PyQt5筆記之菜單欄

目錄

• 菜單欄
  • 創建單層菜單
  • 創建多層菜單
  • 右鍵打開菜單
  • 官方菜單實例
  • 菜單常用方法

菜單欄

創建單層菜單

import sys
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QAction, QMainWindow


class MainWindow(QMainWindow):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.initUI()

    def initUI(self):
        self.statusBar().showMessage("狀態欄：無")
        self.setWindowTitle("單層菜單欄")
        self.setMinimumSize(160, 160)
        self.resize(360, 280)
        self.createActions()
        self.createMenus()

    def createActions(self):
        self.newAct = QAction("新建", self)
        self.newAct.setShortcut("Ctrl+N")
        self.newAct.setStatusTip("狀態欄：新建")
        self.newAct.triggered.connect(self.new)

        self.openAct = QAction("打開", self)
        self.openAct.setShortcut("Ctrl+O")
        self.openAct.setStatusTip("狀態欄：打開")
        self.openAct.triggered.connect(self.openf)

        self.exitAct = QAction("退出", self)
        self.exitAct.setShortcut("Ctrl+E")
        self.exitAct.setStatusTip("狀態欄：退出")
        self.exitAct.triggered.connect(self.close)

    def createMenus(self):
        fileMenu = self.menuBar().addMenu("文件 (&F)")
        fileMenu.addAction(self.newAct)
        fileMenu.addAction(self.openAct)
        fileMenu.addSeparator()
        fileMenu.addAction(self.exitAct)

    def new(self):
        pass

    def openf(self):
        pass

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    win = MainWindow()
    win.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

代碼分析：

11行：創建一個狀態欄，並顯示消息

self.statusBar().showMessage("狀態欄：無")

12行：設置應用的標題

self.setWindowTitle("單層菜單欄")

13行：設置窗口能縮小的最小值

self.setMinimumSize(160, 160)

14行：設置窗口的默認大小

self.resize(360, 280)

19行：創建一個動作

self.newAct = QAction("新建", self)

20行：為該動作設置快捷鍵

self.newAct.setShortcut("Ctrl+N")

21行：為該動作設置狀態欄顯示的信息

self.newAct.setStatusTip("狀態欄：新建")

22行：為該動作的triggered信號綁定槽 (self.new)

self.newAct.triggered.connect(self.new)

32行：這里的槽直接使用就好，不用自己再創建，因為有這個方法了；self.close = QMainWindow.close()

self.exitAct.triggered.connect(self.close)

35行：為主窗口創建一個菜單欄，並添加一個名為文件的菜單；(&F)表示可以使用快捷鍵Alt+F來快速選擇它

fileMenu = self.menuBar().addMenu("文件 (&F)")

36行：為菜單添加一個動作 (self.newAct)，改動作已在19行創建並設置好了。

fileMenu.addAction(self.newAct)

38行：添加一個分隔符

fileMenu.addSeparator()

創建多層菜單

import sys
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QAction, QMainWindow
from PyQt5.QtGui import QKeySequence


class MainWindow(QMainWindow):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.initUI()

    def initUI(self):
        self.statusBar().showMessage("狀態欄：無")
        self.setWindowTitle("單層菜單欄")
        self.setMinimumSize(160, 160)
        self.resize(360, 280)
        self.createActions()
        self.createMenus()

    def createActions(self):
        self.newAct = QAction("新建", self)
        self.newAct.setShortcut("Ctrl+N")
        self.newAct.setStatusTip("狀態欄：新建")
        self.newAct.triggered.connect(self.new)

        self.openAct = QAction("打開", self)
        self.openAct.setShortcut("Ctrl+O")
        self.openAct.setStatusTip("狀態欄：打開")
        self.openAct.triggered.connect(self.openf)

        self.exitAct = QAction("退出", self)
        self.exitAct.setShortcut("Ctrl+E")
        self.exitAct.setStatusTip("狀態欄：退出")
        self.exitAct.triggered.connect(self.close)

        self.setAct = QAction("設置", self)
        self.setAct.setStatusTip("狀態欄：設置")

    def createMenus(self):
        fileMenu = self.menuBar().addMenu("文件 (&F)")
        fileMenu.addAction(self.newAct)
        fileMenu.addAction(self.openAct)
        moreMenu = fileMenu.addMenu("更多... (&M)")	# 在菜單中添加一個菜單
        moreMenu.addAction(self.setAct)				 # 位子菜單添加動作
        fileMenu.addSeparator()
        fileMenu.addAction(self.exitAct)

    def new(self):
        pass

    def openf(self):
        pass

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    win = MainWindow()
    win.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

