HashMap是在面試中經常會問的一點,很多時候我們僅僅只是知道HashMap他是允許鍵值對都是Null,並且是非線程安全的,如果在多線程的環境下使用,是很容易出現問題的。 這是我們通常在面試中會說的,但是有時候問到底層的源碼分析的時候,為什么允許為Null,為什么不安全,這些問題的時候,如果沒有分析過源碼的話,好像很難回答, 這樣的話我們來研究一下這個源碼。看看原因吧。
HashMap最早出現在JDK1.2中,它的底層是基於的散列算法。允許鍵值對都是Null,並且是非線程安全的,我們先看看這個1.8版本的JDK中HashMap的數據結構吧。
HashMap圖解如下

我們都知道HashMap是數組+鏈表組成的,bucket數組是HashMap的主體,而鏈表是為了解決哈希沖突而存在的,但是很多人不知道其實HashMap是包含樹結構的,但是得有一點 注意事項,什么時候會出現紅黑樹這種紅樹結構的呢?我們就得看源碼了,源碼解釋說默認鏈表長度大於8的時候會轉換為樹。我們看看源碼說的
結構
/*** Basic hash bin node, used for most entries. (See below for* TreeNode subclass, and in LinkedHashMap for its Entry subclass.)*//**Node是hash基礎的節點,是單向鏈表,實現了Map.Entry接口*/static class Node<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {final int hash;final K key;V value;Node<K,V> next;//構造函數Node(int hash, K key, V value, Node<K,V> next) {this.hash = hash;this.key = key;this.value = value;this.next = next;}public final K getKey() { return key; }public final V getValue() { return value; }public final String toString() { return key + "=" + value; }public final int hashCode() {return Objects.hashCode(key) ^ Objects.hashCode(value);}public final V setValue(V newValue) {V oldValue = value;value = newValue;return oldValue;}public final boolean equals(Object o) {if (o == this)return true;if (o instanceof Map.Entry) {Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o;if (Objects.equals(key, e.getKey()) &&Objects.equals(value, e.getValue()))return true;}return false;}}
接下來就是樹結構了
TreeNode 是紅黑樹的數據結構。
/*** Entry for Tree bins. Extends LinkedHashMap.Entry (which in turn* extends Node) so can be used as extension of either regular or* linked node.*/static final class TreeNode<K,V> extends LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> {TreeNode<K,V> parent; // red-black tree linksTreeNode<K,V> left;TreeNode<K,V> right;TreeNode<K,V> prev; // needed to unlink next upon deletionboolean red;TreeNode(int hash, K key, V val, Node<K,V> next) {super(hash, key, val, next);}/*** Returns root of tree containing this node.*/final TreeNode<K,V> root() {for (TreeNode<K,V> r = this, p;;) {if ((p = r.parent) == null)return r;r = p;}}
我們在看一下類的定義
public class HashMap<K,V> extends AbstractMap<K,V>implements Map<K,V>, Cloneable, Serializable {
繼承了抽象的map,實現了Map接口,並且進行了序列化。
在類里還有基礎的變量
變量
/*** The default initial capacity - MUST be a power of two.* 默認初始容量 16 - 必須是2的冪*/static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 1 << 4; // aka 16/*** The maximum capacity, used if a higher value is implicitly specified* by either of the constructors with arguments.* MUST be a power of two <= 1<<30.* 最大容量 2的30次方*/static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;/*** The load factor used when none specified in constructor.* 默認加載因子,用來計算threshold*/static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;/*** The bin count threshold for using a tree rather than list for a* bin. Bins are converted to trees when adding an element to a* bin with at least this many nodes. The value must be greater* than 2 and should be at least 8 to mesh with assumptions in* tree removal about conversion back to plain bins upon* shrinkage.* 鏈表轉成樹的閾值,當桶中鏈表長度大於8時轉成樹* threshold = capacity * loadFactor*/static final int TREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 8;/*** The bin count threshold for untreeifying a (split) bin during a* resize operation. Should be less than TREEIFY_THRESHOLD, and at* most 6 to mesh with shrinkage detection under removal.* 進行resize操作時,若桶中數量少於6則從樹轉成鏈表*/static final int UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 6;/*** The smallest table capacity for which bins may be treeified.* (Otherwise the table is resized if too many nodes in a bin.)* Should be at least 4 * TREEIFY_THRESHOLD to avoid conflicts* between resizing and treeification thresholds.