簡介
JSON 作為通用的前后端交互,或者后台服務間通信的通用格式被大家廣泛使用。我們肯定遇到過一些場景需要校驗調用方傳遞過來的數據格式,比如一定要包含某些字段,某個字段一定要符合某種格式,比如定義了價格的字段,范圍一定要在100~200之間,協議字段一定要是TCP或者UDP等枚舉類型。你是否在你的用戶代碼里面自行實現這些判斷邏輯呢?如果這樣的規則越來越多是不是會顯得代碼很臃腫呢?這就是為什么要介紹我們今天的主角JSON Schema。JSON Schema定義了JSON格式的規范,各種語言都有開源的第三方JSON Schema校驗庫,例如Go語言的gojsonschema,這樣我們就可以定義一份JSON Schema,然后系統的各個模塊都可以復用這套JSON規范,不滿足規則的數據JSON Schema會直接報錯。
語法說明
JSON Schema作為JSON的規范樣式,自身也有一套key-value語法用於聲明各種規則。
| key | value | 備注 |
| $schema | http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema# http://json-schema.org/draft-06/schema# http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema# |
說明是哪個版本的JSON Schema,不同版本間不完全兼容 |
| type | string、number、integer、boolean、object等 例如{"type":"integer"}說明該字段一定要是整形 |
說明字段的類型 |
| pattern | { |
正則表達式 |
| enum | { "type": "string", |
枚舉類型 |
| properties | 說明該JSON對象有哪些屬性/字段 "properties": { |
屬性字段 |
| definitions | 通常搭配$ref一起說明使用 { "$ref": "#/definitions/address" } |
自定義字段 |
| $ref | 通常用於復雜說明 | 引用字段 |
| required | "required": ["street_address", "city", "state"] | 必須字段 |
| oneof | { // 10 yes // 9 yes // 2 no |
滿足其中一個 |
| allof | { // "short" yes // "too long" no |
滿足全部 |
| multipleOf | { "type": "number", "multipleOf": 5 }, | 倍數 |
| not | { "not": { "type": "string" } } // 42 yes //"hello" no |
取反 |
| array | { |
數組 |
| propertyNames | 正則字符串 | 定義key的正則規則 |
| patternProperties | { |
同時限定key和value |
| additionalProperties | boolean | 是否允許有格外的屬性 |
| dependencies | { // { "gender":"male" } no |
屬性間依賴關系 |
| uniqueItems | boolean | 數組元素是否唯一 |
| minProperties/maxProperties | number | 最小/大屬性個數 |
用法示例
定義JSON Schema規則:
{
"$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#",
"type": "object",
"properties":{
"schema_version": {
"type": "string"
},
"service": {
"$ref": "#/definitions/service"
}
},
"additionalProperties": false,
"required": [
"schema_version",
"service"
],
"definitions": {
"service": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"name": {
"$ref": "#/definitions/service_name"
},
"runtime": {
"$ref": "#/definitions/runtime_location"
},
"labels": {
"$ref": "#/definitions/service_labels"
},
"selector": {
"$ref": "#/definitions/service_selector"
},
"ports": {
"$ref": "#/definitions/service_ports"
}
},
"required": [
"name",
"runtime",
"labels",
"selector",
"ports"
]
},
"service_name": {
"type": "string",
"pattern": "^[a-z0-9-]+.[a-z0-9-]+$"
},
"service_labels": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"group": { "type": "string" },
"balance_strategy": { "enum": [ "source", "roundrobin", "leastconn" ]}
}
},
"service_ports": {
"type": "array",
"uniqueItems": true,
"minItems": 1,
"items": {
"type": "object",
"additionalProperties": false,
"properties": {
"name": {
"type": "string"
},
"domain_name": {
"type": "string"
},
"path": {
"type": "string"
},
"port": {
"type": "integer",
"minimum": 0,
"exclusiveMinimum": true
},
"protocol": {
"enum": [
"tcp",
"udp",
"http"
]
}
},
"required": [
"name",
"protocol",
"port"
]
}
},
"label_value": {
"type": "string",
"pattern": "(([A-Za-z0-9][-A-Za-z0-9_.]*)?[A-Za-z0-9])"
},
"version": {
"type": "string",
"pattern": ",^\\d+(\\.\\d+)+"
},
"service_selector": {
"type": "object",
"propertyNames": {
"pattern": "[a-z0-9]([-a-z0-9]*[a-z0-9])?(\\.[a-z0-9]([-a-z0-9]*[a-z0-9])?)*"
},
"patternProperties": {
"[a-z0-9]([-a-z0-9]*[a-z0-9])?(\\.[a-z0-9]([-a-z0-9]*[a-z0-9])?)*": {
"$ref":"#/definitions/label_value"
}
}
},
"runtime_location": {
"type": "string",
"pattern": "^[a-zA-Z0-9-_]+\\.[a-zA-Z0-9-_]+\\.[a-z0-9-_]+$"
}
}
}
保存為schema.json文件,后面代碼會用到。
需要校驗的JSON數據為:
{
"schema_version":"0.1.0",
"service":{
"name":"template-service",
"runtime":"30007.xx7.abc",
"labels":{
"group":"external",
"balance_strategy":"roundrobin"
},
"selector":{
"podname":"haha4-tester"
},
"ports":[
{
"name":"http8088",
"domain_name":"yyy.xxx.com",
"path":"/test/",
"port":8088,
"protocol":"http"
},
{
"name":"tcp-00",
"port":8800,
"protocol":"tcp"
}
]
}
}
保存為document.json文件。
代碼示例
下面我將用golang的第三方開源庫gojsonschema校驗上面的JSON數據是否符合我們定義的JSON Schema。
package main
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonschema"
"io/ioutil"
)
func main() {
schemaContent, err := ioutil.ReadFile("schema.json")
if err != nil {
panic(err.Error())
}
jsonContent, err := ioutil.ReadFile("document.json")
if err != nil {
panic(err.Error())
}
loader1 := gojsonschema.NewStringLoader(string(schemaContent))
schema, err := gojsonschema.NewSchema(loader1)
if err != nil {
panic(err.Error())
}
documentLoader := gojsonschema.NewStringLoader(string(jsonContent))
result, err := schema.Validate(documentLoader)
if err != nil {
panic(err.Error())
}
if result.Valid() {
fmt.Printf("The document is valid\n")
} else {
fmt.Printf("The document is not valid. see errors :\n")
for _, desc := range result.Errors() {
fmt.Printf("- %s\n", desc)
}
}
}
程序運行輸出:
The document is valid
總結
通過上面的介紹和代碼示例,我們可以清楚的了解到了JSON Schema定義JSON數據規范的便利性和通用性,我們可以將JSON Schema應用到我們的代碼用,減少JSON數據的校驗冗余代碼。
參考
https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/index.html
https://json-schema.org/learn/getting-started-step-by-step.html
https://github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonschema
