認識集合
由一個或多個確定的元素所構成的整體叫做集合。
集合中的元素有三個特征：
1.確定性（集合中的元素必須是確定的）
2.互異性（集合中的元素互不相同。例如：集合A={1，a}，則a不能等於1）
3.無序性（集合中的元素沒有先后之分），如集合{3,4,5}和{3,5,4}算作同一個集合。
*集合概念存在的目的是將不同的值存放到一起，不同的集合間用來做關系運算，無需糾結於集合中某個值
集合的定義
s = {1,2,3,1}
#定義可變集合 >>> set_test=set('hello') >>> set_test {'l', 'o', 'e', 'h'} #改為不可變集合frozenset >>> f_set_test=frozenset(set_test) >>> f_set_test frozenset({'l', 'e', 'h', 'o'})
集合的常用操作及關系運算
元素的增加
單個元素的增加 : add()，add的作用類似列表中的append
對序列的增加 : update()，而update類似extend方法，update方法可以支持同時傳入多個參數：
>>> a={1,2}
>>> a.update([3,4],[1,2,7])
>>> a
{1, 2, 3, 4, 7}
>>> a.update("hello")
>>> a
{1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 'h', 'e', 'l', 'o'}
>>> a.add("hello")
>>> a
{1, 2, 3, 4, 'hello', 7, 'h', 'e', 'l', 'o'}
元素的刪除
集合刪除單個元素有兩種方法：
元素不在原集合中時：
set.discard(x)不會拋出異常
set.remove(x)會拋出KeyError錯誤
>>> a={1,2,3,4}
>>> a.discard(1)
>>> a
{2, 3, 4}
>>> a.discard(1)
>>> a
{2, 3, 4}
>>> a.remove(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
KeyError: 1
pop()：由於集合是無序的，pop返回的結果不能確定，且當集合為空時調用pop會拋出KeyError錯誤，
clear():清空集合
>>> a={3,"a",2.1,1}
>>> a.pop()
1
>>> a.pop()
3
>>> a.clear()
>>> a
set()
>>> a.pop()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
KeyError: 'pop from an empty set'
集合操作
|,|=:合集
a = {1,2,3}
b = {2,3,4,5}
print(a.union(b))
print(a|b)
&.&=:交集
a = {1,2,3}
b = {2,3,4,5}
print(a.intersection(b))
print(a&b)
－,－=:差集
a = {1,2,3}
b = {2,3,4,5}
print(a.difference(b))
print(a-b)
^,^=:對稱差集
a = {1,2,3}
b = {2,3,4,5}
print(a.symmetric_difference(b))
print(a^b)
包含關系
in,not in：判斷某元素是否在集合內
＝＝,！＝:判斷兩個集合是否相等
兩個集合之間一般有三種關系，相交、包含、不相交。在Python中分別用下面的方法判斷：
- set.isdisjoint(s)：判斷兩個集合是不是不相交
- set.issuperset(s)：判斷集合是不是包含其他集合，等同於a>=b
- set.issubset(s)：判斷集合是不是被其他集合包含，等同於a<=b
集合的工廠函數
class set(object): """ set() -> new empty set object set(iterable) -> new set object Build an unordered collection of unique elements. """ def add(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Add an element to a set. This has no effect if the element is already present. """ pass def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Remove all elements from this set. """ pass def copy(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return a shallow copy of a set. """ pass def difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 相當於s1-s2 Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set. (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.) """ pass def difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Remove all elements of another set from this set. """ pass def discard(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 與remove功能相同，刪除元素不存在時不會拋出異常 Remove an element from a set if it is a member. If the element is not a member, do nothing. """ pass def intersection(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 相當於s1&s2 Return the intersection of two sets as a new set. (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.) """ pass def intersection_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Update a set with the intersection of itself and another. """ pass def isdisjoint(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return True if two sets have a null intersection. """ pass def issubset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 相當於s1<=s2 Report whether another set contains this set. """ pass def issuperset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 相當於s1>=s2 Report whether this set contains another set. """ pass def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Remove and return an arbitrary set element. Raises KeyError if the set is empty. """ pass def remove(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Remove an element from a set; it must be a member. If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError. """ pass def symmetric_difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 相當於s1^s2 Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set. (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.) """ pass def symmetric_difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. """ pass def union(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 相當於s1|s2 Return the union of sets as a new set. (i.e. all elements that are in either set.) """ pass def update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Update a set with the union of itself and others. """ pass def __and__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self&value. """ pass def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x. """ pass def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self==value. """ pass def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return getattr(self, name). """ pass def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self>=value. """ pass def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self>value. """ pass def __iand__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self&=value. """ pass def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of set.__init__ """ set() -> new empty set object set(iterable) -> new set object Build an unordered collection of unique elements. # (copied from class doc) """ pass def __ior__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self|=value. """ pass def __isub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self-=value. """ pass def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Implement iter(self). """ pass def __ixor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self^=value. """ pass def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return len(self). """ pass def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self<=value. """ pass def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self<value. """ pass @staticmethod # known case of __new__ def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """ pass def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self!=value. """ pass def __or__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self|value. """ pass def __rand__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return value&self. """ pass def __reduce__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return state information for pickling. """ pass def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return repr(self). """ pass def __ror__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return value|self. """ pass def __rsub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return value-self. """ pass def __rxor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return value^self. """ pass def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """ pass def __sub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self-value. """ pass def __xor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self^value. """ pass __hash__ = None