* 桶中結構轉化為紅黑樹對應的table的最小大小* 當需要將解決 hash 沖突的鏈表轉變為紅黑樹時,* 需要判斷下此時數組容量,* 若是由於數組容量太小(小於 MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY )* 導致的 hash 沖突太多,則不進行鏈表轉變為紅黑樹操作,* 轉為利用 resize() 函數對 hashMap 擴容*/static final int MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY = 64;/*** The table, initialized on first use, and resized as* necessary. When allocated, length is always a power of two.* (We also tolerate length zero in some operations to allow* bootstrapping mechanics that are currently not needed.)* 保存Node<K,V>節點的數組* 該表在首次使用時初始化,並根據需要調整大小。 分配時,* 長度始終是2的冪。*/transient Node<K,V>[] table;/*** Holds cached entrySet(). Note that AbstractMap fields are used* for keySet() and values().* 存放具體元素的集*/transient Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet;/*** The number of key-value mappings contained in this map.* 記錄 hashMap 當前存儲的元素的數量*/transient int size;/*** The number of times this HashMap has been structurally modified* Structural modifications are those that change the number of mappings in* the HashMap or otherwise modify its internal structure (e.g.,* rehash). This field is used to make iterators on Collection-views of* the HashMap fail-fast. (See ConcurrentModificationException).* 每次更改map結構的計數器*/transient int modCount;/*** The next size value at which to resize (capacity * load factor).* 臨界值 當實際大小(容量*填充因子)超過臨界值時,會進行擴容* @serial*/// (The javadoc description is true upon serialization.// Additionally, if the table array has not been allocated, this// field holds the initial array capacity, or zero signifying// DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY.)int threshold;/*** The load factor for the hash table.* 負載因子:要調整大小的下一個大小值(容量*加載因子)。* @serial*/final float loadFactor;
我們再看看構造方法
構造方法
/*** Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the specified initial* capacity and the default load factor (0.75).** @param initialCapacity the initial capacity.* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative.* 傳入初始容量大小,使用默認負載因子值 來初始化HashMap對象*/public HashMap(int initialCapacity) {this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);}/*** Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the default initial capacity* (16) and the default load factor (0.75).* 默認容量和負載因子*/public HashMap() {this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR; // all other fields defaulted}/*** Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the specified initial* capacity and load factor.** @param initialCapacity the initial capacity* @param loadFactor the load factor* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative* or the load factor is nonpositive* 傳入初始容量大小和負載因子 來初始化HashMap對象*/public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {// 初始容量不能小於0,否則報錯if (initialCapacity < 0)throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " +initialCapacity);// 初始容量不能大於最大值,否則為最大值if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;//負載因子不能小於或等於0,不能為非數字if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " +loadFactor);// 初始化負載因子this.loadFactor = loadFactor;// 初始化threshold大小this.threshold = tableSizeFor(initialCapacity);}/*** Returns a power of two size for the given target capacity.* 找到大於或等於 cap 的最小2的整數次冪的數*/static final int tableSizeFor(int cap) {int n = cap - 1;n |= n >>> 1;n |= n >>> 2;n |= n >>> 4;n |= n >>> 8;n |= n >>> 16;return (n < 0) ? 1 : (n >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ? MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : n + 1;}
在這源碼中,loadFactor負載因子是一個非常重要的參數,因為他能夠反映HashMap桶數組的使用情況, 這樣的話,HashMap的時間復雜度就會出現不同的改變。
當這個負載因子屬於低負載因子的時候,HashMap所能夠容納的鍵值對數量就是偏少的,擴容后,重新將鍵值對 存儲在桶數組中,鍵與鍵之間產生的碰撞會下降,鏈表的長度也會隨之變短。
但是如果增加負載因子當這個負載因子大於1的時候,HashMap所能夠容納的鍵值對就會變多,這樣碰撞就會增加, 這樣的話鏈表的長度也會增加,一般情況下負載因子我們都不會去修改。都是默認的0.75。
擴容機制
resize()這個方法就是重新計算容量的一個方法,我們看看源碼:
