 03:49:15  version_check Done.
200118 03:49:15 Connecting to MySQL server host: localhost, user: not set, password: not set, port: not set, socket: not set
Using server version 5.5.56-MariaDB
xtrabackup version 2.4.18 based on MySQL server 5.7.26 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 29b4ca5)
incremental backup from 1629736 is enabled.
xtrabackup: uses posix_fadvise().
xtrabackup: cd to /var/lib/mysql
xtrabackup: open files limit requested 0, set to 1024
xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration:
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = ./
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 2
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 5242880
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
200118 03:49:15 >> log scanned up to (1631702)
xtrabackup: Generating a list of tablespaces
xtrabackup: using the full scan for incremental backup
200118 03:49:15 [01] Copying ./ibdata1 to /root/incre_bak1/ibdata1.delta
200118 03:49:15 [01]        ...done
200118 03:49:16 >> log scanned up to (1631702)
200118 03:49:16 Executing FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG TABLES...
200118 03:49:16 Executing FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK...
200118 03:49:16 Starting to backup non-InnoDB tables and files
200118 03:49:16 [01] Copying ./mysql/db.frm to /root/incre_bak1/mysql/db.frm
200118 03:49:16 [01]        ...done
……省略部分內容
200118 03:49:17 [01] Copying ./abc/test.frm to /root/incre_bak1/abc/test.frm
200118 03:49:17 [01]        ...done
200118 03:49:17 Finished backing up non-InnoDB tables and files
200118 03:49:17 Executing FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG ENGINE LOGS...
xtrabackup: The latest check point (for incremental): '1631702'
xtrabackup: Stopping log copying thread.
.200118 03:49:17 >> log scanned up to (1631702)

200118 03:49:17 Executing UNLOCK TABLES
200118 03:49:17 All tables unlocked
200118 03:49:17 Backup created in directory '/root/incre_bak1/'
200118 03:49:17 [00] Writing /root/incre_bak1/backup-my.cnf
200118 03:49:17 [00]        ...done
200118 03:49:17 [00] Writing /root/incre_bak1/xtrabackup_info
200118 03:49:17 [00]        ...done
xtrabackup: Transaction log of lsn (1631702) to (1631702) was copied.
200118 03:49:17 completed OK!
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]#

　　3）第二次修改數據，做基於第一次增量比分為basedir做第二次整理備份

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# mysql
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 13
Server version: 5.5.56-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2017, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| abc                |
| hellodb            |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.02 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> create user test;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> select user,host from mysql.user;
+------+--------------------+
| user | host               |
+------+--------------------+
| test | %                  |
| root | 127.0.0.1          |
| root | ::1                |
| root | localhost          |
| root | test-centos7-node1 |
+------+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> \q
Bye
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# 
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# xtrabackup --backup --target-dir=/root/incre_bak2/ --incremental-basedir=/root/incre_bak1/
xtrabackup: recognized server arguments: --datadir=/var/lib/mysql 
xtrabackup: recognized client arguments: --backup=1 --target-dir=/root/incre_bak2/ --incremental-basedir=/root/incre_bak1/ 
200118 03:52:43  version_check Connecting to MySQL server with DSN 'dbi:mysql:;mysql_read_default_group=xtrabackup' (using password: NO).
200118 03:52:43  version_check Connected to MySQL server
200118 03:52:43  version_check Executing a version check against the server...
200118 03:52:43  version_check Done.
200118 03:52:43 Connecting to MySQL server host: localhost, user: not set, password: not set, port: not set, socket: not set
Using server version 5.5.56-MariaDB
xtrabackup version 2.4.18 based on MySQL server 5.7.26 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 29b4ca5)
incremental backup from 1631702 is enabled.
xtrabackup: uses posix_fadvise().
xtrabackup: cd to /var/lib/mysql
xtrabackup: open files limit requested 0, set to 1024
xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration:
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = ./
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 2
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 5242880
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
200118 03:52:43 >> log scanned up to (1631702)
xtrabackup: Generating a list of tablespaces
xtrabackup: using the full scan for incremental backup
200118 03:52:43 [01] Copying ./ibdata1 to /root/incre_bak2/ibdata1.delta
200118 03:52:43 [01]        ...done
200118 03:52:44 >> log scanned up to (1631702)
200118 03:52:44 Executing FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG TABLES...
200118 03:52:44 Executing FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK...
200118 03:52:44 Starting to backup non-InnoDB tables and files
200118 03:52:44 [01] Copying ./mysql/db.frm to /root/incre_bak2/mysql/db.frm
200118 03:52:44 [01]        ...done
……省略部分內容
200118 03:52:44 [01] Copying ./abc/test.frm to /root/incre_bak2/abc/test.frm
200118 03:52:44 [01]        ...done
200118 03:52:44 Finished backing up non-InnoDB tables and files
200118 03:52:44 Executing FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG ENGINE LOGS...
xtrabackup: The latest check point (for incremental): '1631702'
xtrabackup: Stopping log copying thread.
.200118 03:52:44 >> log scanned up to (1631702)

200118 03:52:45 Executing UNLOCK TABLES
200118 03:52:45 All tables unlocked
200118 03:52:45 Backup created in directory '/root/incre_bak2/'
200118 03:52:45 [00] Writing /root/incre_bak2/backup-my.cnf
200118 03:52:45 [00]        ...done
200118 03:52:45 [00] Writing /root/incre_bak2/xtrabackup_info
200118 03:52:45 [00]        ...done
xtrabackup: Transaction log of lsn (1631702) to (1631702) was copied.
200118 03:52:45 completed OK!
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]#

