第二章 Tutorial 教程
MapServer Tutorial MapServer教程
- Tutorial background 教程背景
- Section 1: Static Maps and the MapFile 第一階段：靜態地圖Maps和地圖文件MapFile
- Section 2: CGI variables and the User Interface 第二階段：CGI變量和用戶界面
- Section 3: Query and more about HTML Templates 第三階段：查詢和HTML模板
- Section 4: Advanced User Interfaces 第四階段：增強用戶界面
Tutorial background教程背景
- Tutorial Timeframe 教程時間框架
雖然有些用戶可以在一天內完成本教程，但那些詳細研究每個示例的用戶可能期望在一周內完成本教程。
- Tutorial Data 教程數據
本教程中使用的數據集取自美國內政部a zs美國國家地圖集（現在由data.gov托管）。數據集被裁剪到上五大湖地區（明尼蘇達州、密歇根州和威斯康星州），以減少存儲空間。額外的光柵圖像是由明尼蘇達大學的Terrasip項目提供的。使用本教程時，鼓勵您使用自己的數據集。
與MapServer本身一樣，本教程對任何人都是開放的和可自定義的。這樣做的目的是希望有人（或某些人）能夠幫助設計和進一步開發它。
在http://download.osgeo.org/mapserver/docs/mapserver-tutorial.zip下載本教程的數據（以及所有HTML文件）。
- Before Using the Tutorial 在使用本教程之前
使用本教程有一些先決條件：
1。用戶需要在其計算機上安裝並運行Web服務器。此Web服務器必須支持通用網關接口（CGI）程序。
2。用戶應該對Web服務器和Internet安全有基本的了解。配置不正確的Web服務器很容易被惡意的人攻擊。你的軟件安裝會失敗你zll會損失數小時的工作效率，最壞的情況是你的電腦可以用來攻擊互聯網上的其他電腦。
3。建議本教程的用戶在繼續此操作之前先閱讀MapServer簡介。
4。要使用本教程，用戶需要在他們的系統。MapServer源代碼可在此處下載。關於如何編譯的文檔已經存在並安裝MapServer：
•對於Unix用戶，請閱讀MapServer Unix編譯和安裝指南。
•Windows用戶應閱讀MapServer Win32編譯和安裝指南
此外，許多平台都存在預編譯的二進制文件（請參見下載頁）。
Windows, UNIX/Linux Issues Windows、Unix/Linux問題
Paths
路徑
本教程是在Linux/Unix上創建的，但是應該在Windows平台上進行最小的更改。主要區別在於map文件中的路徑。Windows用戶需要指定其教程文件所在硬盤的驅動器號。這里是一個例子：
Unix地圖文件可能包含如下參數：
在Windows中，相同的參數可能如下所示：
或者：
請注意，斜杠或反斜杠在Windows中都有效。如果您想區分映射文件中的虛擬路徑（如URL或Web地址）和本地路徑，通常的反斜杠可能對您很有用。但是，如果您計划在某個時間點將應用程序移動到Unix，那么您的zll有一項單調的任務，即將所有反斜杠切換為斜杠。
當我們討論路徑的主題時，請記住，map文件中的路徑通常與系統的根目錄相關：UNIX中的斜杠（_aij/_ a i）或Windows中的某些驅動器號（_aijc:_ a i）。這是正確的，除非特別要求輸入URL或引用URL。使用HTML模板文件時，路徑是相對於Web服務器的根目錄。也就是說，“/tutorial/“是相對於“https://demo.mapserver.org/“的。請閱讀http://www.alistaparate.com/articles/slashforward/了解有關URL的一些細節。
Executable
可執行文件
另一個問題是，Unix可執行文件不需要.exe或.com擴展名，但在Windows中需要。如果您使用的是Windows，請將.exe附加到所有實例中的”/cgi bin/mapserv“或”/cgi-bin/mapserv“改為"cgi-bin/mapserv.exe"或"/cgi-bin/mapserv50.exe "。
Other Resources 其他資源
還有其他文檔可以讓您更好地了解MapServer提供的許多定制。請訪問MapServer文檔頁面：http://www.mapserver.org/documentation.html。在這里，您可以找到幾個howto文檔，從入門到使用mapscript，這是一個針對mapserver的腳本接口。
Section 1: Static Maps and the MapFile
• 拿個shapefile，任何人我們可以用鼠標在一個瀏覽器上顯示該shapefile形狀文件。看：
– Example 1.1 - A map with a single layer：http://localhost/tutorial/example1-1.html
mapserver可以創建一個地圖並將其轉儲到本地目錄，或者直接發送到請求的Web瀏覽器，如本例所示。您可以在不需要HTML頁面的情況下查看它，只需輸入以下URL:http://<insert hostname or ip address here>/cgi bin/mapserv.exe？map=/ms4w/apps/tutorial/htdocs/example1-1.map&layer=states&mode=map（記住將“<insert hostname or ip address here>”替換為Web服務器的名稱，例如“localhost”，或其IP地址，例如“127.0.0.1”）。
這個URL可以分為三部分：第一部分，http://<insert hostname or ip address here>/cgi bin/mapserv.exe？，調用mapserver cgi程序。如果您按原樣調用它，您將得到這個熟悉的消息：
No query information to decode. QUERY_STRING is set, but empty.
接下來的三個部分是組成查詢字符串的部分。查詢字符串包含CGI參數（變量及其值），每個參數由一個與（&）分隔。因此，查看查詢字符串，第一個參數“map”有一個值“/ms4w/apps/tutorial/htdocs/example1-1.map”--這告訴mapserver cgi程序（mapserv或mapserv.exe）要處理/解析什么mapfile。下一個參數“layer=states”告訴mapserv.exe“打開”狀態層——回想一下，我們將層對象命名為“states”。最后一個參數“mode=map”告訴mapserv.exe如何處理來自mapfile的輸出。在本例中，它告訴mapserv.exe直接將映像轉儲到Web瀏覽器（客戶端），而不首先在服務器上創建臨時映像。mapserver“模式”cgi變量可以采用“map”以外的值。例如，如果使用“mode=browse”，mapserver將把映像轉儲到服務器上的臨時目錄。瀏覽模式現在不起作用，但稍后我們將再次使用。
這是map文件的外觀（例如1-1.map）：
# The annotated map file (sort of) # Created by Pericles S. Nacionales for the MapServer tutorial # 20050408 # # MapServer map file uses the pound sign (#) to denote the start of a line # comment--each line that needs to be commented has to be prepended with a "#". # # Map files begin with MAP keyword to signify the start of the map object. # Well, the entire map file is THE map object. Enclosed between MAP and END # at the very bottom of this map file, are keyword/value pairs and other # objects. MAP IMAGETYPE PNG EXTENT -97.238976 41.619778 -82.122902 49.385620 SIZE 400 300 SHAPEPATH "../data" IMAGECOLOR 255 255 255 # Layer objects are defined beneath the map object. You need at least one # layer defined in your map file before you can display a map... You can # define as many layers as you'd like although a limit is typically hard-coded # in map.h in the MapServer source. The default limit is set at 100. You'd # have to have a very specialized application to need more than 100 layers in # your application. # Start of LAYER DEFINITIONS --------------------------------------------- LAYER # States polygon layer begins here NAME states DATA states_ugl STATUS OFF TYPE POLYGON # The class object is defined within the layer object. You can define as # many classes as you need (well, there are limits as with layers, but it's # senseless to define more than ten on a "normal" layer. There are # situations, however, where you might have to do it.) CLASS NAME "The Upper Great Lakes States" # There are styles in a class, just like there are classes in a layer, # just like there are layers in a map. You can define multiple styles in # a class just as you can define multiple classes in a layer and multiple # layers in a map. STYLE COLOR 232 232 232 OUTLINECOLOR 32 32 32 END END END # States polygon layer ends here # End of LAYER DEFINITIONS ------------------------------- END # All map files must come to an end just as all other things must come to...
mapfile是mapserver的基本配置機制。它由“對象”組成，每個對象可以有關鍵字或其他對象。它有一個層次結構，一些對象落在其他對象之下…在這個層次結構的頂部是映射對象，所有其他對象都屬於它。這個例子顯示了對象的一個非常直接的繼承關系。當您通過每個示例時，這些層次樹的復雜性將增加。
關於mapfiles的一些簡短說明：我們用對象名定義mapfile中的每個對象，並用“end”關閉它，在注釋前面加上一個磅（）符號。
讓我們按對象分解“example1-1.map”。其結構如下：
讓我們看下Map文件中的關鍵字：
MAP地圖
每個MAP地圖文件都以MAP開始——整個地圖文件就是MAP地圖對象。
IMAGETYPE圖像類型
關鍵字imagetype用於定義mapserver cgi程序應用於輸出的圖像格式。在本例中，我們使用索引顏色png（類似於gif）。如果我們使用gif支持、wbmp或jpeg編譯gd庫，這可能是gif。我們還可以指定其他輸出選項（pdf、swf、geotiff），前提是我們編譯了對它們的支持並使用outputformat對象指定它們。輸出格式超出了本教程的范圍，但您可以通過閱讀MapServer網站中的文檔了解更多信息。
EXTENT范圍
此參數指定地圖的輸出范圍——初始地圖的邊界框。范圍值按以下格式給出：<lower left x><lower left y><upper right x><upper right y>，每個值之間用空格分隔。這需要與數據使用相同的單位，或者，如果指定了不同的輸出投影，則需要與輸出投影使用相同的單位。
在這個例子中，我們的數據是地理投影的，所以單位是十進制的。您可以使用作為gdal/ogr庫包一部分的實用程序“ogrinfo”來獲取特定形狀文件（或其他支持的矢量格式）的范圍。下面是我用於獲取此示例范圍的命令：
ogrinfo -al -so states_ugl.shp
這將返回以下輸出：
INFO: Open of `states_ugl.shp' using driver `ESRI Shapefile' successful. Layer name: states_ugl Geometry: Polygon Feature Count: 204 Extent: (-97.238976, 41.619778) - (-82.122902, 49.385620) Layer SRS WKT: (unknown) AREA: Real (12.3) PERIMETER: Real (12.3) STATESP020: Real (11.0) STATE: String (20.0) STATE_FIPS: String (2.0) CLASS: String (5.0)
您還可以使用ArcView或其他開源的GIS包——Quantum GIS、Thuban等。
請隨意更改范圍的值，以便更好地了解它如何更改您的地圖。
SIZE 尺寸
這是MapServer將生成的圖像（地圖）的大小（像素）。所以我們的地圖是400像素寬，300像素高。再次，把它改為你喜歡的內容，看看它是如何影響你的地圖的。
SHAPEPATH 形狀路徑
這是到數據層的路徑。您可以提供絕對路徑（即“/ms4w/apps/tutorial/data”或“c:/ms4w/apps/tutorial/data”）或相對於map地圖文件位置的路徑（在本例中，您將使用“../data”）。此路徑不必是可訪問Web的，除非您希望任何人下載您的原始數據，否則可能不應該是。它與Web沒有直接關系，因此在這里甚至不要考慮URL——只需確保運行Web服務器的用戶（通常是*nix世界中的“nobody”或“apache”）可以讀取shapepath中的數據。
IMAGECOLOR 圖像顏色
這是地圖的背景色。這些值是RGB值，因此255紅色、255綠色和255b會產生白色背景。繼續玩這個value。
現在讓我們看看圖層對象參數：
Layer圖層
標記地圖對象中圖層的開始。盡管默認情況下限制為100，但可以指定任意多個層。要更改此限制，必須編輯map.h頭文件（在soure樹中）並重新編譯mapserver。
NAME名字
這是層標識符。MapServer使用此名稱打開和關閉圖層。在本例中，它不起作用，因為我們將圖層狀態STATUS屬性設置為默認。在后面的例子中我們將回到這個問題。
DATA數據
數據的名稱（本例中為shapefile）。請閱讀MapServer矢量數據指南以了解有關如何訪問MapServer中的矢量數據的更多信息。
MAPServer通過使用ogr庫（gdal軟件包的一部分）支持ESRI的shapefile以外的矢量數據格式。請訪問gdal項目網站http://www.gdal.org/並閱讀http://www.gdal.org/ogr/ogr_formats.html，了解有關各種支持的ogr格式的更多信息。
TYPE類型
它是什么類型的數據？如果是矢量數據，則可以指定它是多邊形、直線（即使數據在技術上是多段線，也可以使用直線）還是點。也可以指定光柵或注釋數據。這里我們要顯示多邊形。
STATUS狀態
層根據其狀態打開或關閉。DEFAULT默認值始終為“開”。當層名稱作為查詢字符串的一部分傳遞時，打開或關閉工作。
讓我們看看CLASS類對象參數：
CLASS類
標記Layer層對象中CLASS類對象的開頭。您可以在一個層中指定任意多個類，盡管默認情況下限制為50個類。您必須重新編譯mapserver才能更改此默認值。
NAME名字
此類的描述性標識符。圖層對象可以有多個類，就像地圖對象可以有多個圖層一樣。MapServer將類名用作圖例的標簽，因此在命名類時請確保使用適當的描述性名稱。我們稍后將在本教程中討論圖例。
最后，我們來看一下STYLE樣式對象參數：
STYLE風格
標記樣式對象的開始。您可以在一個類中定義多個樣式——當您想將一個樣式覆蓋到另一個樣式上時，這很有用。
COLOR顏色
這是多邊形的填充顏色。如果類型是line，這是line顏色。這些值采用RGB格式。
OUTLINECOLOR輪廓顏色
這是多邊形的輪廓顏色。這些值采用RGB格式。默認情況下，MapServer不繪制多邊形輪廓，因此如果要查看多邊形邊界，則需要定義一個大綱顏色。
這結束了本教程中的第一個示例。建議您更改映射文件中關鍵字的值。它將幫助您理解這些關鍵字的作用。
Example 1.2: Static Map with Two Layers
• 我們可以重復顯示相同的shapefile數據集。我們可以在一個圖層中顯示多邊形屬性，在另一個圖層中顯示線條屬性。˘
– Example 1.2 - A map with two layers
與第一個示例一樣，此圖像是通過將<img>標記的源鏈接到此URL生成的。這就是本節中大多數示例的工作方式。
無論如何，您會注意到這里的地圖與第一個示例相同。是的，但地圖文件不同。看看。
這是映射文件的外觀（example 1-2.map）：
# The annotated map file (sort of) # Created by Pericles S. Nacionales for the MapServer tutorial # 20050408 # # MapServer map file uses the pound sign (#) to denote the start of a line # comment--each line that needs to be commented has to be prepended with a "#". # # Map files begin with MAP keyword to signify the start of the map object. # Well, the entire map file is THE map object. Enclosed between MAP and END # at the very bottom of this map file, are keyword/value pairs and other # objects. MAP IMAGETYPE PNG EXTENT -97.238976 41.619778 -82.122902 49.385620 SIZE 400 300 SHAPEPATH "../data" IMAGECOLOR 255 255 255 # Layer objects are defined beneath the map object. You need at least one # layer defined in your map file before you can display a map... You can # define as many layers as you'd like although a limit is typically hard-coded # in map.h in the MapServer source. The default limit is set at 100. You'd # have to have a very specialized application to need more than 100 layers in # your application. # Start of LAYER DEFINITIONS --------------------------------------------- LAYER # States polygon layer begins here NAME states_poly DATA states_ugl STATUS OFF TYPE POLYGON # The class object is defined within the layer object. You can define as # many classes as you need (well, there are limits as with layers, but it's # senseless to define more than ten on a "normal" layer. There are # situations, however, where you might have to do it.) CLASS NAME "States" # There are styles in a class, just like there are classes in a layer, # just like there are layers in a map. You can define multiple styles in # a class just as you can define multiple classes in a layer and multiple # layers in a map. STYLE COLOR 232 232 232 END END END # States polygon layer ends here LAYER # States line layer begins here NAME states_line DATA states_ugl STATUS OFF TYPE LINE CLASS NAME "State Boundary" STYLE COLOR 32 32 32 END END END # States line layer ends here # End of LAYER DEFINITIONS ------------------------------- END # All map files must come to an end just as all other things must come to...
