一、集合基礎
1、創建集合
- 使用set類創建集合
在使用set類創建集合是=時，需要為set類的構造方法提供一個列表或者元組類型的值，用於建立集合的數據源；這也就是說set類可以將元組或列表轉為集合，並且去除重復元素，元素順序可能也會被打亂，因為集合是無序的。
#利用列表創建集合
s=set([1,2,3]) print(s) #{1, 2, 3}
#利用元組創建集合
s=set((1,2,3))
print(s) #{1, 2, 3}
- 使用{}直接創建
s={1,2,3}
print(type(s))#<class 'set'>
2、集合特性
（1）無序性
集合中的值是平等的，元素之間是無序的，無法通過索引和分片進行操作。
（2）互異性
集合中任意兩個元素之間是不同的，即每個元素只能出現一次，常常用於去重應用。
（3）確定性
集合內的元素是不可變數據類型，例如，集合、列表、字典都不能作為集合的元素，因為它們都是可變的。
3、元素檢測
判斷一個元素是否屬於該集合，使用in，如果在就返回True，如果不在就返回False。
s=set("hello") print("h" in s)#True
4、集合遍歷
######遍歷字符串#####
s=set("hello") for i in s: print(i) #########輸出##### o e l h
#######遍歷元組####
s={(1,2),(3,4),(5,6)}
for item in s:
print(item)
#########輸出##########
(5, 6)
(3, 4)
(1, 2)
二、集合方法
class set(object): """ set() -> new empty set object set(iterable) -> new set object Build an unordered collection of unique elements. """ def add(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Add an element to a set. This has no effect if the element is already present. """ pass def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Remove all elements from this set. """ pass def copy(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return a shallow copy of a set. """ pass def difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set. (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.) """ pass def difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Remove all elements of another set from this set. """ pass def discard(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Remove an element from a set if it is a member. If the element is not a member, do nothing. """ pass def intersection(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return the intersection of two sets as a new set. (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.) """ pass def intersection_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Update a set with the intersection of itself and another. """ pass def isdisjoint(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return True if two sets have a null intersection. """ pass def issubset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Report whether another set contains this set. """ pass def issuperset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Report whether this set contains another set. """ pass def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Remove and return an arbitrary set element. Raises KeyError if the set is empty. """ pass def remove(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Remove an element from a set; it must be a member. If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError. """ pass def symmetric_difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set. (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.) """ pass def symmetric_difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. """ pass def union(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return the union of sets as a new set. (i.e. all elements that are in either set.) """ pass def update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Update a set with the union of itself and others. """ pass def __and__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self&value. """ pass def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x. """ pass def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self==value. """ pass def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return getattr(self, name). """ pass def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self>=value. """ pass def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self>value. """ pass def __iand__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self&=value. """ pass def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of set.__init__ """ set() -> new empty set object set(iterable) -> new set object Build an unordered collection of unique elements. # (copied from class doc) """ pass def __ior__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self|=value. """ pass def __isub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self-=value. """ pass def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Implement iter(self). """ pass def __ixor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self^=value. """ pass def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return len(self). """ pass def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self<=value. """ pass def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self<value. """ pass @staticmethod # known case of __new__ def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """ pass def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self!