Ubuntu 16.04無損分區大小調整工具Gparted
轉載地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/EasonJim/p/7617689.html
安裝：
sudo apt-get install gparted
使用：
注意：
這款軟件可以調整分區大小，且支持無損，但是對於/根目錄的分區無法調整，但是它提供ISO工具，可以啟動后進行調整。
下載地址：https://gparted.org/download.php
離線版本：（鏈接: https://pan.baidu.com/s/1nuJdDVj 密碼: 4vjp）
當然，還可以使用Ubuntu的Live CD進去使用這個工具，完美解決。
分區工具fdisk，gdisk，parted
在linux中，當我們給系統添加一塊新硬盤時，我們是無法使用的，因為他還沒有分區和格式化，只有當我們將新硬盤分區並格式化之后，掛載在某個目錄下，才能供我們正常使用，接下來我們要學習三種硬盤分區工具，fdisk，gdisk，parted，分別是針對於MBR分區格式，GPT分區格式，高級分區工具（可以針對於上面兩種進行分區，使用起來也是比較復雜的），關於MBR和GPT請參考硬盤結構基礎
fdisk（MBR）
fdisk
-l /dev/sdX 查看硬盤分區信息
-c （centos6) 打開或禁用dos模式
-u (centos6) 切換顯示的單位(扇區/柱面)
-c (centos7) -c=dos -c=nondos
-u (centos7) -u=cylinders -u=sectors
fdisk /dev/sdX 進行分區
m 幫助
n 建立分區
d 刪除分區
p 顯示分區信息
t 轉換分區類型
a 將指定分區設置/取消 活動分區
L 查看分區類型
o 重建分區表
v 驗證分區表，顯示剩余沒有被分區划分的扇區數量
g 創建GPT格式的分區（centos7)
q 退出不保存，不保存，所有的修改都不生效
w 退出並保存
[root@CT6 ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sdb'! The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted. Disk /dev/sdb: 536.9 GB, 536870912000 bytes -------------------------硬盤大小 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 65270 cylinders ------------------------磁頭數，每磁道扇區數，柱面數 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes --------------------每柱面大小 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes ---------------扇區大小 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 -----------------------------------------未分區磁盤
[root@CT6 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb --------------------------磁盤分區
WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sdb'! The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted.
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x52ce01ab.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): m ------------------------查看幫助
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help):
Command (m for help): n ------------------------------添加一個分區
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p ---------------------------------------------添加主分區
Partition number (1-4): 1 ----------------------------磁盤編號1，即：sdb1
First cylinder (1-65270, default 1): -------------------開始位置，不填寫，默認就行
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-65270, default 65270): +20G -----------填寫大小
Command (m for help): p --------------------------------查看剛剛的分區
Disk /dev/sdb: 536.9 GB, 536870912000 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 65270 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x52ce01ab
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 2612 20980858+ 83 Linux -----------------創建了一個分區
Command (m for help): l ------------------查看可用的分區類型 0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris 1 FAT12 39 Plan 9 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 2 XENIX root 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 3 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 4 FAT16 <32M 41 PPC PReP Boot 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx 5 Extended 42 SFS 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data 6 FAT16 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / . 7 HPFS/NTFS 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility 8 AIX 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt 9 AIX bootable 50 OnTrack DM 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access a OS/2 Boot Manag 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O b W95 FAT32 52 CP/M 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a5 FreeBSD ee GPT f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 55 EZ-Drive a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/ 10 OPUS 56 Golden Bow a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b 11 Hidden FAT12 5c Priam Edisk a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor 12 Compaq diagnost 61 SpeedStor a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor 14 Hidden FAT16 <3 63 GNU HURD or Sys ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary 16 Hidden FAT16 64 Novell Netware af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS 17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 65 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE 18 AST SmartSleep 70 DiskSecure Mult b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto 1b Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep 1c Hidden W95 FAT3 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot ff BBT 1e Hidden W95 FAT1 Command (m for help):
Command (m for help): w -----------------------保存並退出 The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks.