按對象划分的map文件結構如下所示：
在這里，我們將原始層分為兩層。第一層仍然是多邊形層，但樣式不再具有outline顏色。第二層與第一層類似，只是類型更改為線條，樣式中的顏色更改為與第一個示例中的outline輪廓顏色相同的顏色。這將生成與第一個圖像相同的圖像…那么，為什么要這樣做？如果我們繼續在狀態層的頂部添加層，那么輪廓很可能會被其他層覆蓋。為了在添加這些其他層之后仍能看到狀態邊界，我們必須將狀態邊界線層與狀態多邊形層分離，並將其放在其他層的頂部。我們如何定義/添加層是有順序的，在本節中，您將清楚地看到它。
Example 1.3: Displaying Classes in a Layer
• 我們可以選擇要顯示的形狀文件的哪些部分。我們使用類對象來完成這項工作…
– 示例1.3-使用類制作“有用”地圖
這是map地圖文件的外觀（Example 1-3.map）：
# The annotated map file (sort of) # Created by Pericles S. Nacionales for the MapServer tutorial # 20050408 # # MapServer map file uses the pound sign (#) to denote the start of a line # comment--each line that needs to be commented has to be prepended with a "#". # # Map files begin with MAP keyword to signify the start of the map object. # Well, the entire map file is THE map object. Enclosed between MAP and END # at the very bottom of this map file, are keyword/value pairs and other # objects. MAP IMAGETYPE PNG EXTENT -97.238976 41.619778 -82.122902 49.385620 SIZE 400 300 SHAPEPATH "../data" IMAGECOLOR 255 255 255 # Layer objects are defined beneath the map object. You need at least one # layer defined in your map file before you can display a map... You can # define as many layers as you'd like although a limit is typically hard-coded # in map.h in the MapServer source. The default limit is set at 100. You'd # have to have a very specialized application to need more than 100 layers in # your application. # Start of LAYER DEFINITIONS --------------------------------------------- LAYER # States polygon layer begins here NAME states_poly DATA states_ugl STATUS OFF TYPE POLYGON # CLASSITEM defines the non-spatial attribute that you will be using to # separate a layer into classes. This attribute will be in the DBF file # of your shapefile (it will be different for each data format). In this # example the shapefile states_ugl has an associated database # (states_ugl.dbf) that contains an attribute called "CLASS". You will be # using two values in the CLASS attribute to separate the classes (also # called themes) used in this layer--land and water. CLASSITEM is used in # association with the EXPRESSION parameter in the CLASS object. See below. CLASSITEM "CLASS" # The class object is defined within the layer object. You can define as # many classes as you need (well, there are limits as with layers, but it's # senseless to define more than ten on a "normal" layer. There are # situations, however, where you might have to do it.) CLASS NAME 'States' EXPRESSION 'land' # Only polygons where "CLASS" = 'land' will be drawn. # There are styles in a class, just like there are classes in a layer, # just like there are layers in a map. You can define multiple styles in # a class just as you can define multiple classes in a layer and multiple # layers in a map. STYLE COLOR 232 232 232 END END CLASS NAME 'Water' EXPRESSION 'water' # Only polygons where "CLASS" = 'water' will be drawn. STYLE COLOR 198 198 255 END END END # States polygon layer ends here LAYER # States line layer begins here NAME states_line DATA states_ugl STATUS OFF TYPE LINE CLASSITEM "CLASS" CLASS NAME 'State Boundary' EXPRESSION 'land' STYLE COLOR 32 32 32 END END END # States line layer ends here # End of LAYER DEFINITIONS ------------------------------- END # All map files must come to an end just as all other things must come to...
按對象划分的map文件結構如下所示：
我們的地圖文件仍然只有兩個圖層，但是多邊形圖層被分解為兩個類。讓我們看看其他參數：
CLASSITEM
此關鍵字用於指定用於分隔類對象的屬性。在這個例子中，屬性是“class”。如果打開與該層的shapefile關聯的數據庫文件，您將看到有一個名為“class”的列（屬性）。
我們如何知道要使用哪個屬性？好吧，shapefiles中的數據庫記錄存儲在dbf文件中。您可以在電子表格程序（如openoffice.org的calc）或桌面地理信息系統軟件（如qgis、thuban或arcview）中打開它。如果您的數據帶有元數據（應該是！），您可以瀏覽該元數據文件以獲取屬性信息。您還可以使用“ogrinfo”在shapefiles中顯示基本屬性信息——回顧示例1.1（在“layer srs wkt：”后面的最后幾行顯示屬性名稱和類型）。
EXPRESSION
對於每個類，我們指定要使用的屬性值。這是最簡單的表達形式。表達式可能比這更復雜，允許計算正則表達式或邏輯表達式。請查看mapfile引用頁，了解如何使用表達式。
Example 1.4: Labeling the Map
我們也可以在地圖上添加標簽…
MapServer有一個非常靈活的標簽引擎。它支持本機位圖和TrueType字體。TrueType支持字體縮放。標簽的角度和位置可以定制…如果您花時間學習創建好標簽所涉及的許多參數，您將獲得信息豐富、美觀的地圖。
這是map文件的外觀（例如1-4.map）：
# The annotated map file (sort of) # Created by Pericles S. Nacionales for the MapServer tutorial # 20050408 # # MapServer map file uses the pound sign (#) to denote the start of a line # comment--each line that needs to be commented has to be prepended with a "#". # # Map files begin with MAP keyword to signify the start of the map object. # Well, the entire map file is THE map object. Enclosed between MAP and END # at the very bottom of this map file, are keyword/value pairs and other # objects. MAP IMAGETYPE PNG EXTENT -97.238976 41.619778 -82.122902 49.385620 SIZE 400 300 SHAPEPATH "../data" IMAGECOLOR 255 255 255 FONTSET "../fonts/fonts.list" # Layer objects are defined beneath the map object. You need at least one # layer defined in your map file before you can display a map... You can # define as many layers as you'd like although a limit is typically hard-coded # in map.h in the MapServer source. The default limit is set at 100. You'd # have to have a very specialized application to need more than 100 layers in # your application. # Start of LAYER DEFINITIONS --------------------------------------------- LAYER # States polygon layer begins here NAME states_poly DATA states_ugl STATUS OFF TYPE POLYGON # CLASSITEM defines the non-spatial attribute that you will be using to # separate a layer into classes. This attribute will be in the DBF file # of your shapefile (it will be different for each data format). In this # example the shapefile states_ugl has an associated database # (states_ugl.dbf) that contains an attribute called "CLASS". You will be # using two values in the CLASS attribute to separate the classes (also # called themes) used in this layer--land and water. CLASSITEM is used in # association with the EXPRESSION parameter in the CLASS object. See below. CLASSITEM "CLASS" # Just like CLASSITEM, LABELITEM defines the database attribute that you # will be using to draw labels. In this case, the values of the attribute # "STATE" will be used to label the states polygons. LABELITEM "STATE" # The class object is defined within the layer object. You can define as # many classes as you need (well, there are limits as with layers, but it's # senseless to define more than ten on a "normal" layer. There are # situations, however, where you might have to do it.) CLASS NAME 'States' EXPRESSION 'land' # There are styles in a class, just like there are classes in a layer, # just like there are layers in a map. You can define multiple styles in # a class just as you can define multiple classes in a layer and multiple # layers in a map. STYLE COLOR 232 232 232 END # There can be labels in a class, just like there are classes in a layer, # just like there are layers in a map. You can define multiple labels in # a class just as you can define multiple classes in a layer and multiple # layers in a map. # MapServer has a very flexible labeling system. With that flexibility # comes complexity, specially when using truetype fonts. Please read # through the LABEL section of the MapServer map file documentation at # http://www.mapserver.org/mapfile for more information. LABEL COLOR 132 31 31 SHADOWCOLOR 218 218 218 SHADOWSIZE 2 2 TYPE TRUETYPE FONT arial-bold SIZE 12 ANTIALIAS TRUE POSITION CL PARTIALS FALSE MINDISTANCE 300 BUFFER 4 END # end of label END CLASS NAME 'Water' EXPRESSION 'water' STYLE COLOR 198 198 255 END END END # States polygon layer ends here LAYER # States line layer begins here NAME states_line DATA states_ugl STATUS OFF TYPE LINE CLASSITEM "CLASS" CLASS NAME 'State Boundary' EXPRESSION 'land' STYLE COLOR 64 64 64 END END END # States line layer ends here # End of LAYER DEFINITIONS ------------------------------- END # All map files must come to an end just as all other things must come to...
按對象划分的map文件結構如下所示：
這里我們介紹LABEL對象的幾個參數：
FONTSET字體集
這里我們指定TrueType字體列表（或字體集）文件的完整路徑。此文件列出了每個可用字體。有關詳細信息，請參見文件本身和mapfile引用。fontset是地圖對象的參數。
LABELITEM
這將指定要用於標記的數據屬性，在本例中為“STATE”。labelitem是層對象的參數。
LABEL標簽
標記標簽對象的開頭。標簽對象可用於其他對象（即scaleBar對象）下。
COLOR顏色
在標簽對象中，顏色指定標簽文本的顏色。
SHADOWCOLOR陰影顏色
指定標簽文本的陰影顏色。
SHADOWSIZE陰影大小
指定陰影大小。該值對應於x和y以像素為單位移動。所以，“2 2”是指兩個像素寬兩個像素高。
TYPE類型
在Label對象中，TYPE指定要使用的字體類型。我們可以選擇TrueType或BitMap（內置字體）。我們選擇TrueType。
FONT字體
如果將TYPE指定為TrueType，則需要指定要使用的字體。這里的值是字體列表文件中的“別名”。
SIZE尺寸
如果使用TrueType字體，則值為像素大小。如果是位圖，可以說“小”或“大”。
ANTIALIAS
這將打開或關閉TrueType抗鋸齒。請記住，值不是開或關，而是真或假。
POSITION位置
標簽文本相對於標簽點的位置。該值是垂直和水平位置的組合。垂直對齊有以下選項：C代表中心，U代表上部，L代表下部。對於水平對齊，您有以下選項：C代表中心，L代表左側，R代表右側。因此，要將標簽文本與標簽ID的中心對齊，需要使用值“cc”（中心）。或者如果你想把它放在身份證的左下角，你可以用LL。另一種方法是讓MapServer決定標簽的最佳位置。為此，您將使用值“auto”。
PARTIALS部分
告訴MapServer是否生成不完整的標簽文本。這里的默認設置是不生成標簽文本的片段。該值為真或假。
MINDISTANCE最小距離
這是重復標簽之間的最小距離（像素）。看看如果增加或減少這個值會發生什么。
BUFFER緩沖器
每個標簽的填充（像素）。這用於增強可讀性。4個像素的緩沖區意味着在4個像素的范圍內不會繪制任何標簽。再次，改變看看它是如何工作的。
還可以創建與多邊形層分離的標簽。對ANNOTATION數據類型執行此操作。查看下一個示例的映射文件，了解如何實現這種標記。您將注意到“label”層中的類對象的顏色參數值為“-1-1-1”。負數告訴MapServer給這個類一個透明的顏色（標簽ID不顯示）。再次，使用這些值了解它如何影響地圖。
Example 1.5: Adding a Raster Layer
除了支持矢量數據（點、線、多邊形和注釋），MapServer還可以顯示光柵數據。通過使用gdal庫，mapserver可以輸入和輸出多種光柵格式。在4.x之前的版本中，光柵輸入僅限於單層、灰度或索引彩色圖像，而MapServer現在支持RGB和多光譜（多層）圖像。此示例演示如何選擇使用多光譜數據時要顯示的圖層。在使用RGB和多光譜圖像時，可能會出現明顯的性能問題。
因為MapServer5.x使用gd版本2.0.x庫來生成輸出圖像，所以它也支持RGB（24位或真彩色）輸出。因此，除了8位（索引顏色或灰度）PNG，您現在還可以使用PNG24（真顏色）進行輸出。此示例使用PNG24作為ImageType。與RGB輸入一樣，使用PNG24時可能會出現明顯的性能問題。
mapserver實際上也可以使用gdal生成輸出圖像，但這是另一個主題。如果您想了解更多信息，請查看mapfile引用中的outputformat對象。
這是映射文件的外觀（例如1-5.map）：
# The annotated map file (sort of) # Created by Pericles S. Nacionales for the MapServer tutorial # 20050408 # # MapServer map file uses the pound sign (#) to denote the start of a line # comment--each line that needs to be commented has to be prepended with a "#". # # Map files begin with MAP keyword to signify the start of the map object. # Well, the entire map file is THE map object. Enclosed between MAP and END # at the very bottom of this map file, are keyword/value pairs and other # objects. MAP IMAGETYPE PNG24 EXTENT -97.238976 41.619778 -82.122902 49.385620 SIZE 400 300 SHAPEPATH "../data" IMAGECOLOR 255 255 255 FONTSET "../fonts/fonts.list" SYMBOLSET "../symbols/symbols35.sym" # Layer objects are defined beneath the map object. You need at least one # layer defined in your map file before you can display a map... You can # define as many layers as you'd like although a limit is typically hard-coded # in map.h in the MapServer source. The default limit is set at 100. You'd # have to have a very specialized application to need more than 100 layers in # your application. # # Start of LAYER DEFINITIONS --------------------------------------------- LAYER # States polygon layer begins here NAME states DATA states_ugl STATUS OFF TYPE POLYGON # CLASSITEM defines the non-spatial attribute that you will be using to # separate a layer into classes. This attribute will be in the DBF file # of your shapefile (it will be different for each data format). In this # example the shapefile states_ugl has an associated database # (states_ugl.dbf) that contains an attribute called "CLASS". You will be # using two values in the CLASS attribute to separate the classes (also # called themes) used in this layer--land and water. CLASSITEM is used in # association with the EXPRESSION parameter in the CLASS object. See below. CLASSITEM "CLASS" # The class object is defined within the layer object. You can define as # many classes as you need (well, there are limits as with layers, but it's # senseless to define more than ten on a "normal" layer. There are # situations, however, where you might have to do it.) CLASS NAME 'States' EXPRESSION 'land' # There are styles in a class, just like there are classes in a layer, # just like there are layers in a map. You can define multiple styles in # a class just as you can define multiple classes in a layer and multiple # layers in a map. STYLE COLOR 232 232 232 END END