Java8新特性 - 新時間和日期 API

本地時間和時間戳

主要方法：

• now：靜態方法，根據當前時間創建對象
• of：靜態方法，根據指定日期/時間創建對象
• plusDays,plusWeeks,plusMonths,plusYears：向當前LocalDate 對象添加幾天、幾周、幾個月、幾年
• minusDays,minusWeeks,minusMonths,minusYears：從當前LocalDate 對象減去幾天、幾周、幾個月、幾年
• plus,minus：添加或減少一個Duration 或Period
• withDayOfMonth,withDayOfYear,withMonth,withYear：將月份天數、年份天數、月份、年份修改為指定的值並返回新的LocalDate 對象
• getDayOfYear：獲得年份天數(1~366)
• getDayOfWeek：獲得星期幾(返回一個DayOfWeek枚舉值)
• getMonth：獲得月份, 返回一個Month 枚舉值
• getMonthValue：獲得月份(1~12)
• getYear：獲得年份
• until：獲得兩個日期之間的Period 對象，或者指定ChronoUnits 的數字
• isBefore,isAfter：比較兩個LocalDate
• isLeapYear：判斷是否是閏年

LocalDate、LocalTime、LocalDateTime

LocalDate、LocalTime、LocalDateTime 類的實例是不可變的對象，分別表示使用ISO-8601日歷系統的日期、時間、日期和時間。它們提供了簡單的日期或時間，並不包含當前的時間信息。也不包含與時區相關的信息。

PS：ISO-8601日歷系統是國際標准化組織制定的現代公民的日期和時間的表示法。

示例代碼

// 獲取當前系統時間
LocalDateTime localDateTime1 = LocalDateTime.now();
System.out.println(localDateTime1);
// 運行結果：2019-10-27T13:49:09.483

// 指定日期時間
LocalDateTime localDateTime2 = LocalDateTime.of(2019, 10, 27, 13, 45,10);
System.out.println(localDateTime2);
// 運行結果：2019-10-27T13:45:10

LocalDateTime localDateTime3 = localDateTime1
        // 加三年
        .plusYears(3)
        // 減三個月
        .minusMonths(3);
System.out.println(localDateTime3);
// 運行結果：2022-07-27T13:49:09.483

System.out.println(localDateTime1.getYear());       // 運行結果：2019
System.out.println(localDateTime1.getMonthValue()); // 運行結果：10
System.out.println(localDateTime1.getDayOfMonth()); // 運行結果：27
System.out.println(localDateTime1.getHour());       // 運行結果：13
System.out.println(localDateTime1.getMinute());     // 運行結果：52
System.out.println(localDateTime1.getSecond());     // 運行結果：6

LocalDateTime localDateTime4 = LocalDateTime.now();
System.out.println(localDateTime4);     // 2019-10-27T14:19:56.884
LocalDateTime localDateTime5 = localDateTime4.withDayOfMonth(10);
System.out.println(localDateTime5);     // 2019-10-10T14:19:56.884

Instant 時間戳

用於“時間戳”的運算。它是以Unix元年(傳統的設定為UTC時區1970年1月1日午夜時分)開始所經歷的描述進行運算。

示例代碼

Instant instant1 = Instant.now();    // 默認獲取UTC時區
System.out.println(instant1);
// 運行結果：2019-10-27T05:59:58.221Z

// 偏移量運算
OffsetDateTime offsetDateTime = instant1.atOffset(ZoneOffset.ofHours(8));
System.out.println(offsetDateTime);
// 運行結果：2019-10-27T13:59:58.221+08:00

// 獲取時間戳
System.out.println(instant1.toEpochMilli());
// 運行結果：1572156145000

// 以Unix元年為起點，進行偏移量運算
Instant instant2 = Instant.ofEpochSecond(60);
System.out.println(instant2);
// 運行結果：1970-01-01T00:01:00Z