gdisk（GPT）
gdisk
-l /dev/sdX 查看分區信息
gdisk
(?|m) 幫助
n 建立分區
d 刪除分區
c 更改分區名字
I 顯示分區的詳細信息
p 顯示分區信息
t轉換分區類型
a 將指定分區設置/取消 活動分區
l 查看分區類型
o 重建分區表
v 驗證分區表，顯示剩余沒有被分區划分的扇區數量
q 退出不保存，不保存，所有的修改都不生效
w 退出並保存
gdisk時用來創建GPT分區的，我們可以看到，gdisk和fdisk的開頭是有些不同的。
[root@CT6 ~]# gdisk /dev/sdb GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 0.8.10 Partition table scan: MBR: not present BSD: not present APM: not present GPT: present Found valid GPT with corrupt MBR; using GPT and will write new protective MBR on save. Command (? for help):
一個GPT分區
Command (? for help): o This option deletes all partitions and creates a new protective MBR. Proceed? (Y/N): y Command (? for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 1048576000 sectors, 500.0 GiB ----------------磁盤大小，顯示扇區數 Logical sector size: 512 bytes ---------------------------扇區大小 Disk identifier (GUID): E072194E-C4DA-449B-9CF9-E5171235E6D3 Partition table holds up to 128 entries First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 1048575966 -------------------第一個有用的扇區在34，最后一個有用的扇區在104857966 Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries Total free space is 1048575933 sectors (500.0 GiB) Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name Command (? for help):
更改磁盤的類型
Command (? for help): t ------------------------------------------更改磁盤類型 Using 1 Current type is 'Linux filesystem' Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300): 8e00 Changed type of partition to 'Linux LVM' -------------------------更改為"Linux LVM" Command (? for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 1048576000 sectors, 500.0 GiB Logical sector size: 512 bytes Disk identifier (GUID): E072194E-C4DA-449B-9CF9-E5171235E6D3 Partition table holds up to 128 entries First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 1048575966 Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries Total free space is 838860733 sectors (400.0 GiB) Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name 1 2048 209717247 100.0 GiB 8E00 Linux LVM ------------------------ 改過了 Command (? for help):
當我們查看磁盤的時候，我們首先要看磁盤是那種分區格式的，如果是MBR分區格式，我們最好使用fdisk –l，要是為GPT分區格式的硬盤，我們就使用gdisk –l來查看。因為fdisk查看GPT格式的磁盤最大能看到2T，再多的磁盤分區就無法查看，還會出錯。
parted(高級分區工具)
parted命令是由GNU組織開發的一款功能強大的磁盤分區和分區大小調整工具，與fdisk不同，它支持調整分區的大小。作為一種設計用於Linux的工具，它沒有構建成處理與fdisk關聯的多種分區類型，但是，它可以處理最常見的分區格式，包括：ext2、ext3、fat16、fat32、NTFS、ReiserFS、JFS、XFS、UFS、HFS以及Linux交換分區。
parted
-h 顯示幫助信息
-l 顯示磁盤信息
-s 腳本模式，不提示用戶
-v 顯示版本號
[root@CT6 ~]# parted -h
Usage: parted [OPTION]... [DEVICE [COMMAND [PARAMETERS]...]...]
Apply COMMANDs with PARAMETERS to DEVICE. If no COMMAND(s) are given, run in
interactive mode.
OPTIONs:
-h, --help displays this help message
-l, --list lists partition layout on all block devices
-m, --machine displays machine parseable output
-s, --script never prompts for user intervention
-v, --version displays the version
-a, --align=[none|cyl|min|opt] alignment for new partitions
COMMANDs:
align-check TYPE N check partition N for TYPE(min|opt)
alignment
check NUMBER do a simple check on the file system
cp [FROM-DEVICE] FROM-NUMBER TO-NUMBER copy file system to another partition
... ...