END # States polygon layer ends here # In addition to vector data (shapefiles are vector data), MapServer supports # a host of raster formats. In GIS world, one of the most common raster # formats is GeoTIFF, a TIFF image with geospatial headers. MapServer also # supports JPEG, PNG, GIF, and other common formats. Other raster formats # supported by MapServer include ESRI Arc/Info grid, HDF and HDF-EOS, NetCDF, # Generic raster binaries, OGC Web Map Service (WMS) layers, etc. Pretty much # any raster format you can think of is probably supported, thanks to the # impressive Geospatial Data Abstraction Library (GDAL, pronounced "GOODALL" # or GOODLE?). More information on GDAL is available at http://www.gdal.org. # # MapServer 4.x can read and display bitmapped (like GIFs), RGB/A (true # color), and multispectral (images with more than 3 bands, like raw LandSat # images) rasters. LAYER # MODIS raster layer begins here NAME modis DATA "raster/mod09a12003161_ugl_ll_8bit.tif" STATUS OFF TYPE RASTER PROCESSING "BANDS=1,2,3" OFFSITE 71 74 65 END # MODIS raster layer ends here LAYER # States line layer begins here NAME states_line DATA states_ugl STATUS OFF TYPE LINE CLASSITEM "CLASS" CLASS NAME 'State Boundary' EXPRESSION 'land' STYLE SYMBOL 'line5' COLOR 64 64 64 SIZE 1 END END END # States line layer ends here # Labels can be defined in its own layer. This is useful if, say, you want # to label a polygon layer that's covered by another layer. By keeping the # label separate from the polygon and placing it near the bottom of the map # file (so its drawn on, or near the, top), you can still see the label even # though you might not be able to see the polygon. It is also a good # alternate to point symbols. # # A label layer is actually defined with ANNOTATION type (This is derived from # points, Node IDs for lines, or polygon IDs). LAYER # States label layer begins here NAME states_label DATA states_ugl STATUS OFF TYPE ANNOTATION CLASSITEM "CLASS" # Just like CLASSITEM, LABELITEM defines the database attribute that you # will be using to draw labels. In this case, the values of the attribute # "STATE" will be used to label the states polygons. LABELITEM "STATE" CLASS EXPRESSION 'land' STYLE COLOR -1 -1 -1 END # There can be labels in a class, just like there are classes in a layer, # just like there are layers in a map. You can define multiple labels in # a class just as you can define multiple classes in a layer and multiple # layers in a map. # MapServer has a very flexible labeling system. With that flexibility # comes complexity, specially when using truetype fonts. Please read # through the LABEL section of the MapServer map file documentation at # http://www.mapserver.org/mapfile for more information. LABEL COLOR 132 31 31 SHADOWCOLOR 218 218 218 SHADOWSIZE 2 2 TYPE TRUETYPE FONT arial-bold SIZE 12 ANTIALIAS TRUE POSITION CL PARTIALS FALSE MINDISTANCE 300 BUFFER 4 END # end of label END # end of class END # States label layer ends here # End of LAYER DEFINITIONS ------------------------------- END # All map files must come to an end just as all other things must come to...
按對象划分的map地圖文件結構如下所示：
當您查看map地圖文件時，您將看到新的圖層對象被添加到區域polygon多邊形圖層的下面（后面）。為什么？mapserver以相反的順序顯示層——后進先出（lifo）。地圖文件中定義的第一個圖層繪制在地圖的底部。
所以，如果我們畫了state多邊形層，它會在底部。因為光柵圖層被繪制在上面，所以我們看不到它。這就是為什么第一層的狀態值為off的原因。狀態線圖層定義在光柵圖層的下方，以便在頂部繪制（您可以看到）。這就是我們將狀態線層與狀態多邊形層分離的原因。當然，標簽是在最上面。
MapServer可以根據其他圖層的狀態自動打開或關閉圖層——比如說，當光柵圖層打開時，希望關閉狀態多邊形圖層。這是通過使用Requires參數來完成的。記住這一點，因為一旦開始創建自己的MapServer應用程序，您可能會想要使用它。
讓我們看看mapfile中引入的新參數：
IMAGETYPE 圖像類型
這不是新的，但值“png24”是。PNG24是PNG格式的24位或真彩色版本。mapserver現在擁有數百萬個顏色組合，而不是僅限於輸出圖像的256種顏色組合。順便說一下，試着把這個值改回png。請注意，使用這兩種格式生成圖像所需的時間。在選擇真彩色和索引顏色時，要考慮生成圖像所需的時間。
SYMBOLSET符號集
指向符號定義文件的路徑。此文件中的符號由類對象中的符號參數引用。現在不需要，但我想我現在就把它扔到這里。更多信息，請參考地圖文件參考和地圖服務器的地圖符號構造。
DATA數據“光柵/mod09a1203161_ugl_ll_8bit.tif”
在新添加的圖層對象中，數據參數指向geotiff圖像。與矢量數據集一樣，MapServer支持多種光柵文件格式。這種支持是通過使用gdal庫來實現的。有關MapServer支持的不同光柵格式的詳細信息，以及有關在MapServer中使用光柵的一般性討論，請閱讀http://www.mapserver.org/input/graster.html上的光柵數據操作方法。
TYPE RASTER類型光柵
當使用光柵數據（圖像）時，我們使用值光柵作為參數類型，而不是矢量數據的多邊形、直線和點值以及標簽ID的注釋。
PROCESSING "BANDS=1,2,3"處理“波段=1,2,3”
在MapServer 4.x中，這個層對象參數是新的。處理關鍵字有很多值，但在本例中，我們使用它來選擇要顯示多光譜圖像中的波段。這里的值是將傳遞到gdal庫的字符串。有關這一點的文檔目前是最少的，但有關使用processing關鍵字的更多示例，請參閱mapfile參考。
OFFSITE
此參數告訴MapServer要渲染為背景（或忽略）的像素值。您可以使用圖像處理或圖像操作程序（例如，Imagine、Photoshop、Gimp）獲取像素值。
要在使用RGB圖像而不是索引顏色圖像時比較地圖創建速度，請替換地圖文件中的以下行：
DATA "raster/mod09a12003161_ugl_ll_8bit.tif" STATUS DEFAULT TYPE RASTER PROCESSING "BANDS=1,2,3" OFFSITE 71 74 65
為：
DATA "raster/mod09a12003161_ugl_ll_idxa.tif" STATUS DEFAULT TYPE RASTER OFFSITE 70 74 66
另外，嘗試將imagetype從png24更改為png。
Example 1.6: Defining Projections and Extents
我們可以將我們的數據從幾乎任何投影重新投影到幾乎任何…是的，看看！
哇！這里發生了什么？
你剛剛經歷了一次on-the-fly的再投射。在map文件中定義投影對象時，MapServer將圖層和投影信息傳遞給執行重投影的proj.4庫。有關proj.4庫的更多信息，請訪問http://trac.osgeo.org/proj/。
這個例子試圖為MapServer中的投影支持提供一些幫助。
這是map文件的外觀（例如1-6.map）：
# The annotated map file (sort of) # Created by Pericles S. Nacionales for the MapServer tutorial # 20050408 # # MapServer map file uses the pound sign (#) to denote the start of a line # comment--each line that needs to be commented has to be prepended with a "#". # # Map files begin with MAP keyword to signify the start of the map object. # Well, the entire map file is THE map object. Enclosed between MAP and END # at the very bottom of this map file, are keyword/value pairs and other # objects. MAP IMAGETYPE PNG24 # EXTENT 199949.651166 -371954.772084 1472121.6862 632767.19157 EXTENT 201621.496941 -294488.285333 1425518.020722 498254.511514 # LAEA #EXTENT -97.5 41.619778 -82.122902 49.38562 # Geographic SIZE 400 300 SHAPEPATH "../data" SYMBOLSET "../symbols/symbols35.sym" FONTSET "../fonts/fonts.list" # The projection object is typically used within the map and the layer # objects. You only define it once within the map object and this definition # becomes your output projection--MapServer will render your maps in this # projection. You also use the projection object within the layer object to # define your input projection. Your layers can be in different # projections--MapServer will reproject them into your output projection. # If no projection is defined within the layer object, MapServer assumes # your input projection is the same as your output projection. This is not # a required object unless you're creating a map file that supports one of # the OGC interoperability web services specifications (WMS/WFS/WCS). # # This is the output PROJECTION definition ------ PROJECTION # Projection parameters can be defined in two ways... # This is the traditional Proj.4 definition of Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area # projection for the Continental U.S. "proj=laea" "ellps=clrk66" "lat_0=45" "lon_0=-100" # Alternatively, you can specify an EPSG code. # This is the EPSG code for Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area # projection for the U.S. # # "init=epsg:2163" END # End of the output Projection definition --- # Layer objects are defined beneath the map object. You need at least one # layer defined in your map file before you can display a map... You can # define as many layers as you'd like although a limit is typically hard-coded # in map.h in the MapServer source. The default limit is set at 100. You'd # have to have a very specialized application to need more than 100 layers in # your application. # # Start of LAYER DEFINITIONS --------------------------------------------- LAYER # States polygon layer begins here NAME states DATA states_ugl STATUS OFF TYPE POLYGON # Here's an example of the input projection definition. # EPSG:4326 is code for geographic (latlong) projection # using the WGS84 datum. # # PROJECTION objects within the LAYER object define the input # projection--this is the native projection of your data. PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END # CLASSITEM defines the non-spatial attribute that you will be using to # separate a layer into classes. This attribute will be in the DBF file # of your shapefile (it will be different for each data format). In this # example the shapefile states_ugl has an associated database # (states_ugl.dbf) that contains an attribute called "CLASS". You will be # using two values in the CLASS attribute to separate the classes (also # called themes) used in this layer--land and water. CLASSITEM is used in # association with the EXPRESSION parameter in the CLASS object. See below. CLASSITEM "CLASS" # The class object is defined within the layer object. You can define as # many classes as you need (well, there are limits as with layers, but it's # senseless to define more than ten on a "normal" layer. There are # situations, however, where you might have to do it.) CLASS NAME 'States' EXPRESSION 'land' # There are styles in a class, just like there are classes in a layer, # just like there are layers in a map. You can define multiple styles in # a class just as you can define multiple classes in a layer and multiple # layers in a map. STYLE COLOR 232 232 232 END END END # States polygon layer ends here # In addition to vector data (shapefiles are vector data), MapServer supports # a host of raster formats. In GIS world, one of the most common raster # formats is GeoTIFF, a TIFF image with geospatial headers. MapServer also # supports JPEG, PNG, GIF, and other common formats. Other raster formats # supported by MapServer include ESRI Arc/Info grid, HDF and HDF-EOS, NetCDF, # Generic raster binaries, OGC Web Map Service (WMS) layers, etc. Pretty much # any raster format you can think of is probably supported, thanks to the # impressive Geospatial Data Abstraction Library (GDAL, pronounced "GOODALL" # or GOODLE?). More information on GDAL is available at http://www.gdal.org. # # MapServer 4.x can read and display bitmapped (like GIFs), RGB/A (true # color), and multispectral (images with more than 3 bands, like raw LandSat # images) rasters. LAYER # MODIS raster layer begins here NAME modis DATA "raster/mod09a12003161_ugl_ll_8bit.tif" STATUS OFF TYPE RASTER PROCESSING "BANDS=1,2,3" OFFSITE 71 74 65 PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END END # MODIS raster layer ends here LAYER # States line layer begins here NAME states DATA states_ugl STATUS OFF TYPE LINE PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END CLASSITEM "CLASS" CLASS NAME 'State Boundary' EXPRESSION 'land' STYLE SYMBOL 'line5' COLOR 64 64 64 SIZE 1 END END END # States line layer ends here LAYER # States label layer begins here NAME states_label DATA states_ugl STATUS OFF TYPE ANNOTATION PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END CLASSITEM "CLASS" # Just like CLASSITEM, LABELITEM defines the database attribute that you # will be using to draw labels. In this case, the values of the attribute # "STATE" will be used to label the states polygons. LABELITEM "STATE" CLASS EXPRESSION 'land' STYLE COLOR -1 -1 -1 END # There can be labels in a class, just like there are classes in a layer, # just like there are layers in a map. You can define multiple labels in # a class just as you can define multiple classes in a layer and multiple # layers in a map. # MapServer has a very flexible labeling system. With that flexibility # comes complexity, specially when using truetype fonts. Please read # through the LABEL section of the MapServer map file documentation at # http://www.mapserver.org/mapfile for more information. LABEL COLOR 132 31 31 SHADOWCOLOR 218 218 218 SHADOWSIZE 2 2 TYPE TRUETYPE FONT arial-bold SIZE 12 ANTIALIAS TRUE POSITION CL PARTIALS FALSE MINDISTANCE 300 BUFFER 4 END # end of label END # end of class END # States label layer ends here # End of LAYER DEFINITIONS ------------------------------- END # All map files must come to an end just as all other things must come to...
