三大認證
一、身份認證
1、身份認證配置
1.1 全局配置身份認證模塊
身份認證組件一般都配置在全局settings中。
# settings.py
# drf框架自定義配置
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
# 認證組件
'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': [
# 'rest_framework.authentication.SessionAuthentication',
# 'rest_framework.authentication.BasicAuthentication'
'rest_framework_jwt.authentication.JSONWebTokenAuthentication'
],
}
1.2 局部配置身份認證模塊
在視圖類中用authentication_classes類屬性配置身份認證模塊:
# views.py
from rest_framework_jwt.authentication import JSONWebTokenAuthentication
class UserListViewSet(mixins.ListModelMixin, GenericViewSet):
authentication_classes = [JSONWebTokenAuthentication]
queryset = models.User.objects.filter(is_active=True).all()
serializer_class = serializers.UserModelSerializer
2、drf提供的身份認證類(了解)
其中BaseAuthentication是用來自定義身份認證類需要繼承的基類。
其他的類是drf默認提前寫好的幾種身份認證類,可以直接使用:
BasicAuthentication
SessionAuthentication
TokenAuthentication
def get_authorization_header(request):
# 前台在請求頭用authorization攜帶認證字符串token給后台
auth = request.META.get('HTTP_AUTHORIZATION', b'')
# auth == token字符串 將其編碼成二進制
if isinstance(auth, str):
# Work around django test client oddness
auth = auth.encode(HTTP_HEADER_ENCODING)
return auth
class BasicAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):
www_authenticate_realm = 'api'
def authenticate(self, request):
auth = get_authorization_header(request).split()
# auth按空格拆分,拆分的列表結果長度為2才合法
if not auth or auth[0].lower() != b'basic':
# 沒有token,認證方法直接返回None,代表游客(匿名用戶)
return None
# 可以推論出auth拆分的結果為2份,結構為:['basic','token字符串']
if len(auth) == 1:
msg = _('Invalid basic header. No credentials provided.')
raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(msg)
elif len(auth) > 2:
msg = _('Invalid basic header. Credentials string should not contain spaces.')
raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(msg)
# 結論:提交了token,格式有誤,拋異常,代表非法用戶
try:
# 反解token(auth是被拆分的列表,0是頭,1是token)
auth_parts = base64.b64decode(auth[1]).decode(HTTP_HEADER_ENCODING).partition(':')
except (TypeError, UnicodeDecodeError, binascii.Error):
msg = _('Invalid basic header. Credentials not correctly base64 encoded.')
raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(msg)
# 結論:提交了token,格式有誤,拋異常,代表非法用戶
userid, password = auth_parts[0], auth_parts[2]
return self.authenticate_credentials(userid, password, request)
# 結論:提交了token,解析成功,返回(user,None)組成的元組,代表合法用戶
# 元組0位user會被儲存到request.user中,
# 元組1位token會被存儲到request.auth中,通常可以不用保存,所以可以用None填充
def authenticate_credentials(self, userid, password, request=None):
"""
Authenticate the userid and password against username and password
with optional request for context.
"""
credentials = {
get_user_model().USERNAME_FIELD: userid,
'password': password
}
user = authenticate(request=request, **credentials)
if user is None:
raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(_('Invalid username/password.'))
if not user.is_active:
raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(_('User inactive or deleted.'))
return (user, None)
def authenticate_header(self, request):
return 'Basic realm="%s"' % self.www_authenticate_realm
class SessionAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):
def authenticate(self, request):
# Get the session-based user from the underlying HttpRequest object
user = getattr(request._request, 'user', None)
# Unauthenticated, CSRF validation not required
if not user or not user.is_active:
return None
self.enforce_csrf(request)
# CSRF passed with authenticated user
return (user, None)
class TokenAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):
keyword = 'Token'
model = None
def authenticate(self, request):
auth = get_authorization_header(request).split()
if not auth or auth[0].lower() != self.keyword.lower().encode():
return None
if len(auth) == 1:
msg = _('Invalid token header. No credentials provided.')
raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(msg)
elif len(auth) > 2:
msg = _('Invalid token header. Token string should not contain spaces.')
raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(msg)
try:
token = auth[1].decode()
except UnicodeError:
msg = _('Invalid token header. Token string should not contain invalid characters.')
raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(msg)
return self.authenticate_credentials(token)
3、rf-jwt提供的身份認證類(常用)
rf-jwt為我們提供了其已經寫好的身份認證類:JSONWebTokenAuthentication
特點:
前端在向后端發送請求時需攜帶的token格式為:
{'Authorization':'jwt abc.def.xyz'} // token需以jwt開頭
后端如何配置:
from rest_framework_jwt.authentication import JSONWebTokenAuthentication
class UserListViewSet(ListModelMixin,GenericViewSet):
# ---------------三大認證配置---------------我是分割線
# authentication_classes = [authentications.MyAuthentication]
authentication_classes = [JSONWebTokenAuthentication]
# -----------------正常邏輯-----------------我是分割線
queryset = models.User.objects.filter(is_active=True).all()
serializer_class = serializers.UserModelSerializer
4、自定義身份認證類(需要自定義簽發token時用)
- 如果使用session認證,drf默認提供了SessionAuthentication
- 如果使用drf-jwt認證框架,drf-jwt框架提供了JSONWebTokenAuthentication
- 如果是自定義簽發與校驗token,才需要將校驗token的算法封裝到自定義的認證類中
如何自定義身份認證類:
- 繼承BaseAuthentication續寫Authentication身份認證類:
- 重寫authenticate方法;
-
從請求頭中拿到前台提交的token(一般從HTTP_AUTHORIZATION中拿,也可以與前台約定)
- 如果設置了反爬等措施,校驗一下反爬(頭 token)
-
沒有token,返回None,代表游客
-
有token,進入校驗
- 不通過:拋AuthenticationFailed異常,代表非法用戶
- 通過:返回 (user, token),代表合法用戶
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
class MyAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):
def authenticate(self, request):
# 不設置任何身份認證規則,直接全部通過,進入下一輪認證(權限認證)
pass
5、自定義簽發token及多方式登陸
重點:
- token只能由 登錄接口 簽發;
- 登錄接口也是APIView的子類,使用一定會進行'身份認證'和'權限認證'組件的校驗。
結論:不管系統默認、或是全局settings配置的是何認證與權限組件,登錄接口不用參與任何認證與權限的校驗所以,登錄接口一定要進行'身份認證'與'權限認證'的局部禁用
# views.py
from rest_framework.views import APIView
class LoginAPIView(APIView):
authentication_classes = []
pagination_class = []
permission_classes = []
def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
user_ser = serializers.LoginModelSerializer(data=request.data)
user_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
return APIResponse(results={
'username':user_ser.content.get('user').username,
'token':user_ser.content.get('token')
})
# serializers.py
from rest_framework_jwt.serializers import jwt_payload_handler,jwt_encode_handler
class LoginModelSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
username = serializers.CharField(
max_length=64,
min_length=3
)
password = serializers.CharField(
max_length=64,
min_length=3
)
class Meta:
model = models.User
fields = ['username','password']
# 在全局鈎子中完成token的簽發
def validate(self, attrs):
# 先從model表中查出user對象
user = self._validate_user(attrs)
# 將user對象包裝進載荷中
payload = jwt_payload_handler(user)
# 將載荷簽發入token
token = jwt_encode_handler(payload)
# 將對象和token儲存進serializer對象中,就可以在視圖類中調用
self.content = {
'user':user,
'token':token
}
return attrs
def _validate_user(self,attrs):
username = attrs.get('username')
password = attrs.get('password')
# 多方式登陸
if re.match(r'.*@.*',username):
user = models.User.objects.filter(email=username).first() # type:models.User
elif re.match(r'^1[3-9][0-9]{9}$',username):
user = models.User.objects.filter(mobile=username).first() # type:models.User
else:
user = models.User.objects.filter(username=username).first() # type:models.User
if not user or not user.check_password(password):
raise serializers.ValidationError({'message':'用戶信息系有誤!請重新登錄!'})