Duration 和Period

• Duration:用於計算兩個“時間”間隔
• Period:用於計算兩個“日期”間隔

示例代碼

Instant instant_1 = Instant.now();
try {
    Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
    e.printStackTrace();
}
Instant instant_2 = Instant.now();

Duration duration = Duration.between(instant_1, instant_2);
System.out.println(duration.toMillis());
// 運行結果：1000

LocalTime localTime_1 = LocalTime.now();
try {
    Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
    e.printStackTrace();
}
LocalTime localTime_2 = LocalTime.now();

System.out.println(Duration.between(localTime_1, localTime_2).toMillis());
// 運行結果：1000

LocalDate localDate_1 = LocalDate.of(2018,9, 9);
LocalDate localDate_2 = LocalDate.now();

Period period = Period.between(localDate_1, localDate_2);
System.out.println(period.getYears());      // 運行結果：1
System.out.println(period.getMonths());     // 運行結果：1
System.out.println(period.getDays());       // 運行結果：18

時間矯正器

• TemporalAdjuster : 時間校正器。有時我們可能需要獲取例如：將日期調整到“下個周日”等操作。
• TemporalAdjusters : 該類通過靜態方法提供了大量的常用TemporalAdjuster 的實現。

示例代碼

LocalDateTime localDateTime1 = LocalDateTime.now();
System.out.println(localDateTime1);     // 2019-10-27T14:19:56.884

// 獲取這個第一天的日期
System.out.println(localDateTime1.with(TemporalAdjusters.firstDayOfMonth()));            // 2019-10-01T14:22:58.574
// 獲取下個周末的日期
System.out.println(localDateTime1.with(TemporalAdjusters.next(DayOfWeek.SUNDAY)));       // 2019-11-03T14:22:58.574

// 自定義：下一個工作日
LocalDateTime localDateTime2 = localDateTime1.with(l -> {
    LocalDateTime localDateTime = (LocalDateTime) l;
    DayOfWeek dayOfWeek =  localDateTime.getDayOfWeek();

    if (dayOfWeek.equals(DayOfWeek.FRIDAY)) {
       return localDateTime.plusDays(3);
    } else if (dayOfWeek.equals(DayOfWeek.SATURDAY)) {
       return localDateTime.plusDays(2);
    } else {
       return localDateTime.plusDays(1);
    }
});
System.out.println(localDateTime2);
// 運行結果：2019-10-28T14:30:17.400

時間日期格式化

java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter 類：該類提供了三種格式化方法：

• 預定義的標准格式
• 語言環境相關的格式
• 自定義的格式

示例代碼

DateTimeFormatter dateTimeFormatter1 = DateTimeFormatter.ISO_DATE;
LocalDateTime localDateTime = LocalDateTime.now();
String strDate1 = localDateTime.format(dateTimeFormatter1);
System.out.println(strDate1);
// 運行結果：2019-10-27

// Date -> String
DateTimeFormatter dateTimeFormatter2 = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("yyyy-MM-dd  HH:mm:ss");
String strDate2 = dateTimeFormatter2.format(localDateTime);
System.out.println(strDate2);
// 運行結果：2019-10-27  14:36:11

// String -> Date
LocalDateTime localDateTime1 = localDateTime.parse(strDate2, dateTimeFormatter2);
System.out.println(localDateTime1);
// 運行結果：2019-10-27T14:37:39

時區處理

Java8 中加入了對時區的支持，帶時區的時間為分別為：ZonedDate、ZonedTime、ZonedDateTime。其中每個時區都對應着 ID，地區ID都為 “{區域}/{城市}”的格式。例如 ：Asia/Shanghai 等

• ZoneId：該類中包含了所有的時區信息
• getAvailableZoneIds() : 可以獲取所有時區時區信息
• of(id) : 用指定的時區信息獲取 ZoneId 對象