在我們的地圖文件中，您可能注意到的第一件事是原始范圍已被注釋掉，新的范圍值看起來與緯度和經度值不同。另外，我們在頂部附近和每個Layer層中添加了一個投影對象。
讓我們看看新的對象和參數：
EXTENT 201621.496941 -294488.285333 1425518.020722 498254.511514
我們提供給MapServer的范圍需要與輸出投影使用相同的單位。由於蘭伯特方位角的等面積單位是米，我們必須給新的范圍以米。我們可以使用arcview或其他一些gis包計算新的范圍，也可以使用proj.4的cs2cs實用程序。下面的命令可用於重新投影原始范圍值：
cs2cs +proj=latlong +datum=WGS84 +to +proj=laea +ellps=clrk66 +lat_0=45 +lon_0=-100
鍵入命令后，輸入西南坐標對（左下角坐標），用空格分隔：-97.5 41.619778
“cs2cs”實用程序給出的值：
208398.01 -372335.44 0.000
然后鍵入東北坐標對（右上角坐標），再次用空格分隔：-82.122902 49.38562，並返回以下值：
1285308.08 632638.93 0.000
您會注意到“cs2cs”返回一組三個值。您可以忽略第三個值0.000，因為它表示高度（我們不使用）。無論如何，我們不能將范圍表示為：
EXTENT 208398.01 -372335.44 1285308.08 632638.93
但這與上面的范圍不符，你說。好吧，這就是你回絕的時候通常會發生的事情——地圖不一定像你想象的那樣居中。你可以繞着它轉，向左走幾千米，向右再加幾米。或者，您可以使用圖形化的地理信息系統包來提供范圍。以下是使用ArcView獲取范圍的說明。
MapServer可以通過兩種方式獲取投影定義。第一個顯示在映射文件的輸出投影對象（第一個投影塊）中。這是將參數傳遞到proj.4庫的傳統方法。另一種方法是使用EPSG代碼。這些代碼是歐洲石油調查集團（EPSG）定義的標准投影代碼（或空間參考標識符）。在我們的蘭伯特方位角等面積投影，它有一個代碼“2163”。如果在投影后注釋掉這四行，並取消對行“init=epsg:2163”的注釋，這將向項目4提供相同的信息。如果您想了解EPSG代碼的更多信息，請查看“/usr/local/share/proj/epsg”或“c:/proj/nad/epsg”（MS4W中的“/ms4W/proj/nad”）。此外，請訪問EPSG網站http://www.epsg.org。
如果您需要了解有關投影的更多信息，請查看以下鏈接：
http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/mapproj/mapproj_f.html
http://www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu/mp/
http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/mapping/a_projections.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection
http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/MapProjections/projections.html
你可以通過在網上搜索“地圖投影”找到更多信息。
Example 1.7: Adding OGC WMS Layers
我們可以使用來自互聯網上其他地圖服務器的層（只要它們是WMS服務器）。
MapServer的另一個令人興奮的特性是它能夠使用來自其他地圖服務器的層。在這種情況下，MapServer應用程序將成為WMS（或WFS）客戶機。mapserver還可以將map文件中的層共享（或服務於其他地圖服務器）。這使應用程序成為一個WMS（或WFS）服務器。什么是WMS或WFS？這些是由開放地理空間聯盟（OGC）發布的“基於Web的互操作性服務”規范。
wms代表web map服務，wfs代表web feature服務。簡單來說，這兩種規范的區別在於，WMS使用Web光柵格式（PNG、GIF、JPEG）共享層，而WFS使用地理標記語言GML。第三個OGC互操作性規范是Web Coverage Services規范或WCS——MapServer僅在服務器級別支持此規范。要查找有關WMS、WFS和WCS的更多信息，請訪問OGC的網站，並查找OGC實現規范或OGC抽象規范。MapServer網站還提供了這些規范的文檔。
此示例演示如何在map地圖文件中添加WMS層。
這是map文件的外觀（示例1-7.map）：
# The annotated map file (sort of) # Created by Pericles S. Nacionales for the MapServer tutorial # 20050408 # # MapServer map file uses the pound sign (#) to denote the start of a line # comment--each line that needs to be commented has to be prepended with a "#". # # Map files begin with MAP keyword to signify the start of the map object. # Well, the entire map file is THE map object. Enclosed between MAP and END # at the very bottom of this map file, are keyword/value pairs and other # objects. MAP IMAGETYPE PNG24 EXTENT 201621.496941 -294488.285333 1425518.020722 498254.511514 # LAEA #EXTENT -97.5 41.619778 -82.122902 49.38562 # Geographic SIZE 400 300 SHAPEPATH "../data" SYMBOLSET "../symbols/symbols35.sym" FONTSET "../fonts/fonts.list" # The projection object is typically used within the map and the layer # objects. You only define it once within the map object and this definition # becomes your output projection--MapServer will render your maps in this # projection. You also use the projection object within the layer object to # define your input projection. Your layers can be in different # projections--MapServer will reproject them into your output projection. # If no projection is defined within the layer object, MapServer assumes # your input projection is the same as your output projection. This is not # a required object unless you're creating a map file that supports one of # the OGC interoperability web services specifications (WMS/WFS/WCS). # # This is the output PROJECTION definition ------ PROJECTION # Projection parameters can be defined in two ways... # This is the traditional Proj.4 definition of Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area # projection for the Continental U.S. # "proj=laea" # "ellps=clrk66" # "lat_0=45" # "lon_0=-100" # # Alternatively, you can specify an EPSG code. # This is the EPSG code for Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area # projection for the U.S. "init=epsg:2163" END # The web object is defined at the level below the map object. All # web-related parameters (I interchange "parameters" and "keyword/value # pairs" quite frequently, sorry about that) are defined in this object. WEB IMAGEPATH "/ms4w/tmp/" IMAGEURL "/tmp/" END # Layer objects are defined beneath the map object. You need at least one # layer defined in your map file before you can display a map... You can # define as many layers as you'd like although a limit is typically hard-coded # in map.h in the MapServer source. The default limit is set at 100. You'd # have to have a very specialized application to need more than 100 layers in # your application. # # Start of LAYER DEFINITIONS --------------------------------------------- LAYER # States polygon layer begins here NAME states DATA states_ugl STATUS OFF TYPE POLYGON # Here's an example of the input projection definition. # EPSG:4326 is code for geographic (latlong) projection # using the WGS84 datum. # # PROJECTION objects within the LAYER object define the input # projection--this is the native projection of your data. PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END # CLASSITEM defines the non-spatial attribute that you will be using to # separate a layer into classes. This attribute will be in the DBF file # of your shapefile (it will be different for each data format). In this # example the shapefile states_ugl has an associated database # (states_ugl.dbf) that contains an attribute called "CLASS". You will be # using two values in the CLASS attribute to separate the classes (also # called themes) used in this layer--land and water. CLASSITEM is used in # association with the EXPRESSION parameter in the CLASS object. See below. CLASSITEM "CLASS" # The class object is defined within the layer object. You can define as # many classes as you need (well, there are limits as with layers, but it's # senseless to define more than ten on a "normal" layer. There are # situations, however, where you might have to do it.) CLASS NAME 'States' EXPRESSION 'land' # There are styles in a class, just like there are classes in a layer, # just like there are layers in a map. You can define multiple styles in # a class just as you can define multiple classes in a layer and multiple # layers in a map. STYLE COLOR 232 232 232 END END END # States polygon layer ends here # In addition to vector data (shapefiles are vector data), MapServer supports # a host of raster formats. In GIS world, one of the most common raster # formats is GeoTIFF, a TIFF image with geospatial headers. MapServer also # supports JPEG, PNG, GIF, and other common formats. Other raster formats # supported by MapServer include ESRI Arc/Info grid, HDF and HDF-EOS, NetCDF, # Generic raster binaries, OGC Web Map Service (WMS) layers, etc. Pretty much # any raster format you can think of is probably supported, thanks to the # impressive Geospatial Data Abstraction Library (GDAL, pronounced "GOODALL" # or GOODLE?). More information on GDAL is available at http://www.gdal.org. # # MapServer 4.x can read and display bitmapped (like GIFs), RGB/A (true # color), and multispectral (images with more than 3 bands, like raw LandSat # images) rasters. LAYER # MODIS raster layer begins here NAME modis DATA "raster/mod09a12003161_ugl_ll_8bit.tif" STATUS OFF TYPE RASTER PROCESSING "BANDS=1,2,3" OFFSITE 71 74 65 PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END END # MODIS raster layer ends here # MapServer can consume (in ESRI parlance) layers from other map servers as # long as those servers are Web Mapping Service (WMS) providers. WMS is a # web service specification from Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) and is # intended to be an interoperability standard for web mapping applications. # This allows us to display layers we don't usually have (or can't store in # our computers due to space limitations). The downside is that we have to # depend on some other server to display our layer, and that server can be # down when you really need it. The cool thing is that JPL has a WMS server # that serves out MODIS and LandSat maps for the whole world--try storing # those datasets on your computer! LAYER # MODIS WMS map from JPL NAME modis_jpl TYPE RASTER OFFSITE 0 0 0 STATUS OFF CONNECTIONTYPE WMS CONNECTION "http://wms.jpl.nasa.gov/wms.cgi?" METADATA "wms_srs" "EPSG:4326" "wms_name" "modis" "wms_server_version" "1.1.1" "wms_format" "image/jpeg" END PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END END # Modis WMS image ends here LAYER # States line layer begins here NAME states DATA states_ugl STATUS OFF TYPE LINE PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END CLASSITEM "CLASS" CLASS NAME 'State Boundary' EXPRESSION 'land' STYLE SYMBOL 'line5' COLOR 32 32 32 SIZE 1 END END END # States line layer ends here LAYER # States label layer begins here NAME states_label DATA states_ugl STATUS OFF TYPE ANNOTATION PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END CLASSITEM "CLASS" # Just like CLASSITEM, LABELITEM defines the database attribute that you # will be using to draw labels. In this case, the values of the attribute # "STATE" will be used to label the states polygons. LABELITEM "STATE" CLASS EXPRESSION 'land' STYLE COLOR -1 -1 -1 END # There can be labels in a class, just like there are classes in a layer, # just like there are layers in a map. You can define multiple labels in # a class just as you can define multiple classes in a layer and multiple # layers in a map. # MapServer has a very flexible labeling system. With that flexibility # comes complexity, specially when using truetype fonts. Please read # through the LABEL section of the MapServer map file documentation at # http://www.mapserver.org/mapfile for more information. LABEL COLOR 132 31 31 SHADOWCOLOR 218 218 218 SHADOWSIZE 1 1 TYPE TRUETYPE FONT arial-bold SIZE 12 ANTIALIAS TRUE POSITION CL PARTIALS FALSE MINDISTANCE 200 BUFFER 4 END # end of label END # end of class END # States label layer ends here # End of LAYER DEFINITIONS ------------------------------- END # end of map file
讓我們來看看WMS層：
LAYER #來自JPL的MODIS WMS地圖
標記WMS Layer圖層對象的開始。
NAME modis_jpl
The LAYER 標識符.