/*** Initializes or doubles table size. If null, allocates in* accord with initial capacity target held in field threshold.* Otherwise, because we are using power-of-two expansion, the* elements from each bin must either stay at same index, or move* with a power of two offset in the new table.** @return the table*/final Node<K,V>[] resize() {//引用擴容前的Entry數組Node<K,V>[] oldTab = table;int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length;int oldThr = threshold;int newCap, newThr = 0;if (oldCap > 0) {// 擴容前的數組大小如果已經達到最大(2^30)了//在這里去判斷是否達到最大的大小if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {//修改閾值為int的最大值(2^31-1),這樣以后就不會擴容了threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;return oldTab;}// 如果擴容后小於最大值 而且 舊數組桶大於初始容量16, 閾值左移1(擴大2倍)else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY &&oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)newThr = oldThr << 1; // double threshold}// 如果數組桶容量<=0 且 舊閾值 >0else if (oldThr > 0) // initial capacity was placed in threshold//新的容量就等於舊的閥值newCap = oldThr;else { // zero initial threshold signifies using defaults// 如果數組桶容量<=0 且 舊閾值 <=0// 新容量=默認容量// 新閾值= 負載因子*默認容量newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY);}// 如果新閾值為0if (newThr == 0) {// 重新計算閾值float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor;newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ?(int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE);}//在這里就會 更新閾值threshold = newThr;@SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"})//創建新的數組Node<K,V>[] newTab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[newCap];// 覆蓋數組桶table = newTab;// 如果舊數組桶不是空,則遍歷桶數組,並將鍵值對映射到新的桶數組中//在這里還有一點詭異的,1.7是不存在后邊紅黑樹的,但是1.8就是有紅黑樹if (oldTab != null) {for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) {Node<K,V> e;if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) {oldTab[j] = null;if (e.next == null)newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e;// 如果是紅黑樹else if (e instanceof TreeNode)// 重新映射時,然后對紅黑樹進行拆分((TreeNode<K,V>)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap);else { // preserve order// 如果不是紅黑樹,那也就是說他鏈表長度沒有超過8,那么還是鏈表,//那么還是會按照鏈表處理Node<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null;Node<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null;Node<K,V> next;// 遍歷鏈表,並將鏈表節點按原順序進行分組do {next = e.next;if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {if (loTail == null)loHead = e;elseloTail.next = e;loTail = e;}else {if (hiTail == null)hiHead = e;elsehiTail.next = e;hiTail = e;}} while ((e = next) != null);// 將分組后的鏈表映射到新桶中if (loTail != null) {loTail.next = null;newTab[j] = loHead;}if (hiTail != null) {hiTail.next = null;newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead;}}}}}return newTab;}
所以說在經過resize這個方法之后,元素的位置要么就是在原來的位置,要么就是在原來的位置移動2次冪的位置上。 源碼上的注釋也是可以翻譯出來的
/*** Initializes or doubles table size. If null, allocates in* accord with initial capacity target held in field threshold.* Otherwise, because we are using power-of-two expansion, the* elements from each bin must either stay at same index, or move* with a power of two offset in the new table.** @return the table如果為null,則分配符合字段閾值中保存的初始容量目標。否則,因為我們使用的是2次冪擴展,所以每個bin中的元素必須保持相同的索引,或者在新表中以2的偏移量移動。*/final Node<K,V>[] resize() .....
所以說他的擴容其實很有意思,就有了三種不同的擴容方式了,
在HashMap剛初始化的時候,使用默認的構造初始化,會返回一個空的table,並且 thershold為0,因此第一次擴容的時候默認值就會是16. 同時再去計算thershold = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16*0.75 = 12.
如果說指定初始容量的初始HashMap的時候,那么這時候計算這個threshold的時候就變成了 threshold = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * threshold(當前的容量)
如果HashMap不是第一次擴容,已經擴容過了,那么每次table的容量
threshold也會變成原來的2倍。
之前看1.7的源碼的時候,是沒有這個紅黑樹的,而是在1.8 之后做了相應的優化。 使用的是2次冪的擴展(指長度擴為原來2倍)。 而且在擴充HashMap的時候,不需要像JDK1.7的實現那樣重新計算hash,這樣子他就剩下了計算hash的時間了。
看完這個源碼,翻譯了一節節的英文,算是大致明白了一點源碼內容了,有什么討論的問題咱們可以一起討論一下,感謝觀看。
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