　　到此兩次增量備份已經全部做好，接下來查看數據，在刪除庫表來進行還原

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# mysql
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 16
Server version: 5.5.56-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2017, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| abc                |
| hellodb            |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.02 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> use abc
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
MariaDB [abc]> show tables;
+---------------+
| Tables_in_abc |
+---------------+
| test          |
+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [abc]> select * from test;
+------+
| id   |
+------+
|    1 |
|    2 |
|    3 |
|    4 |
+------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)

MariaDB [abc]> select user,host,password from mysql.user;
+------+--------------------+----------+
| user | host               | password |
+------+--------------------+----------+
| root | localhost          |          |
| root | test-centos7-node1 |          |
| root | 127.0.0.1          |          |
| root | ::1                |          |
| test | %                  |          |
+------+--------------------+----------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

MariaDB [abc]> \q
Bye
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]#

　　刪除前的數據如上，現在我們模擬刪除mysql.user表和abc庫，然后利用增量備份將其還原

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# mysql
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 17
Server version: 5.5.56-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2017, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| abc                |
| hellodb            |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> drop database abc;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> drop table mysql.user;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| hellodb            |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> use mysql
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
MariaDB [mysql]> show tables;
+---------------------------+
| Tables_in_mysql           |
+---------------------------+
| columns_priv              |
| db                        |
| event                     |
| func                      |
| general_log               |
| help_category             |
| help_keyword              |
| help_relation             |
| help_topic                |
| host                      |
| ndb_binlog_index          |
| plugin                    |
| proc                      |
| procs_priv                |
| proxies_priv              |
| servers                   |
| slow_log                  |
| tables_priv               |
| time_zone                 |
| time_zone_leap_second     |
| time_zone_name            |
| time_zone_transition      |
| time_zone_transition_type |
+---------------------------+
23 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [mysql]>

　　還原數據庫

　　合並全量備份

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# xtrabackup --prepare --apply-log-only --target-dir=/root/full_bak/
xtrabackup: recognized server arguments: --innodb_checksum_algorithm=innodb --innodb_log_checksum_algorithm=innodb --innodb_data_file_path=ibdata1:10M:autoextend --innodb_log_files_in_group=2 --innodb_log_file_size=5242880 --innodb_fast_checksum=0 --innodb_page_size=16384 --innodb_log_block_size=512 --innodb_undo_directory=. --innodb_undo_tablespaces=0 --server-id=0 --redo-log-version=0 
xtrabackup: recognized client arguments: --prepare=1 --apply-log-only=1 --target-dir=/root/full_bak/ 
xtrabackup version 2.4.18 based on MySQL server 5.7.26 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 29b4ca5)
xtrabackup: cd to /root/full_bak/
xtrabackup: This target seems to be not prepared yet.
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
xtrabackup: xtrabackup_logfile detected: size=8388608, start_lsn=(1629736)
xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration for recovery:
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 1
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 8388608
xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration for recovery:
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 1
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 8388608
xtrabackup: Starting InnoDB instance for recovery.
xtrabackup: Using 104857600 bytes for buffer pool (set by --use-memory parameter)
InnoDB: PUNCH HOLE support available
InnoDB: Mutexes and rw_locks use GCC atomic builtins
InnoDB: Uses event mutexes
InnoDB: GCC builtin __atomic_thread_fence() is used for memory barrier
InnoDB: Compressed tables use zlib 1.2.7
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
InnoDB: Using CPU crc32 instructions
InnoDB: Initializing buffer pool, total size = 100M, instances = 1, chunk size = 100M
InnoDB: Completed initialization of buffer pool
InnoDB: page_cleaner coordinator priority: -20
InnoDB: Highest supported file format is Barracuda.

xtrabackup: starting shutdown with innodb_fast_shutdown = 1
InnoDB: Starting shutdown...
InnoDB: Shutdown completed; log sequence number 1629745
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
200118 04:01:33 completed OK!

　　說明：合並全量備份要加選項--apply-log-only 表示不會滾未完成的事務，因為后面還有增量備份。

　　合並第一次增量備份到完全備份里

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# xtrabackup --prepare --apply-log-only --target-dir=/root/full_bak/ --incremental-dir=/root/incre_bak1
xtrabackup: recognized server arguments: --innodb_checksum_algorithm=innodb --innodb_log_checksum_algorithm=innodb --innodb_data_file_path=ibdata1:10M:autoextend --innodb_log_files_in_group=2 --innodb_log_file_size=5242880 --innodb_fast_checksum=0 --innodb_page_size=16384 --innodb_log_block_size=512 --innodb_undo_directory=. --innodb_undo_tablespaces=0 --server-id=0 --redo-log-version=0 
xtrabackup: recognized client arguments: --prepare=1 --apply-log-only=1 --target-dir=/root/full_bak/ --incremental-dir=/root/incre_bak1 
xtrabackup version 2.4.18 based on MySQL server 5.7.26 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 29b4ca5)
incremental backup from 1629736 is enabled.
xtrabackup: cd to /root/full_bak/
xtrabackup: This target seems to be already prepared with --apply-log-only.
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
xtrabackup: xtrabackup_logfile detected: size=8388608, start_lsn=(1631702)
xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration for recovery:
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = /root/incre_bak1/
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 1
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 8388608
xtrabackup: Generating a list of tablespaces
xtrabackup: page size for /root/incre_bak1//ibdata1.delta is 16384 bytes space id is 0
Applying /root/incre_bak1//ibdata1.delta to ./ibdata1...
xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration for recovery:
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = /root/incre_bak1/
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 1
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 8388608
xtrabackup: Starting InnoDB instance for recovery.
xtrabackup: Using 104857600 bytes for buffer pool (set by --use-memory parameter)
InnoDB: PUNCH HOLE support available
InnoDB: Mutexes and rw_locks use GCC atomic builtins
InnoDB: Uses event mutexes
InnoDB: GCC builtin __atomic_thread_fence() is used for memory barrier
InnoDB: Compressed tables use zlib 1.2.7
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
InnoDB: Using CPU crc32 instructions
InnoDB: Initializing buffer pool, total size = 100M, instances = 1, chunk size = 100M
InnoDB: Completed initialization of buffer pool
InnoDB: page_cleaner coordinator priority: -20
InnoDB: Highest supported file format is Barracuda.
InnoDB: The log sequence number 1629736 in the system tablespace does not match the log sequence number 1631702 in the ib_logfiles!
InnoDB: Database was not shutdown normally!
InnoDB: Starting crash recovery.