TYPE RASTER 類型光柵
因為這個WMS層是一個圖像，所以我們使用光柵作為層類型。
OFFSITE 0 0 0
Ignore the black background color忽略黑背景色
STATUS OFF
Turn this layer off by default.默認關掉圖層
CONNECTIONTYPE WMS WMS連接類型
要使用的層連接類型。默認值是本地的——如果我們想顯式定義，我們將向地圖文件中的所有其他向量和光柵層添加CONNECTIONTYPE LOCAL 。相反，我們只定義外部的連接類型。WMS是一個外部數據層，來自另一個地圖服務器。
連接“http://mapus.jpl.nasa.gov/wms.cgi？”
允許我們從另一個服務器“獲取”數據的連接字符串。對於WMS連接，這是一個URL。如果我們使用PostGIS數據庫，它將是一個SQL語句。請注意，字符串必須在映射文件中的一行中。
METADATA 元數據
標記WMS層的元數據對象的開頭。MapServer使用此對象中定義的參數以及上面的連接參數來形成對WMS服務器的有效WMS請求。
"wms_srs" "epsg:4326"
WMS投影。有時，WMS服務器支持多個投影。如果是這種情況，您可能希望在輸出投影中請求映射。不幸的是，JPL服務器不支持這種投影。
"wms_name" "modis"
WMS層名稱。這就像添加參數“layers=modis”。
"wms_server_version" "1.1.1"
服務器符合的WMS版本。MapServer遵循1.1.1版。
"wms_format" "image/jpeg"
T我們期望從WMS服務器接收的圖像格式。您可以嘗試將該值替換為“image/png”或其他內容。
END
標記METADATA元數據對象的結尾
要了解有關向應用程序添加WMS層的更多信息，請訪問WMS客戶端操作說明文檔。
除了添加WMS圖層對象，地圖下還有一個新對象。這是Web對象。Web對象中有兩個參數：
imagepath'/data/tmp/'
指向Web可訪問臨時目錄的絕對本地路徑。運行Web服務器進程的用戶應該能夠寫入此目錄。確保路徑末尾包含斜線（/）。（您的IMAGEPATH可能如下所示：“/home/apache/htdocs/tmp/”或“c:/inetpub/wwwroot/tmp/”。
IMAGEURL '/tmp/'
這是相對於Web服務器的根目錄顯示ImagePath的方式。如果必須為此鍵入完整的URL，它將是“http://terrasip.gis.umn.edu/tmp/”。確保路徑末尾包含斜線（/）。
最后，在MAP對象中，我添加了一個新參數：NAME。這是MAP對象的標識符。MapServer將此作為它創建的所有圖像的前綴，並將其轉儲到“tmp”目錄。在這一點上不需要它，但是擁有它也不會帶來傷害。
如果要將數據層共享到其他地圖服務器，則需要在地圖對象內以及要共享的每個圖層對象內添加元數據對象。從另一台服務器添加的所有WMS層將自動層疊，並且也將對其他服務器可用。要了解有關如何使MapServer應用程序成為WMS服務器的更多信息，請閱讀WMS服務器操作說明文檔。還存在用於配置MapServer應用程序以支持WFS標准的文檔，無論是作為WFS服務器還是作為WFS客戶機。
Example 1.8: Changing the Map's Output Format
MapServer可以輸出各種格式，如PDF和geotiff。
根據您選擇的格式，圖像可能不會顯示在瀏覽器上。如果鏈接無法顯示在瀏覽器上，請右鍵單擊上面的圖形，並將鏈接保存為您在地圖文件中指定的任何格式。
# The annotated map file (sort of) # Created by Pericles S. Nacionales for the MapServer tutorial # 20050408 # # MapServer map file uses the pound sign (#) to denote the start of a line # comment--each line that needs to be commented has to be prepended with a "#". # # Map files begin with MAP keyword to signify the start of the map object. # Well, the entire map file is THE map object. Enclosed between MAP and END # at the very bottom of this map file, are keyword/value pairs and other # objects. MAP NAME EX1.8_ EXTENT 201621.496941 -294488.285333 1425518.020722 498254.511514 # LAEA #EXTENT -97.5 41.619778 -82.122902 49.38562 # Geographic SIZE 400 300 IMAGECOLOR 255 255 255 SHAPEPATH "../data" SYMBOLSET "../symbols/symbols35.sym" FONTSET "../fonts/fonts.list" IMAGETYPE PNG24 OUTPUTFORMAT NAME png DRIVER "GD/PNG" MIMETYPE "image/png" IMAGEMODE PC256 EXTENSION "png" END OUTPUTFORMAT NAME png24 DRIVER "GD/PNG" MIMETYPE "image/png" IMAGEMODE RGBA EXTENSION "png" END OUTPUTFORMAT NAME jpeg DRIVER "GD/JPEG" FORMATOPTION "QUALITY=75" MIMETYPE "image/jpeg" IMAGEMODE RGB EXTENSION "jpg" END OUTPUTFORMAT NAME GTiff DRIVER "GDAL/GTiff" MIMETYPE "image/tiff" IMAGEMODE RGB EXTENSION "tif" END #OUTPUTFORMAT # NAME pdf # MIMETYPE "application/x-pdf" # DRIVER pdf # #FORMATOPTION "OUTPUT_TYPE=RASTER" # not mandatory but needed for WMS layer #END OUTPUTFORMAT NAME AGG DRIVER "AGG/PNG" IMAGEMODE RGB END OUTPUTFORMAT NAME AGGA DRIVER "AGG/PNG" IMAGEMODE RGBA END OUTPUTFORMAT NAME AGGJ DRIVER "AGG/JPEG" IMAGEMODE RGB END # The web object is defined at the level below the map object. All # web-related parameters (I interchange "parameters" and "keyword/value # pairs" quite frequently, sorry about that) are defined in this object. WEB IMAGEPATH '/ms4w/tmp/ms_tmp/' IMAGEURL '/ms_tmp/' END # The projection object is typically used within the map and the layer # objects. You only define it once within the map object and this definition # becomes your output projection--MapServer will render your maps in this # projection. You also use the projection object within the layer object to # define your input projection. Your layers can be in different # projections--MapServer will reproject them into your output projection. # If no projection is defined within the layer object, MapServer assumes # your input projection is the same as your output projection. This is not # a required object unless you're creating a map file that supports one of # the OGC interoperability web services specifications (WMS/WFS/WCS). # # This is the output PROJECTION definition ------ PROJECTION # Projection parameters can be defined in two ways... # This is the traditional Proj.4 definition of Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area # projection for the Continental U.S. # "proj=laea" # "ellps=clrk66" # "lat_0=45" # "lon_0=-100" # # Alternatively, you can specify an EPSG code. # This is the EPSG code for Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area # projection for the U.S. "init=epsg:2163" END # Layer objects are defined beneath the map object. You need at least one # layer defined in your map file before you can display a map... You can # define as many layers as you'd like although a limit is typically hard-coded # in map.h in the MapServer source. The default limit is set at 100. You'd # have to have a very specialized application to need more than 100 layers in # your application. # # Start of LAYER DEFINITIONS --------------------------------------------- LAYER # States polygon layer begins here NAME states DATA states_ugl STATUS OFF TYPE POLYGON # Here's an example of the input projection definition. # EPSG:4326 is code for geographic (latlong) projection # using the WGS84 datum. # # PROJECTION objects within the LAYER object define the input # projection--this is the native projection of your data. PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END # CLASSITEM defines the non-spatial attribute that you will be using to # separate a layer into classes. This attribute will be in the DBF file # of your shapefile (it will be different for each data format). In this # example the shapefile states_ugl has an associated database # (states_ugl.dbf) that contains an attribute called "CLASS". You will be # using two values in the CLASS attribute to separate the classes (also # called themes) used in this layer--land and water. CLASSITEM is used in # association with the EXPRESSION parameter in the CLASS object. See below. CLASSITEM "CLASS" # The class object is defined within the layer object. You can define as # many classes as you need but it is good cartographic practice to limit # classes to 8 to 10 per layer. (There are also limits as with layers and # it's senseless to define more than ten on a "normal" layer. There are # situations, however, where you might have to do it.) CLASS EXPRESSION 'land' STYLE SYMBOL 0 COLOR 232 232 232 END END END # States polygon layer ends here # In addition to vector data (shapefiles are vector data), MapServer supports # a host of raster formats. In GIS world, one of the most common raster # formats is GeoTIFF, a TIFF image with geospatial headers. MapServer also # supports JPEG, PNG, GIF, and other common formats. Other raster formats # supported by MapServer include ESRI Arc/Info grid, HDF and HDF-EOS, NetCDF, # Generic raster binaries, OGC Web Map Service (WMS) layers, etc. Pretty much # any raster format you can think of is probably supported, thanks to the # impressive Geospatial Data Abstraction Library (GDAL, pronounced "GOODALL" # or GOODLE?). More information on GDAL is available at http://www.gdal.org. # # MapServer 4.x can read and display bitmapped (like GIFs), RGB/A (true # color), and multispectral (images with more than 3 bands, like raw LandSat # images) rasters. LAYER # MODIS raster layer begins here NAME modis DATA "raster/mod09a12003161_ugl_ll_8bit.tif" STATUS OFF TYPE RASTER PROCESSING "BANDS=1,2,3" OFFSITE 71 74 65 PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END END # MODIS raster layer ends here LAYER # MODIS WMS map from JPL NAME modis_jpl TYPE RASTER OFFSITE 0 0 0 STATUS OFF CONNECTIONTYPE WMS CONNECTION "http://wms.jpl.nasa.gov/wms.cgi?" METADATA "wms_srs" "EPSG:4326" "wms_name" "modis" "wms_server_version" "1.1.1" "wms_format" "image/jpeg" END PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END END # Modis WMS image ends here LAYER # States line layer begins here NAME states DATA states_ugl STATUS OFF TYPE LINE PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END CLASSITEM "CLASS" CLASS EXPRESSION 'land' STYLE #SYMBOL 'line1' COLOR 32 32 32 #SIZE 1 END END END # States line layer ends here LAYER # States label layer begins here NAME states DATA states_ugl STATUS OFF TYPE ANNOTATION PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END CLASSITEM "CLASS" LABELITEM "STATE" CLASS EXPRESSION 'land' STYLE COLOR -1 -1 -1 END LABEL COLOR 255 255 255 TYPE TRUETYPE FONT arial-bold SIZE 12 ANTIALIAS TRUE POSITION CL PARTIALS FALSE MINDISTANCE 300 BUFFER 4 END # end of label END # end of class END # States label layer ends here # End of LAYER DEFINITIONS ------------------------------- END # end of map file
我們的mapfile現在包含一個新的對象outputformat。此對象在map對象內定義，並與imagetype關鍵字一起使用。根據您使用MapServer編譯的庫，您可以有幾個輸出格式選擇——gd庫提供PNG（8位和24位）、GIF、JPEG和WBMP；gdal庫是許多MapServer輸入格式的源，也可以向PNG、JPEG、TIFF/GEOTIFF和其他RASTE提供輸出。R格式；pdflib庫提供PDF輸出；ming庫提供閃存輸出。查看outputformat對象並通過更改mapfile上的imagetype關鍵字進行實驗。輸出格式的名稱應用作imagetype值（例如：imagetype png或imagetype png24）。
請在以下位置查閱outputformat對象引用：
http://www.mapserver.org/mapfile/outputformat.html outputformat
Example 1.9: Interactive Maps and the Browse Mode
上面的地圖是在“地圖”模式下創建的。這是一個靜態地圖（單擊它不會改變）。
這個動態地圖是在“瀏覽”模式下生成的。點擊地圖上的任何一點，看看會發生什么。
這兩個地圖都使用相同的mapfiile文件定義。區別在於第二個地圖（動態創建的地圖）依賴於HTML表單進行交互。如果你看一下這個頁面是如何與前一個頁面鏈接的，你會發現它與前一個例子不一樣。用mapserver的術語來說，這個頁面就是一個HTML模板。您將在第2部分中了解有關HTML模板的更多信息。
查看此頁面中的“表單”塊（右鍵單擊瀏覽器並選擇“查看源代碼”或類似內容）：
<!-- START OF MAPSERVER FORM -->
<form name="mapserv" method="GET" action="/cgi-bin/mapserv.exe">
<!-- HIDDEN MAPSERVER CGI VARIABLES -->
<input type="hidden" name="map" value="[map]">
<input type="hidden" name="imgext" value="[mapext]">
<input type="hidden" name="imgxy" value="199.5 149.5">
<input type="hidden" name="zoom" value="1">
<input type="hidden" name="mode" value="browse">
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td>
<!-- THE INTERACTIVE, DYNAMICALLY CREATED MAP --
<input type="image" name="img" src="[img]"
width="400" height="300">
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</form>
每當用戶單擊地圖時，此塊執行mapserver cgi程序（“/cgi-bin/mapserv.exe”）。地圖實際上是另一種形式的“輸入”，在這里用行表示：
<input type="image" name="img" src="[img]" width="400" height="300">
方括號（[map]、[mapext]和[img]）中的項稱為mapserver標記——這些是mapserver cgi變量，在重新加載時會被mapserver cgi程序替換。標記[map]是mapfile路徑的一個占位符，因此在運行mapserver時，它被替換為“/ms4w/apps/tutorial/htdocs/example1-9.map”。標記[mapext]替換為當前地圖范圍“91734.994981-533247.003346 1432483.085284 471473.996656”，並且[img]標記替換為mapserver cgi程序創建的圖像路徑，“/ms_tmp/ex1.9_156222312833540.png”。繼續檢查映像路徑（/ms4w/tmp/）是否存在此映像。（這些參數是在.map文件里獲取的嗎？：）
值為“browse”的隱藏變量“mode”告訴CGI程序需要在“tmp”目錄中創建和轉儲圖像。然后，這個圖像被引用為[img]，這就是您在瀏覽器上看到的。
現在，看看地圖文件：
# The annotated map file (sort of) # Created by Pericles S. Nacionales for the MapServer tutorial # 20050408 # # MapServer map file uses the pound sign (#) to denote the start of a line # comment--each line that needs to be commented has to be prepended with a "#". # # Map files begin with MAP keyword to signify the start of the map object. # Well, the entire map file is THE map object. Enclosed between MAP and END # at the very bottom of this map file, are keyword/value pairs and other # objects. MAP NAME EX1.9_ IMAGETYPE PNG24 EXTENT 166221 -371954 1505849 632767 # LAEA #EXTENT -97.5 41.619778 -82.122902 49.38562 # Geographic SIZE 400 300 SHAPEPATH "../data" SYMBOLSET "../symbols/symbols35.sym" FONTSET "../fonts/fonts.list" # The web object is defined at the level below the map object. All # web-related parameters (I interchange "parameters" and "keyword/value # pairs" quite frequently, sorry about that) are defined in this object. WEB TEMPLATE 'example1-9.html' IMAGEPATH '/ms4w/tmp/ms_tmp/' IMAGEURL '/ms_tmp/' END # The projection object is typically used within the map and the layer # objects. You only define it once within the map object and this definition # becomes your output projection--MapServer will render your maps in this # projection. You also use the projection object within the layer object to # define your input projection. Your layers can be in different # projections--MapServer will reproject them into your output projection. # If no projection is defined within the layer object, MapServer assumes # your input projection is the same as your output projection. This is not # a required object unless you're creating a map file that supports one of # the OGC interoperability web services specifications (WMS/WFS/WCS). # # This is the output PROJECTION definition ------ PROJECTION # Projection parameters can be defined in two ways... # This is the traditional Proj.4 definition of Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area # projection for the Continental U.S. # "proj=laea" # "ellps=clrk66" # "lat_0=45" # "lon_0=-100" # # Alternatively, you can specify an EPSG code. # This is the EPSG code for Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area # projection for the U.S. "init=epsg:2163" END # Layer objects are defined beneath the map object. You need at least one # layer defined in your map file before you can display a map... You can # define as many layers as you'd like although a limit is typically hard-coded # in map.h in the MapServer source. The default limit is set at 100. You'd # have to have a very specialized application to need more than 100 layers in # your application. # # Start of LAYER DEFINITIONS --------------------------------------------- LAYER # States polygon layer begins here NAME states DATA states_ugl STATUS OFF TYPE POLYGON # Here's an example of the input projection definition. # EPSG:4326 is code for geographic (latlong) projection # using the WGS84 datum. # # PROJECTION objects within the LAYER object define the input # projection--this is the native projection of your data. PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END # CLASSITEM defines the non-spatial attribute that you will be using to # separate a layer into classes. This attribute will be in the DBF file # of your shapefile (it will be different for each data format). In this # example the shapefile states_ugl has an associated database # (states_ugl.dbf) that contains an attribute called "CLASS". You will be # using two values in the CLASS attribute to separate the classes (also # called themes) used in this layer--land and water. CLASSITEM is used in # association with the EXPRESSION parameter in the CLASS object. See below. CLASSITEM "CLASS" CLASS EXPRESSION 'land' STYLE SYMBOL 0 COLOR 232 232 232 END END END # States polygon layer ends here # In addition to vector data (shapefiles are vector data), MapServer supports # a host of raster formats. In GIS world, one of the most common raster # formats is GeoTIFF, a TIFF image with geospatial headers. MapServer also # supports JPEG, PNG, GIF, and other common formats. Other raster formats # supported by MapServer include ESRI Arc/Info grid, HDF and HDF-EOS, NetCDF, # Generic raster binaries, OGC Web Map Service (WMS) layers, etc. Pretty much # any raster format you can think of is probably supported, thanks to the # impressive Geospatial Data Abstraction Library (GDAL, pronounced "GOODALL" # or GOODLE?). More information on GDAL is available at http://www.gdal.org. # # MapServer 4.x can read and display bitmapped (like GIFs), RGB/A (true # color), and multispectral (images with more than 3 bands, like raw LandSat # images) rasters. LAYER # MODIS raster layer begins here NAME modis DATA "raster/mod09a12003161_ugl_ll_8bit.tif" STATUS OFF #DEFAULT TYPE RASTER PROCESSING "BANDS=1,2,3" OFFSITE 71 74 65 PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END END # MODIS raster layer ends here LAYER # MODIS WMS map from JPL (or from USGS) NAME modis_jpl TYPE RASTER OFFSITE 0 0 0 STATUS OFF #OFF CONNECTIONTYPE WMS CONNECTION "http://wms.jpl.nasa.gov/wms.cgi?" METADATA "wms_srs" "EPSG:4326" "wms_name" "daily_terra" #"global_mosaic" "daily_aqua" "wms_server_version" "1.1.1" "wms_format" "image/jpeg" END PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END END # MODIS WMS image ends here LAYER # States line layer begins here NAME states DATA states_ugl STATUS OFF TYPE LINE PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END CLASSITEM "CLASS" CLASS EXPRESSION 'land' STYLE SYMBOL 'line5' COLOR 32 32 32 SIZE 1 END END END # States line layer ends here LAYER # States label layer begins here NAME states DATA states_ugl STATUS OFF TYPE POLYGON PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END CLASSITEM "CLASS" LABELITEM "STATE" CLASS EXPRESSION 'land' STYLE COLOR -1 -1 -1 END LABEL COLOR 132 31 31 OUTLINECOLOR 128 128 128 SHADOWCOLOR 218 218 218 SHADOWSIZE 1 1 TYPE TRUETYPE FONT arial-bold SIZE 12 ANTIALIAS TRUE POSITION CL PARTIALS FALSE MINDISTANCE 200 BUFFER 4 END # end of label END # end of class END # States label layer ends here # End of LAYER DEFINITIONS ------------------------------- END # All map files must come to an end just as all other things must come to... # End of section 1, dude!