只是添加了幾條代碼，已經注釋，也可以看 創建單層菜單

如果要創建更多層菜單，只需要向菜單中添加菜單即可

例如：

Amenu = self.menuBar().addMenu("父菜單")
Bmenu = Amenu.addMenu("第一層")
Cmenu = Bmenu.addMenu("第二層")

右鍵打開菜單

import sys
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QMainWindow, QAction, QMenu, QApplication


class MainWindow(QMainWindow):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.initUI()

    def initUI(self):
        self.cutAct = QAction("&Cut", self)
        self.copyAct = QAction("&Copy", self)
        self.pasteAct = QAction("&Paste", self)

    def contextMenuEvent(self, event):
        menu = QMenu(self)
        menu.addAction(self.cutAct)
        menu.addAction(self.copyAct)
        menu.addAction(self.pasteAct)
        menu.exec(event.globalPos())

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    win = MainWindow()
    win.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

官方菜單實例

源碼是C++語言的。研究了半天，還好長得差不多，Python算是寫出來了。

官方菜單示例：https://doc.qt.io/qt-5/qtwidgets-mainwindows-menus-example.html# (了解更多就看看這個吧)

官方示例源碼：https://code.qt.io/cgit/qt/qtbase.git/tree/examples/widgets/mainwindows/menus/mainwindow.cpp?h=5.13

import sys
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QMessageBox, QActionGroup, QVBoxLayout, QFrame, QLabel, QSizePolicy, QApplication, QMenu, QMenuBar, QMainWindow, QWidget, QAction
from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt
from PyQt5.QtGui import QKeySequence, QFont


class MainWindow(QMainWindow):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.initUI()

    def initUI(self):
        widget = QWidget(self)
        self.setCentralWidget(widget)

        self.topFiller = QWidget(self)
        self.topFiller.setSizePolicy(QSizePolicy.Expanding,  QSizePolicy.Expanding)

        self.infolabel = QLabel("<i>Choose a menu option, or right-click to invoke a context menu</i>")
        self.infolabel.setFrameStyle(QFrame.StyledPanel | QFrame.Sunken)
        self.infolabel.setAlignment(Qt.AlignCenter)

        self.bottomFiller = QWidget(self)
        self.bottomFiller.setSizePolicy(QSizePolicy.Expanding, QSizePolicy.Expanding)

        self.layout = QVBoxLayout(self)
        self.layout.setContentsMargins(5, 5, 5, 5)
        self.layout.addWidget(self.topFiller)
        self.layout.addWidget(self.infolabel)
        self.layout.addWidget(self.bottomFiller)
        widget.setLayout(self.layout)

        self.createActions()
        self.createMenus()

        self.statusBar().showMessage("A context menu is available by right-clicking")

        self.setWindowTitle("Menu")
        self.setMinimumSize(160, 160)
        self.resize(480, 320)


    def contextMenuEvent(self, event):
        menu = QMenu(self)
        menu.addAction(self.cutAct)
        menu.addAction(self.copyAct)
        menu.addAction(self.pasteAct)
        menu.exec(event.globalPos())

    def createActions(self):
        self.newAct = QAction("&New", self)
        self.newAct.setShortcuts(QKeySequence.New)
        self.newAct.setStatusTip("Create a new file")
        self.newAct.triggered.connect(self.newFile)

        self.openAct = QAction("&Opem", self)
        self.openAct.setShortcuts(QKeySequence.Open)
        self.openAct.setStatusTip("Open an existing file")
        self.openAct.triggered.connect(self.opens)

        self.saveAct = QAction("&Save", self)
        self.saveAct.setShortcuts(QKeySequence.Save)
        self.saveAct.setStatusTip("")
        self.saveAct.triggered.connect(self.save)

        self.printsAct = QAction("&Print", self)
        self.printsAct.setShortcuts(QKeySequence.Print)
        self.printsAct.setStatusTip("Print the document")
        self.printsAct.triggered.connect(self.prints)

        self.exitAct = QAction("&Exit", self)
        self.exitAct.setShortcuts(QKeySequence.Quit)
        self.exitAct.setStatusTip("Exit the application")
        self.exitAct.triggered.connect(self.close)

        self.undoAct = QAction("&Undo", self)
        self.undoAct.setShortcuts(QKeySequence.Undo)
        self.undoAct.setStatusTip("Undo the last operation")
        self.undoAct.triggered.connect(self.undo)

        self.redoAct = QAction("&Redo", self)
        self.redoAct.setShortcuts(QKeySequence.Redo)
        self.redoAct.setStatusTip("Redo the last operation")
        self.redoAct.triggered.connect(self.redo)