return user
二、權限認證
1、權限認證配置
1.1 全局配置權限認證模塊
一般權限認證不做全局配置,因為每個功能對應不同的權限,不好配。
1.2 局部配置權限認證模塊
使用permission_classes類屬性配置:
from rest_framework.permissions import IsAdminUser,IsAuthenticated,IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly,AllowAny
class UserViewSet(ViewSet):
# 配置django默認提供的權限認證模塊
permission_classes = [IsAuthenticated]
2、drf提供的權限認證類
drf默認提供了幾種權限認證模塊:
from rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated, IsAdminUser, AllowAny, IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly
- AllowAny | 游客和登錄用戶有全權限
- IsAuthenticated | 只有登錄用戶有全權限
- IsAdminUser | 只有后台用戶(admin用戶)有全權限
- IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly | 游客有讀權限,登錄用戶有全權限
3、自定義權限認證類
如果有特殊需要,需要自定義權限類
如:只有superuser有權限、只有vip用戶有權限、只有某ip網段用戶有權限、只有某個視圖及其子類有權限
如何自定義權限類:
- 繼承BasePermission續寫permission類;
- 重寫has_permission方法;
- 根據需求,request和view的輔助,制定權限規則判斷條件
- 如果條件通過,返回True
- 如果條件不通過,返回False
# permission.py
from rest_framework.permissions import BasePermission
# VIP用戶權限
class VIPUserPermission(BasePermission):
def has_permission(self, request, view):
for group in request.user.groups.all():
# 存在於vip組即有權限
if group.name.lower() == 'vip':
return True
# 否則沒有權限
return False
# views.py
class UserViewSet(ViewSet):
# 局部配置哪些權限可以執行此操作
permission_classes = [permissions.VIPUserPermission]
def retrieve(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
return APIResponse(results={
'username':request.user.username,
'email':request.user.email,
'mobile':request.user.mobile,
'create_time':request.user.date_joined,
})
三、節流認證(頻率認證)
1、節流認證配置
需全局與局部配置配合。
局部配置節流模式,全局配置節流模式的流量。
1.1 全局配置節流認證模塊
# settings.py
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
# 頻率組件:頻率類一般做局部配置,但是頻率調節在settings中配置
'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
'user': '5/min',
'anon': '3/min',
'mobile': '1/min'
},
}
1.2 局部配置節流認證模塊
使用throttle_classes類屬性配置:
from rest_framework.viewsets import ViewSet
class UserViewSet(ViewSet):
throttle_classes = []
2、drf提供的節流認證類
drf默認提供了幾種節流認證模式:
from rest_framework.throttling import AnonRateThrottle,UserRateThrottle,ScopedRateThrottle
- AnonRateThrottle | scope = 'anon'
- UserRateThrottle | scope = 'user'
- ScopedRateThrottle | scope_attr = 'throttle_scope'
3、自定義節流認證類
如果有特殊需要,需要自定義頻率類.
如:對ip進行限次、對電話進行限制、對視圖某些信息進行限次.
如何自定義:
- 繼承SimpleRateThrottle節流基類續寫throrrle類;
- 設置scope字符串類屬性,同時在settings中進行drf配置DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES
- eg: DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES = {'mobile': '1/min'}
- 重寫get_catch_key方法
- 返回與限制條件有關的字符串,表示限制
- 返回None,表示不限制
# throttles.py
from rest_framework.throttling import SimpleRateThrottle
class ModileRateThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):
scope = 'mobile'
def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
# 游客和沒有手機號的用戶不做限制
if not request.user.is_authenticated or request.user.mobile:
return None
# 設置用戶唯一識別碼
return self.cache_format % {
'scope':self.scope,
'ident':request.user.mobile
}
# views.py
from rest_framework.viewsets import ViewSet
class UserViewSet(ViewSet):
# throttle_classes = [UserRateThrottle]
throttle_classes = [throttles.ModileRateThrottle]
def retrieve(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
return APIResponse(results={
'username':request.user.username,
'email':request.user.email,
'mobile':request.user.mobile,
'create_time':request.user.date_joined,
})