[root@CT6 ~]# parted -l Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi) Disk /dev/sda: 215GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 1049kB 1075MB 1074MB primary ext4 boot 2 1075MB 54.8GB 53.7GB primary ext4 3 54.8GB 108GB 53.7GB primary ext4 4 108GB 215GB 106GB extended 5 108GB 113GB 4295MB logical linux-swap(v1) 6 113GB 134GB 21.5GB logical
parted /dev/sdX 分區
mklabel label_type 設置分區格式（MBR，GPT）
mkpart part-type [fs-type] start end(單位Mb)設置分區
print 查看分區信息
help [command] 查看命令[command]如何使用
rm num 刪除一個分區
set num flag status 設置flag（boot，root，swap）狀態（on，off）
quit 退出
開始分區
[root@CT6 ~]# parted /dev/sdb GNU Parted 2.1 Using /dev/sdb Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands. (parted)
查看幫助
(parted) help
align-check TYPE N check partition N for TYPE(min|opt) alignment
check NUMBER do a simple check on the file system
cp [FROM-DEVICE] FROM-NUMBER TO-NUMBER copy file system to another partition
help [COMMAND] print general help, or help on COMMAND --------------------查看命令如何使用
mklabel,mktable LABEL-TYPE create a new disklabel (partition table) ------------------設置磁盤類型
mkfs NUMBER FS-TYPE make a FS-TYPE file system on partition NUMBER
mkpart PART-TYPE [FS-TYPE] START END make a partition -------------------------------------------磁盤分區
mkpartfs PART-TYPE FS-TYPE START END make a partition with a file system
move NUMBER START END move partition NUMBER
name NUMBER NAME name partition NUMBER as NAME
print [devices|free|list,all|NUMBER] display the partition table, available devices, --------------查看分區
free space, all found partitions, or a particular partition
quit exit program
rescue START END rescue a lost partition near START and END
resize NUMBER START END resize partition NUMBER and its file system
rm NUMBER delete partition NUMBER -----------------------------------刪除分區
select DEVICE choose the device to edit
set NUMBER FLAG STATE change the FLAG on partition NUMBER
toggle [NUMBER [FLAG]] toggle the state of FLAG on partition NUMBER
unit UNIT set the default unit to UNIT
version display the version number and copyright
information of GNU Parted
(parted)
(parted) help mklabel
mklabel,mktable LABEL-TYPE create a new disklabel (partition table)
LABEL-TYPE is one of: aix, amiga, bsd, dvh, gpt, mac, msdos, pc98, sun, loop --------------可以設置的類型
(parted)
(parted) mklabel gpt ------------------------------設置GPT分區
(parted) print Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi) Disk /dev/sdb: 537GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: gpt Number Start End Size File system Name Flags (parted)
(parted) help mkpart ----------------------------------查看分區命令如何用
mkpart PART-TYPE [FS-TYPE] START END make a partition
PART-TYPE is one of: primary, logical, extended
FS-TYPE is one of: ext4, ext3, ext2, fat32, fat16, hfsx, hfs+, hfs, jfs, swsusp,
linux-swap(v1), linux-swap(v0), ntfs, reiserfs, hp-ufs, sun-ufs, xfs, apfs2, apfs1,
asfs, amufs5, amufs4, amufs3, amufs2, amufs1, amufs0, amufs, affs7, affs6, affs5,
affs4, affs3, affs2, affs1, affs0, linux-swap, linux-swap(new), linux-swap(old)
START and END are disk locations, such as 4GB or 10%. Negative values count from
the end of the disk. For example, -1s specifies exactly the last sector.
'mkpart' makes a partition without creating a new file system on the partition.
FS-TYPE may be specified to set an appropriate partition ID.
(parted) mkpart primary 0 200G -------------------------------------------------設置分區
Warning: The resulting partition is not properly aligned for best performance.