示例代碼

// 獲取所有的時區
Set<String> set = ZoneId.getAvailableZoneIds();
System.out.println(set);
// [Asia/Aden, America/Cuiaba, Etc/GMT+9, Etc/GMT+8, Africa/Nairobi, America/Marigot, Asia/Aqtau, Pacific/Kwajalein, America/El_Salvador, Asia/Pontianak, Africa/Cairo, Pacific/Pago_Pago, Africa/Mbabane, Asia/Kuching, Pacific/Honolulu, Pacific/Rarotonga, America/Guatemala, Australia/Hobart, Europe/London, America/Belize, America/Panama, Asia/Chungking, America/Managua, America/Indiana/Petersburg, Asia/Yerevan, Europe/Brussels, GMT, Europe/Warsaw, America/Chicago, Asia/Kashgar, Chile/Continental, Pacific/Yap, CET, Etc/GMT-1, Etc/GMT-0, Europe/Jersey, America/Tegucigalpa, Etc/GMT-5, Europe/Istanbul, America/Eirunepe, Etc/GMT-4, America/Miquelon, Etc/GMT-3, Europe/Luxembourg, Etc/GMT-2, Etc/GMT-9, America/Argentina/Catamarca, Etc/GMT-8, Etc/GMT-7, Etc/GMT-6, Europe/Zaporozhye, Canada/Yukon, Canada/Atlantic, Atlantic/St_Helena, Australia/Tasmania, Libya, Europe/Guernsey, America/Grand_Turk, US/Pacific-New, Asia/Samarkand, America/Argentina/Cordoba, Asia/Phnom_Penh, Africa/Kigali, Asia/Almaty, US/Alaska, Asia/Dubai, Europe/Isle_of_Man, America/Araguaina, Cuba, Asia/Novosibirsk, America/Argentina/Salta, Etc/GMT+3, Africa/Tunis, Etc/GMT+2, Etc/GMT+1, Pacific/Fakaofo, Africa/Tripoli, Etc/GMT+0, Israel, Africa/Banjul, Etc/GMT+7, Indian/Comoro, Etc/GMT+6, Etc/GMT+5, Etc/GMT+4, Pacific/Port_Moresby, US/Arizona, Antarctica/Syowa, Indian/Reunion, Pacific/Palau, Europe/Kaliningrad, America/Montevideo, Africa/Windhoek, Asia/Karachi, Africa/Mogadishu, Australia/Perth, Brazil/East, Etc/GMT, Asia/Chita, Pacific/Easter, Antarctica/Davis, Antarctica/McMurdo, Asia/Macao, America/Manaus, Africa/Freetown, Europe/Bucharest, Asia/Tomsk, America/Argentina/Mendoza, Asia/Macau, Europe/Malta, Mexico/BajaSur, Pacific/Tahiti, Africa/Asmera, Europe/Busingen, America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos, Africa/Malabo, Europe/Skopje, America/Catamarca, America/Godthab, Europe/Sarajevo, Australia/ACT, GB-Eire, Africa/Lagos, America/Cordoba, Europe/Rome, Asia/Dacca, Indian/Mauritius, Pacific/Samoa, America/Regina, America/Fort_Wayne, America/Dawson_Creek, Africa/Algiers, Europe/Mariehamn, America/St_Johns, America/St_Thomas, Europe/Zurich, America/Anguilla, Asia/Dili, America/Denver, Africa/Bamako, Europe/Saratov, GB, Mexico/General, Pacific/Wallis, Europe/Gibraltar, Africa/Conakry, Africa/Lubumbashi, Asia/Istanbul, America/Havana, NZ-CHAT, Asia/Choibalsan, America/Porto_Acre, Asia/Omsk, Europe/Vaduz, US/Michigan, Asia/Dhaka, America/Barbados, Europe/Tiraspol, Atlantic/Cape_Verde, Asia/Yekaterinburg, America/Louisville, Pacific/Johnston, Pacific/Chatham, Europe/Ljubljana, America/Sao_Paulo, Asia/Jayapura, America/Curacao, Asia/Dushanbe, America/Guyana, America/Guayaquil, America/Martinique, Portugal, Europe/Berlin, Europe/Moscow, Europe/Chisinau, America/Puerto_Rico, America/Rankin_Inlet, Pacific/Ponape, Europe/Stockholm, Europe/Budapest, America/Argentina/Jujuy, Australia/Eucla, Asia/Shanghai, Universal, Europe/Zagreb, America/Port_of_Spain, Europe/Helsinki, Asia/Beirut, Asia/Tel_Aviv, Pacific/Bougainville, US/Central, Africa/Sao_Tome, Indian/Chagos, America/Cayenne, Asia/Yakutsk, Pacific/Galapagos, Australia/North, Europe/Paris, Africa/Ndjamena, Pacific/Fiji, America/Rainy_River, Indian/Maldives, Australia/Yancowinna, SystemV/AST4, Asia/Oral, America/Yellowknife, Pacific/Enderbury, America/Juneau, Australia/Victoria, America/Indiana/Vevay, Asia/Tashkent, Asia/Jakarta, Africa/Ceuta, Asia/Barnaul, America/Recife, America/Buenos_Aires, America/Noronha, America/Swift_Current, Australia/Adelaide, America/Metlakatla, Africa/Djibouti, America/Paramaribo, Europe/Simferopol, Europe/Sofia, Africa/Nouakchott, Europe/Prague, America/Indiana/Vincennes, Antarctica/Mawson, America/Kralendijk, Antarctica/Troll, Europe/Samara, Indian/Christmas, America/Antigua, Pacific/Gambier, America/Indianapolis, America/Inuvik, America/Iqaluit, Pacific/Funafuti, UTC, Antarctica/Macquarie, Canada/Pacific, America/Moncton, Africa/Gaborone, Pacific/Chuuk, Asia/Pyongyang, America/St_Vincent, Asia/Gaza, Etc/Universal, PST8PDT, Atlantic/Faeroe, Asia/Qyzylorda, Canada/Newfoundland, America/Kentucky/Louisville, America/Yakutat, Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh, Antarctica/Casey, Europe/Copenhagen, Africa/Asmara, Atlantic/Azores, Europe/Vienna, ROK, Pacific/Pitcairn, America/Mazatlan, Australia/Queensland, Pacific/Nauru, Europe/Tirane, Asia/Kolkata, SystemV/MST7, Australia/Canberra, MET, Australia/Broken_Hill, Europe/Riga, America/Dominica, Africa/Abidjan, America/Mendoza, America/Santarem, Kwajalein, America/Asuncion, Asia/Ulan_Bator, NZ, America/Boise, Australia/Currie, EST5EDT, Pacific/Guam, Pacific/Wake, Atlantic/Bermuda, America/Costa_Rica, America/Dawson, Asia/Chongqing, Eire, Europe/Amsterdam, America/Indiana/Knox, America/North_Dakota/Beulah, Africa/Accra, Atlantic/Faroe, Mexico/BajaNorte, America/Maceio, Etc/UCT, Pacific/Apia, GMT0, America/Atka, Pacific/Niue, Australia/Lord_Howe, Europe/Dublin, Pacific/Truk, MST7MDT, America/Monterrey, America/Nassau, America/Jamaica, Asia/Bishkek, America/Atikokan, Atlantic/Stanley, Australia/NSW, US/Hawaii, SystemV/CST6, Indian/Mahe, Asia/Aqtobe, America/Sitka, Asia/Vladivostok, Africa/Libreville, Africa/Maputo, Zulu, America/Kentucky/Monticello, Africa/El_Aaiun, Africa/Ouagadougou, America/Coral_Harbour, Pacific/Marquesas, Brazil/West, America/Aruba, America/North_Dakota/Center, America/Cayman, Asia/Ulaanbaatar, Asia/Baghdad, Europe/San_Marino, America/Indiana/Tell_City, America/Tijuana, Pacific/Saipan, SystemV/YST9, Africa/Douala, America/Chihuahua, America/Ojinaga, Asia/Hovd, America/Anchorage, Chile/EasterIsland, America/Halifax, Antarctica/Rothera, America/Indiana/Indianapolis, US/Mountain, Asia/Damascus, America/Argentina/San_Luis, America/Santiago, Asia/Baku, America/Argentina/Ushuaia, Atlantic/Reykjavik, Africa/Brazzaville, Africa/Porto-Novo, America/La_Paz, Antarctica/DumontDUrville, Asia/Taipei, Antarctica/South_Pole, Asia/Manila, Asia/Bangkok, Africa/Dar_es_Salaam, Poland, Atlantic/Madeira, Antarctica/Palmer, America/Thunder_Bay, Africa/Addis_Ababa, Asia/Yangon, Europe/Uzhgorod, Brazil/DeNoronha, Asia/Ashkhabad, Etc/Zulu, America/Indiana/Marengo, America/Creston, America/Punta_Arenas, America/Mexico_City, Antarctica/Vostok, Asia/Jerusalem, Europe/Andorra, US/Samoa, PRC, Asia/Vientiane, Pacific/Kiritimati, America/Matamoros, America/Blanc-Sablon, Asia/Riyadh, Iceland, Pacific/Pohnpei, Asia/Ujung_Pandang, Atlantic/South_Georgia, Europe/Lisbon, Asia/Harbin, Europe/Oslo, Asia/Novokuznetsk, CST6CDT, Atlantic/Canary, America/Knox_IN, Asia