        self.cutAct = QAction("&Cut", self)
        self.cutAct.setShortcuts(QKeySequence.Cut)
        self.cutAct.setStatusTip("Cut the current selection's contents to the clipboard")
        self.cutAct.triggered.connect(self.cut)

        self.copyAct = QAction("&Copy", self)
        self.copyAct.setShortcuts(QKeySequence.Copy)
        self.copyAct.setStatusTip("Copy the current selection's contents to the clipboard")
        self.copyAct.triggered.connect(self.copy)

        self.pasteAct = QAction("&Paste", self)
        self.pasteAct.setShortcuts(QKeySequence.Paste)
        self.pasteAct.setStatusTip("Paste the clipboard's contents into the current selection")
        self.pasteAct.triggered.connect(self.paste)

        self.boldAct = QAction("&Bold", self)
        self.boldAct.setShortcuts(QKeySequence.Bold)
        self.boldAct.setStatusTip("Make the text bold")
        self.boldAct.triggered.connect(self.bold)
        self.boldFont = QFont()
        self.boldFont.setBold(True)
        self.boldAct.setFont(self.boldFont)

        self.italicAct = QAction("&Italic", self)
        self.italicAct.setCheckable(True)
        self.italicAct.setShortcut(QKeySequence.Italic)
        self.italicAct.setStatusTip("Make the text italic")
        self.italicAct.triggered.connect(self.italic)
        self.italicFont = QFont()
        self.italicFont.setItalic(True)
        self.italicAct.setFont(self.italicFont)

        self.setLineSpacingAct = QAction("Set &Line Spacing...", self)
        self.setLineSpacingAct.setStatusTip("Change the gap between the lines of a paragraph")
        self.setLineSpacingAct.triggered.connect(self.setParagraphSpacing)

        self.setParagraphSpacingAct = QAction("Set &Paragraph Spacing...", self)
        self.setParagraphSpacingAct.setStatusTip("Change the gap between paragraphs")
        self.setParagraphSpacingAct.triggered.connect(self.setParagraphSpacing)

        self.aboutAct = QAction("&About", self)
        self.aboutAct.setStatusTip("Show the application's About box")
        self.aboutAct.triggered.connect(self.about)

        self.aboutQtAct = QAction("About &Qt", self)
        self.aboutQtAct.setStatusTip("Show the Qt library's About box")
        self.aboutQtAct.triggered.connect(QApplication.aboutQt)
        self.aboutQtAct.triggered.connect(self.aboutQt)

        self.leftAlignAct = QAction("&Left Align", self)
        self.leftAlignAct.setCheckable(True)
        self.leftAlignAct.setShortcut("Ctrl+L")
        self.leftAlignAct.setStatusTip("Left align the selected tetx")
        self.leftAlignAct.triggered.connect(self.leftAlign)

        self.rightAlignAct = QAction("&Right Align", self)
        self.rightAlignAct.setCheckable(True)
        self.rightAlignAct.setShortcut("Ctrl+R")
        self.rightAlignAct.setStatusTip("Right algin the selected text")
        self.rightAlignAct.triggered.connect(self.rightAlign)

        self.justifyAct = QAction("&Justify", self)
        self.justifyAct.setCheckable(True)
        self.justifyAct.setShortcut("Ctrl+J")
        self.justifyAct.setStatusTip("Justify the selected text")
        self.justifyAct.triggered.connect(self.justify)

        self.centerAct = QAction("&Center", self)
        self.centerAct.setCheckable(True)
        self.centerAct.setShortcut("Ctrl+E")
        self.centerAct.setStatusTip("Center the selected text")
        self.centerAct.triggered.connect(self.center)

        self.alignmentGroup = QActionGroup(self)
        self.alignmentGroup.addAction(self.leftAlignAct)
        self.alignmentGroup.addAction(self.rightAlignAct)
        self.alignmentGroup.addAction(self.justifyAct)
        self.alignmentGroup.addAction(self.centerAct)
        self.leftAlignAct.setChecked(True)

    def createMenus(self):

        fileMenu = self.menuBar().addMenu("&File")
        fileMenu.addAction(self.newAct)
        fileMenu.addAction(self.openAct)
        fileMenu.addAction(self.saveAct)
        fileMenu.addAction(self.printsAct)
        fileMenu.addSeparator()
        fileMenu.addAction(self.exitAct)

        editMenu = self.menuBar().addMenu("&Edit")
        editMenu.addAction(self.undoAct)
        editMenu.addAction(self.redoAct)
        editMenu.addSeparator()
        editMenu.addAction(self.cutAct)
        editMenu.addAction(self.copyAct)
        editMenu.addAction(self.pasteAct)
        editMenu.addSeparator()