Ignore/Cancel? ignore
(parted) print -----------------------------------------------------查看分區
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 537GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
1 17.4kB 200GB 200GB primary -------------------------------分區大小
(parted) quit
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
這個命令是一個實時生效的命令，當我們分完一個區后，不用結束就可以直接生效，不像fdisk和gdisk那樣需要退出后才保存生效。
lsblk
列出塊設備
lsblk命令用於列出所有可用塊設備的信息，而且還能顯示他們之間的依賴關系，但是它不會列出RAM盤的信息。塊設備有硬盤，閃存盤，cd-ROM等等
如：
lsblk /dev/sdb
[root@CT6 ~]# lsblk /dev/sda NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot ├─sda2 8:2 0 50G 0 part / ├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /app ├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part ├─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part [SWAP] └─sda6 8:6 0 20G 0 part
查看內核是否已經識別新的分區：
cat /proc/partations
[root@CT6 ~]# cat /proc/partitions major minor #blocks name 8 0 209715200 sda 8 1 1048576 sda1 8 2 52428800 sda2 8 3 52428800 sda3 8 4 1 sda4 8 5 4194304 sda5 8 6 20980890 sda6 8 16 524288000 sdb 8 17 195312483 sdb1
我們在原硬盤未使用的空間進行分區后，在物理設備上已經完成了，使用fdisk -l可以查看到，但是內存信息中並沒有新的分區信息，此時我們需要手動更新分區表，在centOS6中使用partx，在5 或者7中可以使用partprobe（這個在6中有BUG）
partx -a /dev/sda 更新內存中的磁盤分區表信息
partx -d --nr 6 /dev/sda 刪除掉在內存中的已經刪除的第六塊分區的信息
剛開始我們就五個分區，無論是內存中的信息，還是物理硬盤
[root@CT6 ~]# lsblk /dev/sda NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot ├─sda2 8:2 0 50G 0 part / ├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /app ├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part └─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part [SWAP]
[root@CT6 ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sda | grep "^/dev/sda*" /dev/sda1 * 1 131 1048576 83 Linux /dev/sda2 131 6658 52428800 83 Linux /dev/sda3 6658 13185 52428800 83 Linux /dev/sda4 13185 26109 103808000 5 Extended /dev/sda5 13186 13708 4194304 82 Linux swap / Solaris
接下來，我們創建一個分區
Command (m for help): n
First cylinder (13185-26109, default 13185): 14000
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (14000-26109, default 26109): +10G
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 214.7 GB, 214748364800 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 26108 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x0007a903
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 131 1048576 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 131 6658 52428800 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 6658 13185 52428800 83 Linux
/dev/sda4 13185 26109 103808000 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 13186 13708 4194304 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda6 14000 15305 10490444+ 83 Linux
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
我們在分完區以后，如上，顯示的紅色字體，我們剛剛分好的區並沒有被讀入內存當中，也就是說我們fdisk可以讀到，但是lsblk卻無法讀到
[root@CT6 ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sda | grep "^/dev/sda.*" /dev/sda1 * 1 131 1048576 83 Linux /dev/sda2 131 6658 52428800 83 Linux /dev/sda3 6658 13185 52428800 83 Linux /dev/sda4 13185 26109 103808000 5 Extended /dev/sda5 13186 13708 4194304 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda6 14000 15305 10490444+ 83 Linux [root@CT6 ~]# lsblk /dev/sda NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot ├─sda2 8:2 0 50G 0 part / ├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /app ├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part └─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part [SWAP]
接下來我們更新一下分區信息
[root@CT6 ~]# partx -a /dev/sda BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 1 BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 2 BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 3 BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 4 BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 5 [root@CT6 ~]# lsblk /dev/sda NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot ├─sda2 8:2 0 50G 0 part / ├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /app ├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part ├─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part [SWAP] └─sda6 8:6 0 10G 0 part
轉載請標明出處：http://www.cnblogs.com/duzhaoqi/
https://blog.csdn.net/kunkliu/article/details/79542009
https://www.cnblogs.com/duzhaoqi/p/7395619.html