/Kuwait, SystemV/HST10, Pacific/Efate, Africa/Lome, America/Bogota, America/Menominee, America/Adak, Pacific/Norfolk, Europe/Kirov, America/Resolute, Pacific/Tarawa, Africa/Kampala, Asia/Krasnoyarsk, Greenwich, SystemV/EST5, America/Edmonton, Europe/Podgorica, Australia/South, Canada/Central, Africa/Bujumbura, America/Santo_Domingo, US/Eastern, Europe/Minsk, Pacific/Auckland, Africa/Casablanca, America/Glace_Bay, Canada/Eastern, Asia/Qatar, Europe/Kiev, Singapore, Asia/Magadan, SystemV/PST8, America/Port-au-Prince, Europe/Belfast, America/St_Barthelemy, Asia/Ashgabat, Africa/Luanda, America/Nipigon, Atlantic/Jan_Mayen, Brazil/Acre, Asia/Muscat, Asia/Bahrain, Europe/Vilnius, America/Fortaleza, Etc/GMT0, US/East-Indiana, America/Hermosillo, America/Cancun, Africa/Maseru, Pacific/Kosrae, Africa/Kinshasa, Asia/Kathmandu, Asia/Seoul, Australia/Sydney, America/Lima, Australia/LHI, America/St_Lucia, Europe/Madrid, America/Bahia_Banderas, America/Montserrat, Asia/Brunei, America/Santa_Isabel, Canada/Mountain, America/Cambridge_Bay, Asia/Colombo, Australia/West, Indian/Antananarivo, Australia/Brisbane, Indian/Mayotte, US/Indiana-Starke, Asia/Urumqi, US/Aleutian, Europe/Volgograd, America/Lower_Princes, America/Vancouver, Africa/Blantyre, America/Rio_Branco, America/Danmarkshavn, America/Detroit, America/Thule, Africa/Lusaka, Asia/Hong_Kong, Iran, America/Argentina/La_Rioja, Africa/Dakar, SystemV/CST6CDT, America/Tortola, America/Porto_Velho, Asia/Sakhalin, Etc/GMT+10, America/Scoresbysund, Asia/Kamchatka, Asia/Thimbu, Africa/Harare, Etc/GMT+12, Etc/GMT+11, Navajo, America/Nome, Europe/Tallinn, Turkey, Africa/Khartoum, Africa/Johannesburg, Africa/Bangui, Europe/Belgrade, Jamaica, Africa/Bissau, Asia/Tehran, WET, Europe/Astrakhan, Africa/Juba, America/Campo_Grande, America/Belem, Etc/Greenwich, Asia/Saigon, America/Ensenada, Pacific/Midway, America/Jujuy, Africa/Timbuktu, America/Bahia, America/Goose_Bay, America/Virgin, America/Pangnirtung, Asia/Katmandu, America/Phoenix, Africa/Niamey, America/Whitehorse, Pacific/Noumea, Asia/Tbilisi, America/Montreal, Asia/Makassar, America/Argentina/San_Juan, Hongkong, UCT, Asia/Nicosia, America/Indiana/Winamac, SystemV/MST7MDT, America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia, America/Boa_Vista, America/Grenada, Asia/Atyrau, Australia/Darwin, Asia/Khandyga, Asia/Kuala_Lumpur, Asia/Famagusta, Asia/Thimphu, Asia/Rangoon, Europe/Bratislava, Asia/Calcutta, America/Argentina/Tucuman, Asia/Kabul, Indian/Cocos, Japan, Pacific/Tongatapu, America/New_York, Etc/GMT-12, Etc/GMT-11, Etc/GMT-10, SystemV/YST9YDT, Europe/Ulyanovsk, Etc/GMT-14, Etc/GMT-13, W-SU, America/Merida, EET, America/Rosario, Canada/Saskatchewan, America/St_Kitts, Arctic/Longyearbyen, America/Fort_Nelson, America/Caracas, America/Guadeloupe, Asia/Hebron, Indian/Kerguelen, SystemV/PST8PDT, Africa/Monrovia, Asia/Ust-Nera, Egypt, Asia/Srednekolymsk, America/North_Dakota/New_Salem, Asia/Anadyr, Australia/Melbourne, Asia/Irkutsk, America/Shiprock, America/Winnipeg, Europe/Vatican, Asia/Amman, Etc/UTC, SystemV/AST4ADT, Asia/Tokyo, America/Toronto, Asia/Singapore, Australia/Lindeman, America/Los_Angeles, SystemV/EST5EDT, Pacific/Majuro, America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires, Europe/Nicosia, Pacific/Guadalcanal, Europe/Athens, US/Pacific, Europe/Monaco]