xtrabackup: starting shutdown with innodb_fast_shutdown = 1
InnoDB: Starting shutdown...
InnoDB: Shutdown completed; log sequence number 1631711
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
200118 04:02:37 [01] Copying /root/incre_bak1/mysql/db.frm to ./mysql/db.frm
200118 04:02:37 [01]        ...done
……省略部分內容
200118 04:02:37 [01] Copying /root/incre_bak1/abc/test.frm to ./abc/test.frm
200118 04:02:37 [01]        ...done
200118 04:02:37 [00] Copying /root/incre_bak1//xtrabackup_info to ./xtrabackup_info
200118 04:02:37 [00]        ...done
200118 04:02:37 completed OK!

　　合並第二次增量備份到完全備份里

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# xtrabackup --prepare --target-dir=/root/full_bak/ --incremental-dir=/root/incre_bak2                
xtrabackup: recognized server arguments: --innodb_checksum_algorithm=innodb --innodb_log_checksum_algorithm=innodb --innodb_data_file_path=ibdata1:10M:autoextend --innodb_log_files_in_group=2 --innodb_log_file_size=5242880 --innodb_fast_checksum=0 --innodb_page_size=16384 --innodb_log_block_size=512 --innodb_undo_directory=. --innodb_undo_tablespaces=0 --server-id=0 --redo-log-version=0 
xtrabackup: recognized client arguments: --prepare=1 --target-dir=/root/full_bak/ --incremental-dir=/root/incre_bak2 
xtrabackup version 2.4.18 based on MySQL server 5.7.26 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 29b4ca5)
incremental backup from 1631702 is enabled.
xtrabackup: cd to /root/full_bak/
xtrabackup: This target seems to be already prepared with --apply-log-only.
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
xtrabackup: xtrabackup_logfile detected: size=8388608, start_lsn=(1631702)
xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration for recovery:
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = /root/incre_bak2/
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 1
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 8388608
xtrabackup: Generating a list of tablespaces
xtrabackup: page size for /root/incre_bak2//ibdata1.delta is 16384 bytes space id is 0
Applying /root/incre_bak2//ibdata1.delta to ./ibdata1...
xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration for recovery:
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = /root/incre_bak2/
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 1
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 8388608
xtrabackup: Starting InnoDB instance for recovery.
xtrabackup: Using 104857600 bytes for buffer pool (set by --use-memory parameter)
InnoDB: PUNCH HOLE support available
InnoDB: Mutexes and rw_locks use GCC atomic builtins
InnoDB: Uses event mutexes
InnoDB: GCC builtin __atomic_thread_fence() is used for memory barrier
InnoDB: Compressed tables use zlib 1.2.7
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
InnoDB: Using CPU crc32 instructions
InnoDB: Initializing buffer pool, total size = 100M, instances = 1, chunk size = 100M
InnoDB: Completed initialization of buffer pool
InnoDB: page_cleaner coordinator priority: -20
InnoDB: Highest supported file format is Barracuda.
InnoDB: The log sequence number 1631711 in the system tablespace does not match the log sequence number 1631702 in the ib_logfiles!
InnoDB: Database was not shutdown normally!
InnoDB: Starting crash recovery.
InnoDB: Creating shared tablespace for temporary tables
InnoDB: Setting file './ibtmp1' size to 12 MB. Physically writing the file full; Please wait ...
InnoDB: File './ibtmp1' size is now 12 MB.
InnoDB: 96 redo rollback segment(s) found. 1 redo rollback segment(s) are active.
InnoDB: 32 non-redo rollback segment(s) are active.
InnoDB: 5.7.26 started; log sequence number 1631702

xtrabackup: starting shutdown with innodb_fast_shutdown = 1
InnoDB: FTS optimize thread exiting.
InnoDB: Starting shutdown...
InnoDB: Shutdown completed; log sequence number 1631721
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
200118 04:03:22 [01] Copying /root/incre_bak2/mysql/db.frm to ./mysql/db.frm
200118 04:03:22 [01]        ...done
……省略部分內容
200118 04:03:23 [00] Copying /root/incre_bak2//xtrabackup_info to ./xtrabackup_info
200118 04:03:23 [00]        ...done
xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration for recovery:
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 2
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 5242880
InnoDB: PUNCH HOLE support available
InnoDB: Mutexes and rw_locks use GCC atomic builtins
InnoDB: Uses event mutexes
InnoDB: GCC builtin __atomic_thread_fence() is used for memory barrier
InnoDB: Compressed tables use zlib 1.2.7
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
InnoDB: Using CPU crc32 instructions
InnoDB: Initializing buffer pool, total size = 100M, instances = 1, chunk size = 100M
InnoDB: Completed initialization of buffer pool
InnoDB: page_cleaner coordinator priority: -20
InnoDB: Setting log file ./ib_logfile101 size to 5 MB
InnoDB: Setting log file ./ib_logfile1 size to 5 MB
InnoDB: Renaming log file ./ib_logfile101 to ./ib_logfile0
InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=1631721
InnoDB: Highest supported file format is Barracuda.
InnoDB: Log scan progressed past the checkpoint lsn 1631756
InnoDB: Doing recovery: scanned up to log sequence number 1631765 (0%)
InnoDB: Database was not shutdown normally!
InnoDB: Starting crash recovery.
InnoDB: Removed temporary tablespace data file: "ibtmp1"
InnoDB: Creating shared tablespace for temporary tables
InnoDB: Setting file './ibtmp1' size to 12 MB. Physically writing the file full; Please wait ...
InnoDB: File './ibtmp1' size is now 12 MB.
InnoDB: 96 redo rollback segment(s) found. 1 redo rollback segment(s) are active.
InnoDB: 32 non-redo rollback segment(s) are active.
InnoDB: 5.7.26 started; log sequence number 1631765
xtrabackup: starting shutdown with innodb_fast_shutdown = 1
InnoDB: FTS optimize thread exiting.
InnoDB: Starting shutdown...
InnoDB: Shutdown completed; log sequence number 1631784
200118 04:03:25 completed OK!
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]#