只有一件事被添加到map文件中：
TEMPLATE 'example1-9.html'
這將告訴MapServer使用頁面“example1-9.html”作為模板文件。MapServer將處理此文件並替換它遇到的標記，然后將其發送到Web瀏覽器。本教程接下來的兩個部分就是這樣工作的。
這標志着第1節的結束。我希望您在本節中留下足夠的知識，了解如何在MapServer映射文件中設置內容。在創建自己的映射文件和應用程序時，我不能過分強調保持MapServer映射文件引用打開的重要性。沒有它，我就不會在這個教程中走得太遠。
Section 2: CGI variables and the User Interface
到目前為止，我們只在創建地圖時查看了地圖文件。在創建Web地圖應用程序時，我們通常打算制作用戶（應用程序的用戶）可以交互更改的映射。也就是說，用戶應該能夠更改地圖的內容（或其中的信息）。為了實現這種交互性，我們使用mapserver HTML模板。
MapServer HTML模板本質上是一個HTML文件，帶有一些特定於MapServer的標記——這些標記是MapServer CGI變量帶括在方括號“[]”中。當mapserver cgi程序處理一個應用程序時，它首先解析查詢字符串和mapfile並生成必要的輸出。其中一些輸出將需要寫入HTML模板文件，您還必須使用web template關鍵字（或單獨的HTML初始化文件）在mapfile中指定該文件。CGI程序將用適當的值替換HTML模板中的所有變量，然后再將其發送回Web瀏覽器。如果要在Web瀏覽器上直接查看HTML模板，則不會呈現任何映射，而是會得到空白圖像和其他垃圾。
MapServer為Web映射提供了幾個變量——您在示例1.9中看到的“img”變量只是一個示例。最初作為繪圖接口的一部分設計的核心CGI變量很少，但實際上所有mapfile參數都可以定義為變量。CGI變量的最終參考可在http://www.mapserver.org/cgi/index.html上找到。
我們還可以定義自己的變量——mapserver將把它傳遞給我們的應用程序。例如，我們可以創建一個名為“root”的變量來表示本教程的根目錄——“root”的值將是“/tutorial”。當mapserver cgi程序處理我們的html模板時，它將用“/tutorial”替換他“[根]”標記的每個實例。您將在下面的每個示例中看到這一點。
所以，讓我們為我們的應用程序構建一個交互式界面…
Example 2.1 - Pan and Zoom Controls
示例2.1-平移和縮放控件
Web地圖應用程序的用戶應該能夠在地圖上平移和縮放…
查看地圖文件：
# The annotated map file (sort of) # Created by Pericles S. Nacionales for the MapServer tutorial # 20050623 # # Map files begin with map keyword to signify the start of the map object. # Well, the entire map file is THE map object. Enclose between MAP and END # at the very bottom of this map file, are keyword/value pairs and other # objects. MAP NAME EX2_ IMAGETYPE png24 EXTENT 166221 -371954 1505849 632767 # LAEA #EXTENT -97.5 41.619778 -82.122902 49.38562 # Geographic SIZE 400 300 SHAPEPATH "../data" SYMBOLSET "../symbols/symbols35.sym" FONTSET "../fonts/fonts.list" # When changing any of the mapfile parameters via the web interface, you # need to define a TEMPLATEPATTERN. This is required for security reasons. # Since the example filenames in section 2 begin with "example2" (as in # example2-1.html or example2-2.html), you can use it as the pattern. # The template pattern is a regular expression used by MapServer to match the # value of map_web_template variable against. TEMPLATEPATTERN 'example2*' # The web object is defined at the level below the map object. All # web-related parameters (I interchange "parameters" and "keyword/value # pairs" quite frequently, sorry about that) are defined in this object. WEB TEMPLATE 'to be replaced by map_web_template variable in section2.html' IMAGEPATH '/ms4w/tmp/ms_tmp/' IMAGEURL '/ms_tmp/' END # Every object in MapServer must have an END.;) # The projection object is typically used within the map and the layer # objects. You only define it once within the map object and this definition # becomes your output projection--MapServer will render your maps in this # projection. You also use the projection object within the layer object to # define your input projection. Your layers can be in different # projections--MapServer will reproject them into your output projection. # If no projection is defined within the layer object, MapServer assumes # your input projection is the same as your output projection. This is not # a required object unless you're creating a map file that supports one of # the OGC interoperability web services specifications (WMS/WFS/WCS). PROJECTION # Projection parameters can be defined in two ways... # This is the traditional Proj.4 definition of Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area # projection for the Continental U.S. # "proj=laea" # "ellps=clrk66" # "lat_0=45" # "lon_0=-100" # # Alternatively, you can specify an EPSG code. # This is the EPSG code for Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area # projection for the U.S. "init=epsg:2163" END # This is the ending of the output projection # # Start of legend # LEGEND KEYSIZE 12 12 LABEL TYPE BITMAP SIZE MEDIUM COLOR 0 0 89 END STATUS ON END # The reference object is used to define a reference map for your mapping # application. This typically involves defining a small image that covers # the entire area of the map and defining a box that represents the current # view on in relation to the entire area. REFERENCE IMAGE '../images/ugl_ref1.png' # The reference image SIZE 155 105 # The size of the reference image in pixels EXTENT 201621.496941 -294488.285333 1425518.020722 498254.511514 # The extent of the reference image in map units STATUS ON MINBOXSIZE 10 # How small can the reference box be before it gets drawn as a point, in pixels MAXBOXSIZE 150 # The maximum size of the reference box, in pixels COLOR -1 -1 -1 # The reference box fill color, negative numbers mean transparent OUTLINECOLOR 128 0 0 # The reference box outline color MARKERSIZE 8 # The size of the point marker MARKER 'star' # The marker symbol END # A scalebar object is defined one level below the map object. This object # controls how a scalebar is drawn by MapServer. Scalebars can be embedded # in the map itself or can be created as a separate image. It has an # associated MapServer CGI variable called "scalebar" (or [scalebar] when # used in the HTML template). SCALEBAR IMAGECOLOR 255 255 255 LABEL COLOR 0 0 0 SIZE TINY END STYLE 1 SIZE 100 2 COLOR 0 0 0 UNITS MILES INTERVALS 2 TRANSPARENT FALSE STATUS ON END # Scalebar object ends # Layer objects, too, are defined beneath the map object. Be mindful of the # order of your layer objects. MapServer "stacks them" in reverse # order--that is, the last layer you define (at the bottom of the map file) # will be drawn on top and the first layer you define (right after this # comment), will be drawn at the bottom. Here's my rule: rasters and # polygons are defined first, followed by the line layers. The point and # annotation layers are defined last. You can play around with the ordering # of your layers until you're satisfied. # Start of LAYER DEFINITIONS --------------------------------------------- LAYER # States polygon layer begins here NAME states DATA states_ugl STATUS DEFAULT TYPE POLYGON REQUIRES "![modis] OR ![modis_jpl]" # Here's an example of the input projection definition. # EPSG:4326 is code for geographic (latlong) projection # using the WGS84 datum PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END CLASSITEM "CLASS" # The class object is defined within the layer object. You can define as # many classes as you need (well, there are limits, but it's senseless to # define more than ten on a "normal" layer. There are situations, # however, where you might have to do it.) CLASS EXPRESSION 'land' # There are styles in a class, just like there are classes in a layer, # just like there are layers in a map. STYLE SYMBOL 0 COLOR 232 232 232 END # And they all must come to an end. END # End of this class. END # States polygon layer ends here LAYER # MODIS raster layer begins here NAME modis DATA "raster/mod09a12003161_ugl_ll_idxa.tif" STATUS OFF TYPE RASTER OFFSITE 70 74 66 #167 151 152 PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END END # MODIS raster layer ends here LAYER # MODIS WMS map from JPL (or from USGS) NAME modis_jpl TYPE RASTER OFFSITE 0 0 0 STATUS OFF CONNECTIONTYPE WMS CONNECTION "http://wms.jpl.nasa.gov/wms.cgi?" METADATA "wms_srs" "EPSG:4326" "wms_name" "daily_terra" #"global_mosaic" "daily_aqua" "wms_server_version" "1.1.1" "wms_format" "image/jpeg" END PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END END # MODIS WMS image ends here LAYER # Hydrography layer begins here NAME hydro TYPE POLYGON STATUS OFF DATA hydrop_ugl PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END CLASSITEM 'FEATURE' CLASS NAME 'Lakes' EXPRESSION /(^B|^C|^L|^R)./ STYLE COLOR 72 64 254 END END # CLASS CLASS NAME 'Rivers' EXPRESSION 'Stream' STYLE COLOR 136 128 255 END END # CLASS CLASS NAME 'Wetlands' EXPRESSION 'Swamp or Marsh' STYLE COLOR 195 252 255 OUTLINECOLOR 195 252 255 SYMBOL 'circle' SIZE 0 END END # CLASS END # LAYER LAYER # ROADS LAYER NAME cty_roads GROUP roads TYPE LINE STATUS OFF DATA roads_ugl MAXSCALE 750000 PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END CLASSITEM 'CLASS1' CLASS NAME 'Minor Arterial Roads' EXPRESSION '3' STYLE COLOR 165 165 165 END END # CLASS CLASS EXPRESSION '4' STYLE COLOR 210 210 210 END END # CLASS END # ROADS LAYER LAYER # state highways begin here NAME state_hwy GROUP roads MAXSCALE 1500000 STATUS OFF DATA roads_ugl TYPE LINE FILTERITEM 'CLASS1' FILTER '2' CLASS NAME 'Principal Arterial Roads' STYLE COLOR 255 0 0 SIZE 1 SYMBOL 'circle' END END PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END END # highways LAYER # interstate highways begin here NAME interstate GROUP roads # MAXSCALE 22500000 STATUS OFF DATA roads_ugl TYPE LINE FILTERITEM 'CLASS1' FILTER '1' CLASS NAME "Interstate Hwy." STYLE COLOR 128 0 0 END END PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END END # highways LAYER # States line layer begins here NAME states DATA states_ugl STATUS OFF TYPE LINE PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END CLASSITEM "CLASS" CLASS NAME 'State Boundary' EXPRESSION 'land' STYLE SYMBOL 'line5' COLOR 32 32 32 SIZE 1 END END END # States line layer ends here LAYER NAME roads_anno GROUP roads MAXSCALE 750000 STATUS OFF DATA roads_ugl TYPE POLYGON LABELITEM "SIGN" CLASSITEM "CLASS1" CLASS EXPRESSION "3" STYLE COLOR 0 0 0 # dummy color SYMBOL '../symbols/sthwy.png' END LABEL MINFEATURESIZE 50 MINDISTANCE 150 POSITION CC SIZE TINY COLOR 0 0 0 END END CLASS EXPRESSION "2" STYLE COLOR 0 0 0 # dummy color SYMBOL '../symbols/ushwy.png' END LABEL MINFEATURESIZE 50 MINDISTANCE 150 POSITION CC SIZE TINY COLOR 0 0 0 END END PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END END # highway annotation LAYER NAME roads_anno1 GROUP roads STATUS OFF DATA roads_ugl TYPE POLYGON LABELITEM "SIGN" CLASSITEM "CLASS1" CLASS EXPRESSION "1" STYLE COLOR 0 0 0 # dummy color SYMBOL '../symbols/interstate.png' END LABEL MINFEATURESIZE 20 MINDISTANCE 150 POSITION CC SIZE TINY COLOR 255 255 255 END END PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END END LAYER # States label layer begins here NAME states DATA states_ugl STATUS OFF TYPE POLYGON PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END CLASSITEM "CLASS" LABELITEM "STATE" CLASS EXPRESSION 'land' STYLE COLOR -1 -1 -1 END LABEL COLOR 132 31 31 OUTLINECOLOR 128 128 128 SHADOWCOLOR 218 218 218 SHADOWSIZE 1 1 TYPE TRUETYPE FONT arial-bold SIZE 12 ANTIALIAS TRUE POSITION CL PARTIALS FALSE MINDISTANCE 200 BUFFER 4 END # end of label END # end of class END # States label layer ends here # End of LAYER DEFINITIONS ------------------------------- END # end of map file
與第1節中的映射一樣，我們通過調用mapserv（“/cgi-bin/mapserv.exe”）初始化應用程序。並將我們的mapfile路徑和其他參數（“map=/ms4w/apps/tutorial/htdocs/example2-1.map&mode=browse”）傳遞給它。所以這個頁面有一個來自第2節頁面的鏈接，如下所示：
<a href="/cgi-bin/mapserv.exe? map=/ms4w/apps/tutorial/htdocs/example2-1.map &mode=browse&root=/tutorial&program=/cgi-bin/mapserv.exe &map_web=template+example2-1.html"> Proceed to Example 2.1</a>
這次我們使用“瀏覽”模式而不是“地圖”。瀏覽模式告訴mapserv在我們的“/tmp/”目錄上創建一個映射（一個圖像）。圖像路徑和名稱由名稱為“img”的mapserv引用。因此，當mapserv解析我們的HTML模板時，它將用正確的圖像路徑替換“[img]”/ms_tmp/ex2_156231592315176.png。
你可以用這張地圖做一些事情。首先，您可以單擊圖像的任何部分，地圖將刷新並使您單擊的點居中。這是平移。如果單擊“地圖控件”下拉框，可以選擇“放大”或“縮小”值。如果將其設置為“放大2倍”，然后單擊地圖的任何部分，地圖將刷新、放大，並以單擊的點為中心。反之，如果你縮小。當選擇“放大”或“縮小”值並單擊“刷新”按鈕時，地圖將刷新並放大或縮小上一個地圖的中心。您可以隨時使用“刷新”按鈕刷新地圖。
縮放/平移控件使用內部mapserver cgi變量。此示例演示如何使用“zoom”變量。縮放值決定放大或縮小的距離。如果值為“0”，則MapServer將根據用戶的鼠標單擊重新輸入圖像。如果該值大於“0”，則CGI程序放大（地圖的當前比例乘以縮放值）。如果是負數，那么CGI程序會縮小（將當前比例除以縮放值）。其他可用於控制縮放和平移的變量有“zoomdir”和“zoomsize”。這兩個變量的作用與“縮放”差不多——“zoomdir”控制縮放方向，“zoomsize”控制放大或縮小的距離。請查看osgeo庫或mapserver wiki上的其他示例，以獲取其他縮放/平移控制選項。
嘗試將“地圖模式”從“瀏覽”更改為“地圖”。單擊刷新時會發生什么？記住，當我們使用“模式=映射”時，mapserver會返回一個靜態映射…它忽略HTML模板，只將映射圖像直接流式傳輸到瀏覽器。
盡管添加了更多的數據層，但它仍然與第一節中的映射文件相似。我沒有什么新的東西可以解釋這個地圖文件，但是如果你對一些新的關鍵字感興趣，請查閱地圖文件參考頁。
現在，看看HTML模板文件。您會注意到這實際上是一個調用mapserver cgi程序的HTML表單。因為它是一個表單，所以您可以使用單選按鈕和復選框以及下拉框來實現您的界面。不要覺得受這個例子的限制——有創造力是件好事。；）有關詳細信息，請查看HTML模板引用頁。
……他們還應該能夠打開和關閉地圖上的圖層。
示例2.2-層控制
能夠打開和關閉地圖層是Web映射應用程序的標准功能。使用表單對象作為控件有很多方法可以實現這一點。您可以使用下拉框/菜單、復選框和/或單選按鈕。在本例中，您將看到如何使用復選框和放置框實現層選擇。
這里是mapfile：
# The annotated map file (sort of) # Created by Pericles S. Nacionales for the MapServer tutorial # 20050623 # # Map files begin with map keyword to signify the start of the map object. # Well, the entire map file is THE map object. Enclose between MAP and END # at the very bottom of this map file, are keyword/value pairs and other # objects. MAP NAME EX2_ IMAGETYPE png24 EXTENT 166221 -371954 1505849 632767 # LAEA #EXTENT -97.5 41.619778 -82.122902 49.38562 # Geographic SIZE 400 300 SHAPEPATH "../data" SYMBOLSET "../symbols/symbols35.sym" FONTSET "../fonts/fonts.list" # When changing any of the mapfile parameters via the web interface, you # need to define a TEMPLATEPATTERN. This is required for security reasons. # Since the example filenames in section 2 begin with "example2" (as in # example2-1.html or example2-2.html), you can use it as the pattern. # The template pattern is a regular expression used by MapServer to match the # value of map_web_template variable against. TEMPLATEPATTERN 'example2*' # The web object is defined at the level below the map object. All # web-related parameters (I interchange "parameters" and "keyword/value # pairs" quite frequently, sorry about that) are defined in this object. WEB TEMPLATE 'to be replaced by map_web_template variable in section2.html' IMAGEPATH '/ms4w/tmp/ms_tmp/' IMAGEURL '/ms_tmp/' END # Every object in MapServer must have an END.;) # The projection object is typically used within the map and the layer # objects. You only define it once within the map object and this definition # becomes your output projection--MapServer will render your maps in this # projection. You also use the projection object within the layer object to # define your input projection. Your layers can be in different # projections--MapServer will reproject them into your output projection. # If no projection is defined within the layer object, MapServer assumes # your input projection is the same as your output projection. This is not # a required object unless you're creating a map file that supports one of # the OGC interoperability web services specifications (WMS/WFS/WCS). PROJECTION # Projection parameters can be defined in two ways... # This is the traditional Proj.4 definition of Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area # projection for the Continental U.S. # "proj=laea" # "ellps=clrk66" # "lat_0=45" # "lon_0=-100" # # Alternatively, you can specify an EPSG code. # This is the EPSG code for Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area # projection for the U.S. "init=epsg:2163" END # This is the ending of the output projection # # Start of legend # LEGEND KEYSIZE 12 12 LABEL TYPE BITMAP SIZE MEDIUM COLOR 0 0 89 END STATUS ON END # The reference object is used to define a reference map for your mapping # application. This typically involves defining a small image that covers # the entire area of the map and defining a box that represents the current # view on in relation to the entire area. REFERENCE IMAGE '../images/ugl_ref1.png' # The reference image SIZE 155 105 # The size of the reference image in pixels EXTENT 201621.496941 -294488.285333 1425518.020722 498254.511514 # The extent of the reference image in map units STATUS ON MINBOXSIZE 10 # How small can the reference box be before it gets drawn as a point, in pixels MAXBOXSIZE 150 # The maximum size of the reference box, in pixels COLOR -1 -1 -1 # The reference box fill color, negative numbers mean transparent OUTLINECOLOR 128 0 0 # The reference box outline color MARKERSIZE 8 # The size of the point marker MARKER 'star' # The marker symbol END # A scalebar object is defined one level below the map object. This object # controls how a scalebar is drawn by MapServer. Scalebars can be embedded # in the map itself or can be created as a separate image. It has an # associated MapServer CGI variable called "scalebar" (or [scalebar] when # used in the HTML template). SCALEBAR IMAGECOLOR 255 255 255 LABEL COLOR 0 0 0 SIZE TINY END STYLE 1 SIZE 100 2 COLOR 0 0 0 UNITS MILES INTERVALS 2 TRANSPARENT FALSE STATUS ON END # Scalebar object ends # Layer objects, too, are defined beneath the map object. Be mindful of the # order of your layer objects. MapServer "stacks them" in reverse # order--that is, the last layer you define (at the bottom of the map file) # will be drawn on top and the first layer you define (right after this # comment), will be drawn at the bottom. Here's my rule: rasters and # polygons are defined first, followed by the line layers. The point and # annotation layers are defined last. You can play around with the ordering # of your layers until you're satisfied. # Start of LAYER DEFINITIONS --------------------------------------------- LAYER # States polygon layer begins here NAME states DATA states_ugl STATUS DEFAULT TYPE POLYGON REQUIRES "![modis] OR ![modis_jpl]" # Here's an example of the input projection definition. # EPSG:4326 is code for geographic (latlong) projection # using the WGS84 datum PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END CLASSITEM "CLASS" # The class object is defined within the layer object. You can define as # many classes as you need (well, there are limits, but it's senseless to # define more than ten on a "normal" layer. There are situations, # however, where you might have to do it.) CLASS EXPRESSION 'land' # There are styles in a class, just like there are classes in a layer, # just like there are layers in a map. STYLE SYMBOL 0 COLOR 232 232 232 END # And they all must come to an end. END # End of this class. END # States polygon layer ends here LAYER # MODIS raster layer begins here NAME modis DATA "raster/mod09a12003161_ugl_ll_idxa.tif" STATUS OFF TYPE RASTER OFFSITE 70 74 66 #167 151 152 PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END END # MODIS raster layer ends here LAYER # MODIS WMS map from JPL (or from USGS) NAME modis_jpl TYPE RASTER OFFSITE 0 0 0 STATUS OFF CONNECTIONTYPE WMS CONNECTION "http://wms.jpl.nasa.gov/wms.cgi?" METADATA "wms_srs" "EPSG:4326" "wms_name" "daily_terra" #"global_mosaic" "daily_aqua" "wms_server_version" "1.1.1" "wms_format" "image/jpeg" END PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END END # MODIS WMS image ends here LAYER # Hydrography layer begins here NAME hydro TYPE POLYGON STATUS OFF DATA hydrop_ugl PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END CLASSITEM 'FEATURE' CLASS NAME 'Lakes' EXPRESSION /(^B|^C|^L|^R)./ STYLE COLOR 72 64 254 END END # CLASS CLASS NAME 'Rivers' EXPRESSION 'Stream' STYLE COLOR 136 128 255 END END # CLASS CLASS NAME 'Wetlands' EXPRESSION 'Swamp or Marsh' STYLE COLOR 195 252 255 OUTLINECOLOR 195 252 255 SYMBOL 'circle' SIZE 0 END END # CLASS END # LAYER LAYER # ROADS LAYER NAME cty_roads GROUP roads TYPE LINE STATUS OFF DATA roads_ugl MAXSCALE 750000 PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END CLASSITEM 'CLASS1' CLASS NAME 'Minor Arterial Roads' EXPRESSION '3' STYLE COLOR 165 165 165 END END # CLASS CLASS EXPRESSION '4' STYLE COLOR 210 210 210 END END # CLASS END # ROADS LAYER LAYER # state highways begin here NAME state_hwy GROUP roads MAXSCALE 1500000 STATUS OFF DATA roads_ugl TYPE LINE FILTERITEM 'CLASS1' FILTER '2' CLASS NAME 'Principal Arterial Roads' STYLE COLOR 255 0 0 SIZE 1 SYMBOL 'circle' END END PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END END # highways LAYER # interstate highways begin here NAME interstate GROUP roads # MAXSCALE 22500000 STATUS OFF DATA roads_ugl TYPE LINE FILTERITEM 'CLASS1' FILTER '1' CLASS NAME "Interstate Hwy." STYLE COLOR 128 0 0 END END PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END END # highways LAYER # States line layer begins here NAME states DATA states_ugl STATUS OFF TYPE LINE PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END CLASSITEM "CLASS" CLASS NAME 'State Boundary' EXPRESSION 'land' STYLE SYMBOL 'line5' COLOR 32 32 32 SIZE 1 END END END # States line layer ends here LAYER NAME roads_anno GROUP roads MAXSCALE 750000 STATUS OFF DATA roads_ugl TYPE POLYGON LABELITEM "SIGN" CLASSITEM "CLASS1" CLASS EXPRESSION "3" STYLE COLOR 0 0 0 # dummy color SYMBOL '../symbols/sthwy.png' END LABEL MINFEATURESIZE 50 MINDISTANCE 150 POSITION CC SIZE TINY COLOR 0 0 0 END END CLASS EXPRESSION "2" STYLE COLOR 0 0 0 # dummy color SYMBOL '../symbols/ushwy.png' END LABEL MINFEATURESIZE 50 MINDISTANCE 150 POSITION CC SIZE TINY COLOR 0 0 0 END END PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END END # highway annotation LAYER NAME roads_anno1 GROUP roads STATUS OFF DATA roads_ugl TYPE POLYGON LABELITEM "SIGN" CLASSITEM "CLASS1" CLASS EXPRESSION "1" STYLE COLOR 0 0 0 # dummy color SYMBOL '../symbols/interstate.png' END LABEL MINFEATURESIZE 20 MINDISTANCE 150 POSITION CC SIZE TINY COLOR 255 255 255 END END PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END END LAYER # States label layer begins here NAME states DATA states_ugl STATUS OFF TYPE POLYGON PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END CLASSITEM "CLASS" LABELITEM "STATE" CLASS EXPRESSION 'land' STYLE COLOR -1 -1 -1 END LABEL COLOR 132 31 31 OUTLINECOLOR 128 128 128 SHADOWCOLOR 218 218 218 SHADOWSIZE 1 1 TYPE TRUETYPE FONT arial-bold SIZE 12 ANTIALIAS TRUE POSITION CL PARTIALS FALSE MINDISTANCE 200 BUFFER 4 END # end of label END # end of class END # States label layer ends here # End of LAYER DEFINITIONS ------------------------------- END # end of map file
注意圖層的STATUS已經被改為OFF，除了“States”多邊形背景。
狀態背景保留為默認設置，因此在繪制地圖時，如果不打開任何圖層，則始終會顯示某些內容。應用程序的用戶應該能夠控制打開或關閉哪些層。
如果您查看HTML模板的源代碼，您將了解mapserv如何打開/關閉層。
地圖應始終包含一個scaleBar。
示例2.3-添加scaleBar
這里是mapfile文件：
# The annotated map file (sort of) # Created by Pericles S. Nacionales for the MapServer tutorial # 20050623 # # Map files begin with map keyword to signify the start of the map object. # Well, the entire map file is THE map object. Enclose between MAP and END # at the very bottom of this map file, are keyword/value pairs and other # objects. MAP NAME EX2_ IMAGETYPE png24 EXTENT 166221 -371954 1505849 632767 # LAEA #EXTENT -97.5 41.619778 -82.122902 49.38562 # Geographic SIZE 400 300 SHAPEPATH "../data" SYMBOLSET "../symbols/symbols35.sym" FONTSET "../fonts/fonts.list" # When changing any of the mapfile parameters via the web interface, you # need to define a TEMPLATEPATTERN. This is required for security reasons. # Since the example filenames in section 2 begin with "example2" (as in # example2-1.html or example2-2.html), you can use it as the pattern. # The template pattern is a regular expression used by MapServer to match the # value of map_web_template variable against. TEMPLATEPATTERN 'example2*' # The web object is defined at the level below the map object. All # web-related parameters (I interchange "parameters" and "keyword/value # pairs" quite frequently, sorry about that) are defined in this object. WEB TEMPLATE 'to be replaced by map_web_template variable in section2.html' IMAGEPATH '/ms4w/tmp/ms_tmp/' IMAGEURL '/ms_tmp/' END # Every object in MapServer must have an END.;) # The projection object is typically used within the map and the layer # objects. You only define it once within the map object and this definition # becomes your output projection--MapServer will render your maps in this # projection. You also use the projection object within the layer object to # define your input projection. Your layers can be in different # projections--MapServer will reproject them into your output projection. # If no projection is defined within the layer object, MapServer assumes # your input projection is the same as your output projection. This is not # a required object unless you're creating a map file that supports one of # the OGC interoperability web services specifications (WMS/WFS/WCS). PROJECTION # Projection parameters can be defined in two ways... # This is the traditional Proj.4 definition of Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area # projection for the Continental U.S. # "proj=laea" # "ellps=clrk66" # "lat_0=45" # "lon_0=-100" # # Alternatively, you can specify an EPSG code. # This is the EPSG code for Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area # projection for the U.S. "init=epsg:2163" END # This is the ending of the output projection # # Start of legend # LEGEND KEYSIZE 12 12 LABEL TYPE BITMAP SIZE MEDIUM COLOR 0 0 89 END STATUS ON END # The reference object is used to define a reference map for your mapping # application. This typically involves defining a small image that covers # the entire area of the map and defining a box that represents the current # view on in relation to the entire area. REFERENCE IMAGE '../images/ugl_ref1.png' # The reference image SIZE 155 105 # The size of the reference image in pixels EXTENT 201621.496941 -294488.285333 1425518.020722 498254.511514 # The extent of the reference image in map units STATUS ON MINBOXSIZE 10 # How small can the reference box be before it gets drawn as a point, in pixels MAXBOXSIZE 150 # The maximum size of the reference box, in pixels COLOR -1 -1 -1 # The reference box fill color, negative numbers mean transparent OUTLINECOLOR 128 0 0 # The reference box outline color MARKERSIZE 8 # The size of the point marker MARKER 'star' # The marker symbol END # A scalebar object is defined one level below the map object. This object # controls how a scalebar is drawn by MapServer. Scalebars can be embedded # in the map itself or can be created as a separate image. It has an # associated MapServer CGI variable called "scalebar" (or [scalebar] when # used in the HTML template). SCALEBAR IMAGECOLOR 255 255 255 LABEL COLOR 0 0 0 SIZE TINY END STYLE 1 SIZE 100 2 COLOR 0 0 0 UNITS MILES INTERVALS 2 TRANSPARENT FALSE STATUS ON END # Scalebar object ends # Layer objects, too, are defined beneath the map object. Be mindful of the # order of your layer objects. MapServer "stacks them" in reverse # order--that is, the last layer you define (at the bottom of the map file) # will be drawn on top and the first layer you define (right after this # comment), will be drawn at the bottom. Here's my rule: rasters and # polygons are defined first, followed by the line layers. The point and # annotation layers are defined last. You can play around with the ordering # of your layers until you're satisfied. # Start of LAYER DEFINITIONS --------------------------------------------- LAYER # States polygon layer begins here NAME states DATA states_ugl STATUS DEFAULT TYPE POLYGON REQUIRES "![modis] OR ![modis_jpl]" # Here's an example of the input projection definition. # EPSG:4326 is code for geographic (latlong) projection # using the WGS84 datum PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END CLASSITEM "CLASS" # The class object is defined within the layer object. You can define as # many classes as you need (well, there are limits, but it's senseless to # define more than ten on a "normal" layer. There are situations, # however, where you might have to do it.) CLASS EXPRESSION 'land' # There are styles in a class, just like there are classes in a layer, # just like there are layers in a map. STYLE SYMBOL 0 COLOR 232 232 232 END # And they all must come to an end. END # End of this class. END # States polygon layer ends here LAYER # MODIS raster layer begins here NAME modis DATA "raster/mod09a12003161_ugl_ll_idxa.tif" STATUS OFF TYPE RASTER OFFSITE 70 74 66 #167 151 152 PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END END # MODIS raster layer ends here LAYER # MODIS WMS map from JPL (or from USGS) NAME modis_jpl TYPE RASTER OFFSITE 0 0 0 STATUS OFF CONNECTIONTYPE WMS CONNECTION "http://wms.jpl.nasa.gov/wms.cgi?" METADATA "wms_srs" "EPSG:4326" "wms_name" "daily_terra" #"global_mosaic" "daily_aqua" "wms_server_version" "1.1.1" "wms_format" "image/jpeg" END PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END END # MODIS WMS image ends here LAYER # Hydrography layer begins here NAME hydro TYPE POLYGON STATUS OFF DATA hydrop_ugl PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END CLASSITEM 'FEATURE' CLASS NAME 'Lakes' EXPRESSION /(^B|^C|^L|^R)./ STYLE COLOR 72 64 254 END END # CLASS CLASS NAME 'Rivers' EXPRESSION 'Stream' STYLE COLOR 136 128 255 END END # CLASS CLASS NAME 'Wetlands' EXPRESSION 'Swamp or Marsh' STYLE COLOR 195 252 255 OUTLINECOLOR 195 252 255 SYMBOL 'circle' SIZE 0 END END # CLASS END # LAYER LAYER # ROADS LAYER NAME cty_roads GROUP roads TYPE LINE STATUS OFF DATA roads_ugl MAXSCALE 750000 PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END CLASSITEM 'CLASS1' CLASS NAME 'Minor Arterial Roads' EXPRESSION '3' STYLE COLOR 165 165 165 END END # CLASS CLASS EXPRESSION '4' STYLE COLOR 210 210 210 END END # CLASS END # ROADS LAYER LAYER # state highways begin here NAME state_hwy GROUP roads MAXSCALE 1500000 STATUS OFF DATA roads_ugl TYPE LINE FILTERITEM 'CLASS1' FILTER '2' CLASS NAME 'Principal Arterial Roads' STYLE COLOR 255 0 0 SIZE 1 SYMBOL 'circle' END END PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END END # highways LAYER # interstate highways begin here NAME interstate GROUP roads # MAXSCALE 22500000 STATUS OFF DATA roads_ugl TYPE LINE FILTERITEM 'CLASS1' FILTER '1' CLASS NAME "Interstate Hwy." STYLE COLOR 128 0 0 END END PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END END # highways LAYER # States line layer begins here NAME states DATA states_ugl STATUS OFF TYPE LINE PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END CLASSITEM "CLASS" CLASS NAME 'State Boundary' EXPRESSION 'land' STYLE SYMBOL 'line5' COLOR 32 32 32 SIZE 1 END END END # States line layer ends here LAYER NAME roads_anno GROUP roads MAXSCALE 750000 STATUS OFF DATA roads_ugl TYPE POLYGON LABELITEM "SIGN" CLASSITEM "CLASS1" CLASS EXPRESSION "3" STYLE COLOR 0 0 0 # dummy color SYMBOL '../symbols/sthwy.png' END LABEL MINFEATURESIZE 50 MINDISTANCE 150 POSITION CC SIZE TINY COLOR 0 0 0 END END CLASS EXPRESSION "2" STYLE COLOR 0 0 0 # dummy color SYMBOL '../symbols/ushwy.png' END LABEL MINFEATURESIZE 50 MINDISTANCE 150 POSITION CC SIZE TINY COLOR 0 0 0 END END PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END END # highway annotation LAYER NAME roads_anno1 GROUP roads STATUS OFF DATA roads_ugl TYPE POLYGON LABELITEM "SIGN" CLASSITEM "CLASS1" CLASS EXPRESSION "1" STYLE COLOR 0 0 0 # dummy color SYMBOL '../symbols/interstate.png' END LABEL MINFEATURESIZE 20 MINDISTANCE 150 POSITION CC SIZE TINY COLOR 255 255 255 END END PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END END LAYER # States label layer begins here NAME states DATA states_ugl STATUS OFF TYPE POLYGON PROJECTION "init=epsg:4326" END CLASSITEM "CLASS" LABELITEM "STATE" CLASS EXPRESSION 'land' STYLE COLOR -1 -1 -1 END LABEL COLOR 132 31 31 OUTLINECOLOR 128 128 128 SHADOWCOLOR 218 218 218 SHADOWSIZE 1 1 TYPE TRUETYPE FONT arial-bold SIZE 12 ANTIALIAS TRUE POSITION CL PARTIALS FALSE MINDISTANCE 200 BUFFER 4 END # end of label END # end of class END # States label layer ends here # End of LAYER DEFINITIONS ------------------------------- END # end of map file
如果用戶要瀏覽地圖，則應提供參考地圖。
示例2.4-添加參考圖
HTML Template：
<!-- MapServer Template --> <html> <head> <title>MapServer 5.x Tutorial</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/tutorial/ms35.css" /> </head> <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000"> <table align="center" border="0"><tr> <td> <h3 align="center">Example 2.4: Adding a Reference Map</h3> <!-- START OF MAPSERVER FORM --> <form name="mapserv" method="GET" action="/cgi-bin/mapserv.exe"> <!-- HIDDEN MAPSERVER CGI VARIABLES --> <input type="hidden" name="map" value="[map]"> <input type="hidden" name="imgext" value="[mapext]"> <input type="hidden" name="imgxy" value="199.5 149.5"> <table width="600" border="0" align="center"> <tr> <td> <table width="400" border="1" align="center"> <tr> <td colspan="4">Select Layers: <!-- SPECIFY VECTOR LAYERS --> <input type="checkbox" name="layer" value="states" [states_check] checked>State Boundaries <input type="checkbox" name="layer" value="hydro" [hydro_check]>Water Features <input type="checkbox" name="layer" value="roads" [roads_check]>Roads<br> <!-- SPECIFY RASTER LAYERS --> Select Background: <select name="layer"> <option value=" " [ _select]>No Background</option> <option value="modis_jpl" [modis_jpl_select]> Daily MODIS Image</option> <option value="modis" [modis_select]> MODIS Surface Reflectance</option> </select> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <!-- SPECIFY MAP MODE --> <div align="center">Map Mode:<br> <select name="mode"> <option value="browse" [browse_select]>Browse</option> </select> </div> </td> <td> <!-- FORM SUBMIT BUTTON --> <div align="center"> <input type="submit" name="submit" value="Refresh"> </div> </td> <td> <!-- ZOOM/PAN CONTROLS --> <div align="center">Map Control: <br> <select name="zoom"> <option value="4" [zoom_4_select]>Zoom In 4x</option> <option value="3" [zoom_3_select]>Zoom In 3x</option> <option value="2" [zoom_2_select]>Zoom In 2x</option> <option value="1" [zoom_1_select]>Recenter</option> <option value="-2" [zoom_-2_select]>Zoom Out 2x</option> <option value="-3" [zoom_-3_select]>Zoom Out 3x</option> <option value="-4" [zoom_-4_select]>Zoom Out 4x</option> </select> </div> </td> <!-- REFERENCE COLUMN --> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"> <p>Reference:<br> <input type="image" name="ref" src="[ref]" border="0"></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <!-- DISPLAY THE MAPSERVER-CREATED MAP IMAGE --> <td colspan="3" align="center" valign="top"> <input type="image" name="img" src="[img]" width="400" height="300" border="0"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </form> </body> </html>
這段代碼中有趣的部分是標簽，即[縮放\選擇]。當mapserv看到這樣的標記時，它將評估是否選擇了值（“1”）。如果選中，則MapServ會將此選項標記為“已選中”。再次，轉到示例2.1並“查看”代碼。“recenter”選項應該是“selected”（這樣當我們再次提交表單時，“zoom”的值將是“1”）。
最后一個標簽是“[img]”標簽。正如您將注意到的，它是表單輸入對象的一部分。“[img]”將替換為mapserv生成的映像的完整路徑和名稱。
一旦mapserver替換了所有標記，它將向瀏覽器發送一個合適的HTML表單。用戶將再次能夠進行更改。
像任何好的地圖一樣，它應該包括一個傳說。
示例2.5-添加圖例
這里是HTML模板源代碼：
<!-- MapServer Template --> <html> <head> <title>MapServer 5.x Tutorial</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/tutorial/ms35.css" /> </head> <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000"> <table align="center" border="0"><tr> <td> <h3 align="center">Example 2.5: Adding a Legend</h3> <!-- START OF MAPSERVER FORM --> <form name="mapserv" method="GET" action="/cgi-bin/mapserv.exe"> <!-- HIDDEN MAPSERVER CGI VARIABLES --> <input type="hidden" name="map" value="[map]"> <input type="hidden" name="imgext" value="[mapext]"> <input type="hidden" name="imgxy" value="199.5 149.5"> <table width="600" border="0" align="center"> <tr> <td> <table width="400" border="1" align="center"> <tr> <td colspan="4">Select Layers: <!-- SPECIFY VECTOR LAYERS --> <input type="checkbox" name="layer" value="states" [states_check] checked> State Boundaries <input type="checkbox" name="layer" value="hydro" [hydro_check]> Water Features <input type="checkbox" name="layer" value="roads" [roads_check]> Roads<br> <!-- SPECIFY RASTER LAYERS --> Select Background: <select name="layer"> <option value=" " [ _select]>No Background</option> <option value="modis_jpl" [modis_jpl_select]> Daily MODIS Image</option> <option value="modis" [modis_select]> MODIS Surface Reflectance</option> </select> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <!-- SPECIFY MAP MODE --> <div align="center">Map Mode:<br> <select name="mode"> <option value="browse" [browse_select]>Browse</option> </select> </div> </td> <td> <!-- FORM SUBMIT BUTTON --> <div align="center"> <input type="submit" name="submit" value="Refresh"> </div> </td> <td> <!-- ZOOM/PAN CONTROLS --> <div align="center">Map Control: <br> <select name="zoom"> <option value="4" [zoom_4_select]>Zoom In 4x</option> <option value="3" [zoom_3_select]>Zoom In 3x</option> <option value="2" [zoom_2_select]>Zoom In 2x</option> <option value="1" [zoom_1_select]>Recenter</option> <option value="-2" [zoom_-2_select]>Zoom Out 2x</option> <option value="-3" [zoom_-3_select]>Zoom Out 3x</option> <option value="-4" [zoom_-4_select]>Zoom Out 4x</option> </select> </div> </td> <!-- REFERENCE AND LEGEND COLUMN --> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"> <p>Reference:<br> <img name="ref" src="[ref]"></p> <p>Legend:<br> <img name="legend" src="[legend]"></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <!-- DISPLAY THE MAPSERVER-CREATED MAP IMAGE --> <td colspan="3" align="center" valign="top"> <input type="image" name="img" src="[img]" width="400" height="300" border="0"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </form> </body> </html>
這段代碼中有趣的部分是標簽，即[縮放\選擇]。當mapserv看到這樣的標記時，它將評估是否選擇了值（“1”）。如果選中，則MapServ會將此選項標記為“已選中”。再次，轉到示例2.1並“查看”代碼。“recenter”選項應該是“selected”（這樣當我們再次提交表單時，“zoom”的值將是“1”）。
最后一個標簽是“[img]”標簽。正如您將注意到的，它是表單輸入對象的一部分。“[img]”將替換為mapserv生成的映像的完整路徑和名稱。
一旦mapserver替換了所有標記，它將向瀏覽器發送一個合適的HTML表單。用戶將再次能夠進行更改。