// 通過時區構建LocalDateTime
LocalDateTime localDateTime1 = LocalDateTime.now(ZoneId.of("America/El_Salvador"));
System.out.println(localDateTime1);
// 2019-10-27T00:46:21.268

// 以時區格式顯示時間
LocalDateTime localDateTime2 = LocalDateTime.now();
ZonedDateTime zonedDateTime1 = localDateTime2.atZone(ZoneId.of("Africa/Nairobi"));
System.out.println(zonedDateTime1);
// 2019-10-27T14:46:21.273+03:00[Africa/Nairobi]

與傳統日期處理的轉換

類	To遺留類	From遺留類
java.time.Instant java.util.Date	Date.from(instant)	date.toInstant()
java.time.Instant java.sql.Timestamp	Timestamp.from(instant)	timestamp.toInstant()
java.time.ZonedDateTime java.util.GregorianCalendar	GregorianCalendar.from(zonedDateTime)	cal.toZonedDateTime()
java.time.LocalDate java.sql.Date	Date.valueOf(localDate)	date.toLocalDate()
java.time.LocalTime java.sql.Time	Date.valueOf(localDate)	date.toLocalTime()
java.time.LocalDateTime java.sql.Timestamp	Timestamp.valueOf(localDateTime)	timestamp.toLocalDateTime()
java.time.ZoneId java.util.TimeZone	Timezone.getTimeZone(id)	timeZone.toZoneId()
ava.time.format.DateTimeFormatter java.text.DateFormat	formatter.toFormat()	無