　　說明：最后一次合並不需要加--apply-log-only選項表示這是最后一次增量備份合並，后續提交已完成對事務，回滾未完成的事務，讓數據一致

　　清空/var/lib/mysql目錄，然后復制備份文件到該目錄下

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# rm -rf /var/lib/mysql/*
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ll /var/lib/mysql/
total 0
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# xtrabackup --copy-back --target-dir=/root/full_bak/
xtrabackup: recognized server arguments: --datadir=/var/lib/mysql 
xtrabackup: recognized client arguments: --copy-back=1 --target-dir=/root/full_bak/ 
xtrabackup version 2.4.18 based on MySQL server 5.7.26 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 29b4ca5)
200118 04:12:32 [01] Copying ib_logfile0 to /var/lib/mysql/ib_logfile0
200118 04:12:32 [01]        ...done
……省略部分內容
200118 04:12:32 [01] Copying ./xtrabackup_info to /var/lib/mysql/xtrabackup_info
200118 04:12:32 [01]        ...done
200118 04:12:32 [01] Copying ./ibtmp1 to /var/lib/mysql/ibtmp1
200118 04:12:32 [01]        ...done
200118 04:12:32 completed OK!

　　還原屬性

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /var/lib/mysql/ 
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ll /var/lib/mysql/
total 40976
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql       36 Jan 18 04:12 abc
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql      146 Jan 18 04:12 hellodb
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 18874368 Jan 18 04:12 ibdata1
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql  5242880 Jan 18 04:12 ib_logfile0
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql  5242880 Jan 18 04:12 ib_logfile1
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 12582912 Jan 18 04:12 ibtmp1
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql     4096 Jan 18 04:12 mysql
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql     4096 Jan 18 04:12 performance_schema
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql       20 Jan 18 04:12 test
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql      475 Jan 18 04:12 xtrabackup_info
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql        1 Jan 18 04:12 xtrabackup_master_key_id
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]#

　　重啟數據庫，進到數據庫查看數據是否恢復

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# systemctl restart mariadb
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ss -ntl
State       Recv-Q Send-Q                   Local Address:Port                                  Peer Address:Port              
LISTEN      0      128                                  *:22                                               *:*                  
LISTEN      0      100                          127.0.0.1:25                                               *:*                  
LISTEN      0      50                                   *:3306                                             *:*                  
LISTEN      0      128                                 :::22                                              :::*                  
LISTEN      0      100                                ::1:25                                              :::*                  
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# mysql
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 2
Server version: 5.5.56-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2017, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| abc                |
| hellodb            |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> use abc
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
MariaDB [abc]> show tables;
+---------------+
| Tables_in_abc |
+---------------+
| test          |
+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [abc]> select * from test;
+------+
| id   |
+------+
|    1 |
|    2 |
|    3 |
|    4 |
+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [abc]> use mysql
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
MariaDB [mysql]> show tables;
+---------------------------+
| Tables_in_mysql           |
+---------------------------+
| columns_priv              |
| db                        |
| event                     |
| func                      |
| general_log               |
| help_category             |
| help_keyword              |
| help_relation             |
| help_topic                |
| host                      |
| ndb_binlog_index          |
| plugin                    |
| proc                      |
| procs_priv                |
| proxies_priv              |
| servers                   |
| slow_log                  |
| tables_priv               |
| time_zone                 |
| time_zone_leap_second     |
| time_zone_name            |
| time_zone_transition      |
| time_zone_transition_type |
| user                      |
+---------------------------+
24 rows in set (0.01 sec)

MariaDB [mysql]> select user,host,password from user;
+------+--------------------+----------+
| user | host               | password |
+------+--------------------+----------+
| root | localhost          |          |
| root | test-centos7-node1 |          |
| root | 127.0.0.1          |          |
| root | ::1                |          |
| test | %                  |          |
+------+--------------------+----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [mysql]> \q
Bye
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]#

　　說明：可看到我們刪除的abc庫已經恢復，刪除的user表也全部恢復

　　六、xtrabackup單表導出和導入

　　前期准備

　　1）啟用innodb_file_per_table選項，並重啟mariadb服務

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# grep -C 2 innodb_file_per_table /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
datadir=/var/lib/mysql
innodb_file_per_table
socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
# Disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent assorted security risks
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]#

　　說明：此選項啟用后，mariadb的表空間文件和數據文件就單獨存放了，不再全部都存放在ibdata1里

　　2）導入數據庫

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# rz
rz waiting to receive.
 zmodem trl+C ȡ

