Hive 7、Hive 的內表、外表、分區


1、Hive的內表

Hive 的內表,就是正常創建的表,在 http://www.cnblogs.com/raphael5200/p/5208437.html 中已經提到;

2、Hive的外表

創建Hive 的外表,需要使用關鍵字 External:

CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] [db_name.]table_name    
  [(col_name data_type [COMMENT col_comment], ...)]
  [COMMENT table_comment]
  [PARTITIONED BY (col_name data_type [COMMENT col_comment], ...)]
  [CLUSTERED BY (col_name, col_name, ...) [SORTED BY (col_name [ASC|DESC], ...)] INTO num_buckets BUCKETS]
  [SKEWED BY (col_name, col_name, ...)                 
     ON ((col_value, col_value, ...), (col_value, col_value, ...), ...)
     [STORED AS DIRECTORIES]
  [
   [ROW FORMAT row_format]

  下面看一個例子:

create External table food_ex 
(
id int,
name string,
category string,
price double 
)
 ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
 FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\t'
 lines terminated by '\n';

  

-- 加載數據
load data local inpath '/opt/food.txt' overwrite into table food_ex;

  

select * from food_ex;

  

 

 

 

 

這兩個,左邊是外表,右邊是內表從大體上看似乎沒什么區別,但是他的主要區別在於刪除操作上:

  內表刪除表或者分區元數據和數據都刪了

  外表刪除表元數據刪除,數據保留

下面分別執行兩條語句:

 drop table food;
 drop table food_ex;

  執行這兩條語句以后,兩個表都刪除了,但是結果卻不一樣,訪問NameNode的50070端口:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 可以看到,雖然都執行了表刪除語句,內表刪除后是把元數據和數據都刪除了,而外表卻只刪除了元數據(表的信息)但真實數據卻保留了下來; 

3、Hive的分區partition

必須在表定義時創建partition

a、單分區建表語句:

create table day_table (id int, content string)
partitioned by (dt string);

  

單分區表,按天分區,在表結構中存在id,content,dt三列。 以dt為文件夾區分

例:

create table log_info
 (
 ip string
 )
 PARTITIONED BY(times string)
 ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
 FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\t'
 lines terminated by '\n';

  

# 下面是log_info 的表結構信息,分區已經創建
hive> desc log_info;
OK
ip                      string                                      
times                   string                                      
          
# Partition Information          
# col_name                data_type               comment             
          
times                   string                                      
Time taken: 0.077 seconds, Fetched: 7 row(s)

  b、 雙分區建表語句

create table day_hour_table (id int, content string) 
partitioned by (dt string, hour string);

  雙分區表,按天和小時分區,在表結構中新增加了dt和hour兩列。 先以dt為文件夾,再以hour子文件夾區分

create table log_info2
 (
 ip string
 )
 PARTITIONED BY(days string,hours string)
 ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
 FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\t'
 lines terminated by '\n';

  

# 下面是log_info2 的表結構信息,分區已經創建
hive> desc log_info2;
OK
ip                      string                                      
days                    string                                      
hours                   string                                      
          
# Partition Information          
# col_name                data_type               comment             
          
days                    string                                      
hours                   string                                      
Time taken: 0.08 seconds, Fetched: 9 row(s)

  c、Hive添加分區表語法 (表已創建,在此基礎上添加分區):

ALTER TABLE table_name ADDpartition_spec
 [ LOCATION 'location1' ]
partition_spec [ LOCATION 'location2' ] ... 
ALTER TABLE day_table 
ADDPARTITION (dt='2008-08-08', hour='08')
location '/path/pv1.txt'

  d、Hive刪除分區語法:

ALTER TABLE table_name DROP PARTITION partition_spec, partition_spec,...

   用戶可以用 ALTER TABLE DROP PARTITION 來刪除分區。分區的元數據和數據將被一並刪除。

ALTER TABLE day_hour_table DROP PARTITION (dt='2008-08-08', hour='09');

  

alter table log_info drop partition (times='20160222');

  e、Hive數據加載進分區表中語法:

 LOAD DATA [LOCAL] INPATH 'filepath' [OVERWRITE] INTO TABLE tablename [PARTITION (partcol1=val1, partcol2=val2 ...)] 

  

例:

單分區數據加載

 load data local inpath '/opt/log' overwrite into table  log_info partition(times='20160223');
 load data local inpath '/opt/log2' overwrite into table log_info partition(times='20160222');

  

hive> select * from log_info;
OK
23.45.66.77	20160222
45.66.11.8	20160222
2.3.4.5	20160223
4.56.77.31	20160223
34.55.6.77	20160223
34.66.11.6	20160223
Time taken: 0.125 seconds, Fetched: 6 row(s)

  在Hive中會根據分區的名稱新建兩個分區目錄

 

 

雙分區數據加載

load data local inpath '/opt/log3' overwrite into table log_info2 partition(days='23',hours='12');

  

hive> select * from log_info2;
OK
12.3.33.66    23    12
23.44.56.6    23    12
12.22.33.4    23    12
8.78.99.4    23    12
233.23.211.2    23    12
Time taken: 0.069 seconds, Fetched: 5 row(s)

  

 

 當數據被加載至表中時,不會對數據進行任何轉換。Load操作只是將數據復制至Hive表對應的位置。數據加載時在表下自動創建一個目錄 基於分區的查詢的語句:

SELECT day_table.* FROM day_table WHERE day_table.dt>= '2008-08-08';

  f、Hive查看分區語句:

hive> show partitions day_hour_table; 
OK 
dt=2008-08-08/hour=08 
dt=2008-08-08/hour=09 
dt=2008-08-09/hour=09

  

hive> show partitions log_info;
OK
times=20160222
times=20160223
Time taken: 0.06 seconds, Fetched: 2 row(s)

  

 


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