=value. """ pass def __or__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self|value. """ pass def __rand__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return value&self. """ pass def __reduce__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return state information for pickling. """ pass def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return repr(self). """ pass def __ror__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return value|self. """ pass def __rsub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return value-self. """ pass def __rxor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return value^self. """ pass def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """ pass def __sub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self-value. """ pass def __xor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self^value. """ pass __hash__ = None
- add 向集合中添加一個元素
- clear 從集合中移除所有元素
- copy 返回集合的淺拷貝
- difference 將兩個或多個集合的差集作為一個新集合返回
- difference_update 從這個集合中刪除另一個集合的所有元素
- discard 移除一個已經存在於集合中的元素（如果元素不存在，則不執行任何操作）
- intersection 將兩個集合的交集作為一個新集合返回
- intersection_update 自身集合和另一個的交集來更新這個集合
- isdisjoint 如果兩個集合有一個空交集，返回 True
- issubset 如果另一個集合包含這個集合，返回 True
- issuperset 如果這個集合包含另一個集合，返回 True
- pop 刪除並返回任意的集合元素（如果集合為空，會拋出 KeyError異常）
- remove 刪除集合中的一個元素（如果元素不存在，會拋出KeyError異常）
- symmetric_difference 將兩個集合的對稱差作為一個新集合返回(兩個集合合並刪除相同部分，其余保留)
- symmetric_difference_update 用自己和另一個的對稱差來更新這個集合
- union 將集合的並集作為一個新集合返回
- update 用自己和另一個的並集來更新這個集合
1、add()
s={1,2,4,}
s.add(5)
print(s)#{1, 2, 4, 5}
2、clear()
s={'hell0','world'}
s.clear()
print(s)#set()
3、copy ()
s1={1,2,3,}
s2=s1.copy()
print(s2)#{1, 2, 3}
4、difference()
s1={'a','b','c'}
s2={'a','d','c','e'}
#求出s1和s2之間的差集，保留s1中不同的元素
print(s1.difference(s2))#{'b'}
print(s1-s2)#{'b'}
#保留s2中相同的元素
print(s2.difference(s1))#{'d', 'e'}
print(s2-s1)#{'d', 'e'}
5、difference_update()
s1={1,2,4,5,}
s2={2,4,6,8}
s3={6}
s1.difference_update(s2)
#從s1中刪除存在s2的元素
print(s1)#{1, 5}
#從s2中刪除存在s3的元素
s2.difference_update(s3)
print(s2)#{8, 2, 4}
6、discard()
s={"a","b","c"}
s.discard("b")
#從s中移除元素b
print(s)#{'a', 'c'}
7、intersection()
s1={1,2,4,5,}
s2={2,4,6,8}
#將s1和s2求交集並且返回新的集合
print(s1.intersection(s2))#{2, 4}
print(s1&s2)#{2, 4}
8、intersection_update()
s1={'a','b','c'}
s2={'a','d','c','e'}
#相當於s1-s2，這與差集difference差不多
s1.intersection_update(s2)
print(s1)#{'a', 'c'}
9、isdisjoint()
s1={'a','b','c'}
s2={'a','d','c','e'}
#判斷s1與s2之間是否有空交集，如果沒有返回False
print(s1.isdisjoint(s2))#False
10、issubset()
s1={1,2,3}
s2={2}
#因為s1集合包含s2，所以返回True
print(s2.issubset(s1))#True
11、issuperset()
s1={1,2,3}
s2={2}
#因為s1集合包含s2，所以返回True
print(s1.issuperset(s2))#True
它與issubset的區別在於，包含的集合作為方法的調用者，被包含集合作為方法的參數。
12、pop()
s={1,3,5,2,8,3,9}
#隨機刪除元素並且返回刪除元素
print(s.pop())#1
print(s)#{2, 3, 5, 8, 9}
13、remove()
s={1,3,5,2,8,3,9}
#刪除指定元素並且無返回元素
print(s.remove(5))#None
print(s)#{1, 2, 3, 8, 9}
14、symmetric_difference()
s1={'a','b','c'}
s2={'a','d','c','e'}
#s1與s2中刪除相同元素，保留不同元素，求對稱差，相當於s1-s2與s2-s1的並集
print(s1.symmetric_difference(s2))#{'d', 'b', 'e'}
15、symmetric_difference_update()
s1={1,2,3,4,5}
s2={2,3,4}
s3={1,}
#將s1與s2集合的對稱集求出來，然后與s1集合進行更新
s1.symmetric_difference_update(s2)
print(s1)#{1, 5}
#將s3與s2集合的對稱集求出來，然后與s3集合進行更新
s3.symmetric_difference_update(s2)
print(s3)#{1, 2, 3, 4}
16、union()
s1={1,2,3,4,5}
s2={2,3,4}
#求出s1與s2的並集
print(s1.union(s2))#{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
print(s1|s2)#{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
17、update()
s1={1,2,3,4,5}
s2={2,3,4}
#對s1進行更新，相當於求兩個集合的並集
s1.update(s2)
print(s1)#{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
三、集合常用方法
1、並集
使用union方法或者操作符“|”進行兩個或者多個集合求並集
namelist1={'alia','sanb','lige'}
namelist2={'alia','bobu'}
print(namelist1|namelist2)#{'alia', 'sanb', 'bobu', 'lige'}
print(namelist1.union(namelist2))#{'alia', 'sanb', 'bobu', 'lige'}
2、交集
使用intersection方法或者操作符“&”進行兩個或多個集合求交集
namelist1={'alia','sanb','lige'}
namelist2={'alia','bobu'}
print(namelist1&namelist2)#{'alia'}
print(namelist1.intersection(namelist2))#{'alia'}
3、差集
使用difference方法或者操作符“-”進行兩個或多個集合求差集
namelist1={'alia','sanb','lige'}
namelist2={'alia','bobu'}
print(namelist1-namelist2)#{'sanb', 'lige'}
print(namelist1.difference(namelist2))#{'sanb', 'lige'}
4、對稱差集
使用symmetric_difference方法或者操作符“^”進行兩個或多個集合求對稱差集
namelist1={'alia','sanb','lige'}
namelist2={'alia','bobu'}
print(namelist1^namelist2)#{'sanb', 'bobu', 'lige'}
print(namelist1.symmetric_difference(namelist2))#{'sanb', 'bobu', 'lige'}
5、子集
使用issubset方法或者操作符“<”判斷當前集合是否是某個集合的子集
str1=set("hello") str2=set("he") #判斷str2是否是str1的子集 print(str2<str1)#True print(str2.issubset(str1))#True
四、集合與函數
1、len()
獲取集合中元素的個數
s={1,2,4,5,3,8}
print(len(s))#6
2、max()
獲取集合中最大的元素
s={1,2,4,5,3,8}
print(max(s))#8
3、min()
獲取集合中最小的元素
s={1,2,4,5,3,8}
print(min(s))#1
4、sum()
返回集合的所有元素之和
s={1,2,4,5,3,8}
print(sum(s))#23
5、sorted()
返回排序后的集合列表
s={1,2,4,5,3,8}
print(sorted(s))#[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8]
6、enumerate()
返回一個可迭代的enumerate的數據類型，迭代后可以取出索引值及其具體的值。
s={1,2,4,5,3,8}