  100%       7 KB    7 KB/s 00:00:01       0 Errors

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ls
full_bak  hellodb_innodb.sql  incre_bak1  incre_bak2  table
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# mysql < hellodb_innodb.sql 
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ll /var/lib/mysql/
total 40996
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql       36 Jan 18 05:06 abc
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql    16384 Jan 18 05:12 aria_log.00000001
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql       52 Jan 18 05:12 aria_log_control
drwx------. 2 mysql mysql      272 Jan 18 05:21 hellodb
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 18874368 Jan 18 05:20 ibdata1
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql  5242880 Jan 18 05:21 ib_logfile0
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql  5242880 Jan 18 05:06 ib_logfile1
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 12582912 Jan 18 05:06 ibtmp1
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql     4096 Jan 18 05:06 mysql
srwxrwxrwx. 1 mysql mysql        0 Jan 18 05:12 mysql.sock
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql     4096 Jan 18 05:06 performance_schema
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql       20 Jan 18 05:06 test
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql      475 Jan 18 05:06 xtrabackup_info
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql        1 Jan 18 05:06 xtrabackup_master_key_id
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ll /var/lib/mysql/hellodb/
total 1432
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql  8636 Jan 18 05:21 classes.frm
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql 98304 Jan 18 05:22 classes.ibd
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql  8630 Jan 18 05:21 coc.frm
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql 98304 Jan 18 05:22 coc.ibd
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql  8602 Jan 18 05:21 courses.frm
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql 98304 Jan 18 05:22 courses.ibd
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql    61 Jan 18 05:21 db.opt
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql  8658 Jan 18 05:21 scores.frm
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql 98304 Jan 18 05:22 scores.ibd
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql  8736 Jan 18 05:21 students.frm
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql 98304 Jan 18 05:22 students.ibd
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql  8656 Jan 18 05:21 teachers.frm
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql 98304 Jan 18 05:22 teachers.ibd
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql  8622 Jan 18 05:21 toc.frm
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql 98304 Jan 18 05:22 toc.ibd
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# 
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# mysql
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 4
Server version: 5.5.56-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2017, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> select * from hellodb.students;
+-------+---------------+-----+--------+---------+-----------+
| StuID | Name          | Age | Gender | ClassID | TeacherID |
+-------+---------------+-----+--------+---------+-----------+
|     1 | Shi Zhongyu   |  22 | M      |       2 |         3 |
|     2 | Shi Potian    |  22 | M      |       1 |         7 |
|     3 | Xie Yanke     |  53 | M      |       2 |        16 |
|     4 | Ding Dian     |  32 | M      |       4 |         4 |
|     5 | Yu Yutong     |  26 | M      |       3 |         1 |
|     6 | Shi Qing      |  46 | M      |       5 |      NULL |
|     7 | Xi Ren        |  19 | F      |       3 |      NULL |
|     8 | Lin Daiyu     |  17 | F      |       7 |      NULL |
|     9 | Ren Yingying  |  20 | F      |       6 |      NULL |
|    10 | Yue Lingshan  |  19 | F      |       3 |      NULL |
|    11 | Yuan Chengzhi |  23 | M      |       6 |      NULL |
|    12 | Wen Qingqing  |  19 | F      |       1 |      NULL |
|    13 | Tian Boguang  |  33 | M      |       2 |      NULL |
|    14 | Lu Wushuang   |  17 | F      |       3 |      NULL |
|    15 | Duan Yu       |  19 | M      |       4 |      NULL |
|    16 | Xu Zhu        |  21 | M      |       1 |      NULL |
|    17 | Lin Chong     |  25 | M      |       4 |      NULL |
|    18 | Hua Rong      |  23 | M      |       7 |      NULL |
|    19 | Xue Baochai   |  18 | F      |       6 |      NULL |
|    20 | Diao Chan     |  19 | F      |       7 |      NULL |
|    21 | Huang Yueying |  22 | F      |       6 |      NULL |
|    22 | Xiao Qiao     |  20 | F      |       1 |      NULL |
|    23 | Ma Chao       |  23 | M      |       4 |      NULL |
|    24 | Xu Xian       |  27 | M      |    NULL |      NULL |
|    25 | Sun Dasheng   | 100 | M      |    NULL |      NULL |
+-------+---------------+-----+--------+---------+-----------+
25 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> \q
Bye
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]#

　　說明：可看到hellodb數據庫里的表都是單獨的數據文件和表結構文件

　　3）單表備份

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# innobackupex --include='hellodb.students' /root/table/
xtrabackup: recognized server arguments: --datadir=/var/lib/mysql --innodb_file_per_table=1 
xtrabackup: recognized client arguments: 
200118 05:22:44 innobackupex: Starting the backup operation

IMPORTANT: Please check that the backup run completes successfully.
           At the end of a successful backup run innobackupex
           prints "completed OK!".