        helpMenu = self.menuBar().addMenu("&Help")
        helpMenu.addAction(self.aboutAct)
        helpMenu.addAction(self.aboutQtAct)

        formatMenu = editMenu.addMenu("&Help")
        formatMenu.addAction(self.boldAct)
        formatMenu.addAction(self.italicAct)
        formatMenu.addSeparator().setText("Alignment")
        formatMenu.addAction(self.leftAlignAct)
        formatMenu.addAction(self.rightAlignAct)
        formatMenu.addAction(self.justifyAct)
        formatMenu.addAction(self.centerAct)
        formatMenu.addSeparator()
        formatMenu.addAction(self.setLineSpacingAct)
        formatMenu.addAction(self.setParagraphSpacingAct)


    def newFile(self):
        self.infolabel.setText("Invoked <b>File|New</b>")

    def opens(self):
        self.infolabel.setText("Invoked <b>File|Open</b>")

    def save(self):
        self.infolabel.setText("Invoked <b>File|Save</b>")

    def prints(self):
        self.infolabel.setText("Invoked <b>File|Print</b>")

    def undo(self):
        self.infolabel.setText("Invoked <b>Edit|Undo</b>")

    def redo(self):
        self.infolabel.setText("Invoked <b>Edit|Redo</b>")

    def cut(self):
        self.infolabel.setText("Invoked <b>Edit|Cut</b>")

    def copy(self):
        self.infolabel.setText("Invoked <b>Edit|Copy</b>")

    def paste(self):
        self.infolabel.setText("Invoked <b>Edit|Paste</b>")

    def bold(self):
        self.infolabel.setText("Invoked <b>Edit|Format|Bold</b>")

    def italic(self):
        self.infolabel.setText("Invoked <b>Edit|Format|Italic</b>")

    def leftAlign(self):
        self.infolabel.setText("Invoked <b>Edit|Format|Left Align</b>")

    def rightAlign(self):
        self.infolabel.setText("Invoked <b>Edit|Format|Right Align</b>")

    def justify(self):
        self.infolabel.setText("Invoked <b>Edit|Format|Justify</b>")

    def center(self):
        self.infolabel.setText("Invoked <b>Edit|Format|Center</b>")

    def setLineSpacing(self):
        self.infolabel.setText("Invoked <b>Edit|Format|Set Line Spacing</b>")

    def setParagraphSpacing(self):
        self.infolabel.setText("Invoked <b>Edit|Format|Set Paragraph Spacing</b>")

    def about(self):
        self.infolabel.setText("Invoked <b>Help|About</b>")
        QMessageBox.information(self, "About Menu", "The <b>Menu</b> example shows how to create menu-bar menus and context menus.")

    def aboutQt(self):
        self.infolabel.setText("Invoked <b>Help|About Qt</b>")


if __name__ == '__main__':
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    win = MainWindow()
    win.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

菜單常用方法

方法	案例	描述
QMenu().setIcon()	QMenu().setIcon(QIcon("D:\\.cookie.png"))	為菜單設置一個圖標，默認預留一個空位
QMenu().setSeparatorsCollapsible()	QMenu().setSeparatorsCollapsible(False)	是否將多個連續的分隔符合並為一個；True表示合並，False表示不合並，默認為True
QMenu().setTearOffEnabled()	QMenu.setTearOffEnabled(True)	菜單能否被撕下(移動，變成獨立的小窗口)，True可以撕下，False不可以，默認為False
QMenu().setTitle()	QMenu().setTitle("文件 (&F)")	設置菜單的標題
QMenu().aboutToShow()	QMenu().aboutToShow.connect(self.func)	將該信號綁定到一個槽；當你點擊菜單后顯示出來就會發送此信號（不常用）
QMenu().aboutToHide()	QMenu().aboutToHide.connect(self.func)	將該信號綁定到一個槽；當你的菜單隱藏后就會發送此信號（不常用）
QMenu().hovered()	QMenu().hovered.connect(self.func)	將該信號綁定到一個槽；當你的鼠標滑過或懸停在菜單時就會發送此信號（不建議用）
QMenu().triggered()	QMenu().triggered.connect(self.func)	將該信號綁定到一個槽；當你點擊了菜單下的動作(QAction)時會發送此信號（注意：菜單下的菜單不會被觸發）
QMenu().addSeparator()	QMenu().addSeparator()	為菜單添加分隔符
QMenu().setShortcut()	QMenu().setShortcut("Ctrl+A")	設置快捷鍵
QMenu().clear()	QMenu().clear()	清除菜單