print(enumerate(s))#<enumerate object at 0x00000000054DA558>
for i,j in enumerate(s):
print(i,j)
#######輸出#######
<enumerate object at 0x00000000054DA558>
0 1
1 2
2 3
3 4
4 5
5 8
7、all()
如果集合中的所有元素都是 True（或者集合為空），則返回 True。
s={0,1,2}
print(all(s))#False
#集合為空
s={}
print(all(s))#True
8、any()
如果集合中的所有元素都是 True，則返回 True；如果集合為空，則返回 False。
s={0,1,2}
print(any(s))#True
#集合為空
s={}
print(any(s))#False
五、frozenset只讀集合
class frozenset(object): """ frozenset() -> empty frozenset object frozenset(iterable) -> frozenset object Build an immutable unordered collection of unique elements. """ def copy(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return a shallow copy of a set. """ pass def difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set. (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.) """ pass def intersection(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return the intersection of two sets as a new set. (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.) """ pass def isdisjoint(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return True if two sets have a null intersection. """ pass def issubset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Report whether another set contains this set. """ pass def issuperset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Report whether this set contains another set. """ pass def symmetric_difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set. (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.) """ pass def union(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return the union of sets as a new set. (i.e. all elements that are in either set.) """ pass def __and__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self&value. """ pass def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x. """ pass def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self==value. """ pass def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return getattr(self, name). """ pass def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self>=value. """ pass def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self>value. """ pass def __hash__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return hash(self). """ pass def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of frozenset.__init__ """ Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature. """ pass def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Implement iter(self). """ pass def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return len(self). """ pass def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self<=value. """ pass def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self<value. """ pass @staticmethod # known case of __new__ def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """ pass def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self!=value. """ pass def __or__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self|value. """ pass def __rand__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return value&self. """ pass def __reduce__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return state information for pickling. """ pass def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return repr(self). """ pass def __ror__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return value|self. """ pass def __rsub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return value-self. """ pass def __rxor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return value^self. """ pass def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """ pass def __sub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self-value. """ pass def __xor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self^value. """ pass
由於集合是可變的，所以不能作為集合的元素或者字典的key，但是可以利用frozenset類型將集合轉為可讀的，這樣就可以作為集合的元素以及字典的key。
#定義兩個集合s1,s2 s1=set("abcdefg") s2=set([1,2,3,4]) #向s1,s2中添加元素 s1.add("h") s2.add(5) print(s1) print(s2) #############輸出########## {'a', 'd', 'c', 'f', 'e', 'h', 'g', 'b'} {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
上面是正常的添加過程，但是s1集合添加s2，就會拋出異常
#定義兩個集合s1,s2 s1=set("abcdefg") s2=set([1,2,3,4]) s1.add(s2) print(s1) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- TypeError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-120-33029c9f337b> in <module> 2 s1=set("abcdefg") 3 s2=set([1,2,3,4]) ----> 4 s1.add(s2) 5 print(s1) TypeError: unhashable type: 'set'
這時使用frozenset函數將s2集合轉為可讀集合，再進行添加
#定義兩個集合s1,s2 s1=set("abcdefg") s2=set([1,2,3,4]) s1.add(frozenset(s2)) print(s1) ###########輸出###### {'a', 'd', 'c', frozenset({1, 2, 3, 4}), 'f', 'e', 'g', 'b'}
同理這時frozenset后的集合也可以作為字典的key。
dict={"name":"bright"}
s2=set([1,2,3,4])
dict.setdefault(frozenset(s2),[7,8,9])
print(dict)
##########輸出#########
{frozenset({1, 2, 3, 4}): [7, 8, 9], 'name': 'bright'}