200118 05:22:45  version_check Connecting to MySQL server with DSN 'dbi:mysql:;mysql_read_default_group=xtrabackup' (using password: NO).
200118 05:22:45  version_check Connected to MySQL server
200118 05:22:45  version_check Executing a version check against the server...
200118 05:22:45  version_check Done.
200118 05:22:45 Connecting to MySQL server host: localhost, user: not set, password: not set, port: not set, socket: not set
Using server version 5.5.56-MariaDB
innobackupex version 2.4.18 based on MySQL server 5.7.26 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 29b4ca5)
xtrabackup: uses posix_fadvise().
xtrabackup: cd to /var/lib/mysql
xtrabackup: open files limit requested 0, set to 1024
xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration:
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = ./
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 2
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 5242880
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
200118 05:22:45 >> log scanned up to (1676617)
xtrabackup: Generating a list of tablespaces
InnoDB: Allocated tablespace ID 14 for hellodb/students, old maximum was 0
200118 05:22:45 [01] Copying ./ibdata1 to /root/table/2020-01-18_05-22-44/ibdata1
200118 05:22:45 [01]        ...done
200118 05:22:45 [01] Copying ./hellodb/students.ibd to /root/table/2020-01-18_05-22-44/hellodb/students.ibd
200118 05:22:45 [01]        ...done
200118 05:22:46 >> log scanned up to (1676617)
200118 05:22:46 Executing FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG TABLES...
200118 05:22:46 Executing FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK...
200118 05:22:46 Starting to backup non-InnoDB tables and files
200118 05:22:46 [01] Skipping ./ib_logfile0.
……省略部分內容
200118 05:22:46 [01] Skipping ./hellodb/toc.ibd.
200118 05:22:46 Finished backing up non-InnoDB tables and files
200118 05:22:46 Executing FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG ENGINE LOGS...
xtrabackup: The latest check point (for incremental): '1676617'
xtrabackup: Stopping log copying thread.
.200118 05:22:46 >> log scanned up to (1676617)

200118 05:22:46 Executing UNLOCK TABLES
200118 05:22:46 All tables unlocked
200118 05:22:46 Backup created in directory '/root/table/2020-01-18_05-22-44/'
200118 05:22:46 [00] Writing /root/table/2020-01-18_05-22-44/backup-my.cnf
200118 05:22:46 [00]        ...done
200118 05:22:46 [00] Writing /root/table/2020-01-18_05-22-44/xtrabackup_info
200118 05:22:46 [00]        ...done
xtrabackup: Transaction log of lsn (1676617) to (1676617) was copied.
200118 05:22:46 completed OK!
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]#

　　4）備份表結構

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# mysql -e 'show create table hellodb.students' > student.sql
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# cat student.sql
Table   Create Table
students        CREATE TABLE `students` (\n  `StuID` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,\n  `Name` varchar(50) NOT NULL,\n  `Age` tinyint(3) unsigned NOT NULL,\n  `Gender` enum('F','M') NOT NULL,\n  `ClassID` tinyint(3) unsigned DEFAULT NULL,\n  `TeacherID` int(10) unsigned DEFAULT NULL,\n  PRIMARY KEY (`StuID`)\n) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=26 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]#

　　5）刪除表

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# mysql
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 17
Server version: 5.5.56-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2017, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| abc                |
| hellodb            |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> use hellodb;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
MariaDB [hellodb]> show tables;
+-------------------+
| Tables_in_hellodb |
+-------------------+
| classes           |
| coc               |
| courses           |
| scores            |
| students          |
| teachers          |
| toc               |
+-------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [hellodb]> drop table students ;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

MariaDB [hellodb]> show tables;         
+-------------------+
| Tables_in_hellodb |
+-------------------+
| classes           |
| coc               |
| courses           |
| scores            |
| teachers          |
| toc               |
+-------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [hellodb]>

　　6）整理備份文件

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# innobackupex --apply-log --export /root/table/2020-01-18_05-22-44/
xtrabackup: recognized server arguments: --innodb_checksum_algorithm=innodb --innodb_log_checksum_algorithm=innodb --innodb_data_file_path=ibdata1:10M:autoextend --innodb_log_files_in_group=2 --innodb_log_file_size=5242880 --innodb_fast_checksum=0 --innodb_page_size=16384 --innodb_log_block_size=512 --innodb_undo_directory=. --innodb_undo_tablespaces=0 --server-id=0 --redo-log-version=0 
xtrabackup: recognized client arguments: 
200118 05:31:50 innobackupex: Starting the apply-log operation

IMPORTANT: Please check that the apply-log run completes successfully.
           At the end of a successful apply-log run innobackupex
           prints "completed OK!".

innobackupex version 2.4.18 based on MySQL server 5.7.26 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 29b4ca5)
xtrabackup: auto-enabling --innodb-file-per-table due to the --export option
xtrabackup: cd to /root/table/2020-01-18_05-22-44/
xtrabackup: This target seems to be not prepared yet.
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
xtrabackup: xtrabackup_logfile detected: size=8388608, start_lsn=(1676617)
xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration for recovery:
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 1
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 8388608
xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration for recovery:
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 1
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 8388608
xtrabackup: Starting InnoDB instance for recovery.
xtrabackup: Using 104857600 bytes for buffer pool (set by --use-memory parameter)
InnoDB: PUNCH HOLE support available
InnoDB: Mutexes and rw_locks use GCC atomic builtins
InnoDB: Uses event mutexes
InnoDB: GCC builtin __atomic_thread_fence() is used for memory barrier
InnoDB: Compressed tables use zlib 1.2.7
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
InnoDB: Using CPU crc32 instructions
InnoDB: Initializing buffer pool, total size = 100M, instances = 1, chunk size = 100M
InnoDB: Completed initialization of buffer pool
InnoDB: page_cleaner coordinator priority: -20
InnoDB: Highest supported file format is Barracuda.
InnoDB: The log sequence number 1631794 in the system tablespace does not match the log sequence number 1676617 in the ib_logfiles!
InnoDB: Database was not shutdown normally!
InnoDB: Starting crash recovery.
InnoDB: Removing missing table `hellodb/classes` from InnoDB data dictionary.
InnoDB: Removing missing table `hellodb/coc` from InnoDB data dictionary.
InnoDB: Removing missing table `hellodb/courses` from InnoDB data dictionary.
InnoDB: Removing missing table `hellodb/scores` from InnoDB data dictionary.
InnoDB: Removing missing table `hellodb/teachers` from InnoDB data dictionary.
InnoDB: Removing missing table `hellodb/toc` from InnoDB data dictionary.
InnoDB: Creating shared tablespace for temporary tables
InnoDB: Setting file './ibtmp1' size to 12 MB. Physically writing the file full; Please wait ...
InnoDB: File './ibtmp1' size is now 12 MB.
InnoDB: 96 redo rollback segment(s) found. 1 redo rollback segment(s) are active.
InnoDB: 32 non-redo rollback segment(s) are active.
InnoDB: 5.7.26 started; log sequence number 1676617
xtrabackup: export option is specified.
xtrabackup: export metadata of table 'hellodb/students' to file `./hellodb/students.exp` (1 indexes)
xtrabackup:     name=PRIMARY, id.low=27, page=3

xtrabackup: starting shutdown with innodb_fast_shutdown = 0
InnoDB: FTS optimize thread exiting.
InnoDB: Starting shutdown...
InnoDB: Shutdown completed; log sequence number 1682140
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration for recovery:
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 2
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 5242880
InnoDB: PUNCH HOLE support available
InnoDB: Mutexes and rw_locks use GCC atomic builtins
InnoDB: Uses event mutexes
InnoDB: GCC builtin __atomic_thread_fence() is used for memory barrier
InnoDB: Compressed tables use zlib 1.2.7
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
InnoDB: Using CPU crc32 instructions
InnoDB: Initializing buffer pool, total size = 100M, instances = 1, chunk size = 100M
InnoDB: Completed initialization of buffer pool
InnoDB: page_cleaner coordinator priority: -20
InnoDB: Setting log file ./ib_logfile101 size to 5 MB
InnoDB: Setting log file ./ib_logfile1 size to 5 MB
InnoDB: Renaming log file ./ib_logfile101 to ./ib_logfile0
InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=1682140
InnoDB: Highest supported file format is Barracuda.
InnoDB: Log scan progressed past the checkpoint lsn 1682444
InnoDB: Doing recovery: scanned up to log sequence number 1682453 (0%)
InnoDB: Database was not shutdown normally!
InnoDB: Starting crash recovery.
InnoDB: Removed temporary tablespace data file: "ibtmp1"
InnoDB: Creating shared tablespace for temporary tables
InnoDB: Setting file './ibtmp1' size to 12 MB. Physically writing the file full; Please wait ...
InnoDB: File './ibtmp1' size is now 12 MB.
InnoDB: 96 redo rollback segment(s) found. 1 redo rollback segment(s) are active.
InnoDB: 32 non-redo rollback segment(s) are active.
InnoDB: 5.7.26 started; log sequence number 1682453
xtrabackup: starting shutdown with innodb_fast_shutdown = 0
InnoDB: FTS optimize thread exiting.
InnoDB: Starting shutdown...
InnoDB: Shutdown completed; log sequence number 1682472
200118 05:31:54 completed OK!
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]#

　　7）創建表

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# mysql
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 18
Server version: 5.5.56-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2017, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> use hellodb;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
MariaDB [hellodb]> CREATE TABLE `students` (\n  `StuID` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,\n  `Name` varchar(50) NOT NULL,\n  `Age` tinyint(3) unsigned NOT NULL,\n  `Gender` enum('F','M') NOT NULL,\n  `ClassID` tinyint(3) unsigned DEFAULT NULL,\n  `TeacherID` int(10) unsigned DEFAULT NULL,\n  PRIMARY KEY (`StuID`)\n) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=26 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
PAGER set to stdout
PAGER set to stdout
PAGER set to stdout
PAGER set to stdout
PAGER set to stdout
PAGER set to stdout
PAGER set to stdout
PAGER set to stdout
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

MariaDB [hellodb]> show tables ;
+-------------------+
| Tables_in_hellodb |
+-------------------+
| classes           |
| coc               |
| courses           |
| scores            |
| students          |
| teachers          |
| toc               |
+-------------------+
7 rows in set (0.01 sec)

MariaDB [hellodb]>

　　8）刪除表空間

MariaDB [hellodb]> alter table students discard tablespace;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [hellodb]> \q
Bye
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ll /var/lib/mysql/hellodb/
total 664
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql  8636 Jan 18 05:21 classes.frm
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql 98304 Jan 18 05:22 classes.ibd
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql  8630 Jan 18 05:21 coc.frm
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql 98304 Jan 18 05:22 coc.ibd
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql  8602 Jan 18 05:21 courses.frm
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql 98304 Jan 18 05:22 courses.ibd
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql    61 Jan 18 05:21 db.opt
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql  8658 Jan 18 05:21 scores.frm
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql 98304 Jan 18 05:22 scores.ibd
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql  8736 Jan 18 05:32 students.frm
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql  8656 Jan 18 05:21 teachers.frm
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql 98304 Jan 18 05:22 teachers.ibd
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql  8622 Jan 18 05:21 toc.frm
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql 98304 Jan 18 05:22 toc.ibd
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ll /var/lib/mysql/hellodb/students*
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql 8736 Jan 18 05:32 /var/lib/mysql/hellodb/students.frm
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]#

　　說明：可看到刪除了表空間，對應的文件也被刪除了

　　9）復制整理后的表文件到hellodb數據庫工作目錄

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ll /root/table/2020-01-18_05-22-44/hellodb/students.*
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root   640 Jan 18 05:31 /root/table/2020-01-18_05-22-44/hellodb/students.cfg
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 16384 Jan 18 05:31 /root/table/2020-01-18_05-22-44/hellodb/students.exp
-rw-r-----. 1 root root  8736 Jan 18 05:22 /root/table/2020-01-18_05-22-44/hellodb/students.frm
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 98304 Jan 18 05:22 /root/table/2020-01-18_05-22-44/hellodb/students.ibd
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# cp /root/table/2020-01-18_05-22-44/hellodb/students.{cfg,exp,ibd} /var/lib/mysql/hellodb/
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /var/lib/mysql/hellodb/
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# ll /var/lib/mysql/hellodb/
total 780
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql  8636 Jan 18 05:21 classes.frm
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql 98304 Jan 18 05:22 classes.ibd
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql  8630 Jan 18 05:21 coc.frm
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql 98304 Jan 18 05:22 coc.ibd
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql  8602 Jan 18 05:21 courses.frm
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql 98304 Jan 18 05:22 courses.ibd
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql    61 Jan 18 05:21 db.opt
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql  8658 Jan 18 05:21 scores.frm
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql 98304 Jan 18 05:22 scores.ibd
-rw-r--r--. 1 mysql mysql   640 Jan 18 05:40 students.cfg
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 16384 Jan 18 05:40 students.exp
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql  8736 Jan 18 05:32 students.frm
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 98304 Jan 18 05:40 students.ibd
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql  8656 Jan 18 05:21 teachers.frm
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql 98304 Jan 18 05:22 teachers.ibd
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql  8622 Jan 18 05:21 toc.frm
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql 98304 Jan 18 05:22 toc.ibd
[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]#

　　說明：整理過后的表文件會多二個文件一個是.cfg的文件，一個是.exp文件，exp文件就是可以用於導入至其它服務器。

　　10）導入表空間

[root@test-centos7-node1 ~]# mysql
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 9
Server version: 5.5.56-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2017, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| abc                |
| hellodb            |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> use hellodb
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
MariaDB [hellodb]> show tables;
+-------------------+
| Tables_in_hellodb |
+-------------------+
| classes           |
| coc               |
| courses           |
| scores            |
| students          |
| teachers          |
| toc               |
+-------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [hellodb]> select * from students;
ERROR 1030 (HY000): Got error -1 from storage engine
MariaDB [hellodb]> alter table hellodb.students  import tablespace;
ERROR 1030 (HY000): Got error -1 from storage engine
MariaDB [hellodb]> show variables like 'innodb_import%';
+-------------------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name                       | Value |
+-------------------------------------+-------+
| innodb_import_table_from_xtrabackup | 0     |
+-------------------------------------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [hellodb]> set global innodb_import_table_from_xtrabackup=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [hellodb]> show variables like 'innodb_import%';            
+-------------------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name                       | Value |
+-------------------------------------+-------+
| innodb_import_table_from_xtrabackup | 1     |
+-------------------------------------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [hellodb]> alter table hellodb.students  import tablespace;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

MariaDB [hellodb]> select * from students;                          
+-------+---------------+-----+--------+---------+-----------+
| StuID | Name          | Age | Gender | ClassID | TeacherID |
+-------+---------------+-----+--------+---------+-----------+
|     1 | Shi Zhongyu   |  22 | M      |       2 |         3 |
|     2 | Shi Potian    |  22 | M      |       1 |         7 |
|     3 | Xie Yanke     |  53 | M      |       2 |        16 |
|     4 | Ding Dian     |  32 | M      |       4 |         4 |
|     5 | Yu Yutong     |  26 | M      |       3 |         1 |
|     6 | Shi Qing      |  46 | M      |       5 |      NULL |
|     7 | Xi Ren        |  19 | F      |       3 |      NULL |
|     8 | Lin Daiyu     |  17 | F      |       7 |      NULL |
|     9 | Ren Yingying  |  20 | F      |       6 |      NULL |
|    10 | Yue Lingshan  |  19 | F      |       3 |      NULL |
|    11 | Yuan Chengzhi |  23 | M      |       6 |      NULL |
|    12 | Wen Qingqing  |  19 | F      |       1 |      NULL |
|    13 | Tian Boguang  |  33 | M      |       2 |      NULL |
|    14 | Lu Wushuang   |  17 | F      |       3 |      NULL |
|    15 | Duan Yu       |  19 | M      |       4 |      NULL |
|    16 | Xu Zhu        |  21 | M      |       1 |      NULL |
|    17 | Lin Chong     |  25 | M      |       4 |      NULL |
|    18 | Hua Rong      |  23 | M      |       7 |      NULL |
|    19 | Xue Baochai   |  18 | F      |       6 |      NULL |
|    20 | Diao Chan     |  19 | F      |       7 |      NULL |
|    21 | Huang Yueying |  22 | F      |       6 |      NULL |
|    22 | Xiao Qiao     |  20 | F      |       1 |      NULL |
|    23 | Ma Chao       |  23 | M      |       4 |      NULL |
|    24 | Xu Xian       |  27 | M      |    NULL |      NULL |
|    25 | Sun Dasheng   | 100 | M      |    NULL |      NULL |
+-------+---------------+-----+--------+---------+-----------+
25 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [hellodb]>

　　說明：最開始不能查看數據的原因是表空間沒有導入進來，所以不能查看表里的內容。開始導入不了表空間的原因是innodb_import_table_from_xtrabackup 變量默認是0 不開啟從xtrabackup導入，設置為1后則允許導入。這里需要提醒下mysql5.5.10之前需要開啟innodb_expand_import才可以導入表空間，后面的版本將innodb_expand_import變量改名為innodb_import_table_from_xtrabackup 所以5.5.10后需要開啟innodb_import_table_from_xtrabackup=1就可以導入表空間了

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