PING(Packet InterNet Groper)中文名為因特網包探索器,是用來查看網絡上另一個主機系統的網絡連接是否正常的一個工具。ping命令的工作原理是:向網絡上的另一個主機系統發送ICMP報文,如果指定系統得到了報文,它將把回復報文傳回給發送者,這有點象潛水艇聲納系統中使用的發聲裝置。所以,我們想知道我這台主機能不能和另一台進行通信,我們首先需要確認的是我們兩台主機間的網絡是不是通的,也就是我說的話能不能傳到你那里,這是雙方進行通信的前提。在Linux下使用指令ping的方法和現象如下:

PING的實現看起來並不復雜,我想自己寫代碼實現這個功能,需要些什么知識儲備?我簡單羅列了一下:
- ICMP協議的理解
- RAW套接字
- 網絡封包和解包技能
- ICMP包的封裝和解封
- 創建一個線程用於ICMP包的發送
- 創建一個線程用於ICMP包的接收
- 原始套接字編程
因為ICMP報文的具體格式會因為ICMP報文的類型而各不相同,我們ping包的格式是這樣的:
void icmp_pack(struct icmp* icmphdr, int seq, int length)
{
int i = 0;
icmphdr->icmp_type = ICMP_ECHO; //類型填回送請求
icmphdr->icmp_code = 0;
icmphdr->icmp_cksum = 0; //注意,這里先填寫0,很重要!
icmphdr->icmp_seq = seq; //這里的序列號我們填1,2,3,4....
icmphdr->icmp_id = pid & 0xffff; //我們使用pid作為icmp_id,icmp_id只是2字節,而pid有4字節
for(i=0;i<length;i++)
{
icmphdr->icmp_data[i] = i; //填充數據段,使ICMP報文大於64B
}
icmphdr->icmp_cksum = cal_chksum((unsigned short*)icmphdr, length); //校驗和計算
}
這里簡單介紹一下checksum(校驗和)。
計算機網絡通信時,為了檢驗在數據傳輸過程中數據是否發生了錯誤,通常在傳輸數據的時候連同校驗和一塊傳輸,當接收端接受數據時候會從新計算校驗和,如果與原校驗和不同就視為出錯,丟棄該數據包,並返回icmp報文。
IP/ICMP/IGMP/TCP/UDP等協議的校驗和算法都是相同的,采用的都是將數據流視為16位整數流進行重復疊加計算。為了計算檢驗和,首先把檢驗和字段置為0。然后,對有效數據范圍內中每個16位進行二進制反碼求和,結果存在檢驗和字段中,如果數據長度為奇數則補一字節0。當收到數據后,同樣對有效數據范圍中每個16位數進行二進制反碼的求和。由於接收方在計算過程中包含了發送方存在首部中的檢驗和,因此,如果首部在傳輸過程中沒有發生任何差錯,那么接收方計算的結果應該為全0或全1(具體看實現了,本質一樣) 。如果結果不是全0或全1,那么表示數據錯誤。
/*校驗和算法*/
unsigned short cal_chksum(unsigned short *addr,int len)
{ int nleft=len;
int sum=0;
unsigned short *w=addr;
unsigned short answer=0;
/*把ICMP報頭二進制數據以2字節為單位累加起來*/
while(nleft>1)
{
sum+=*w++;
nleft-=2;
}
/*若ICMP報頭為奇數個字節,會剩下最后一字節。把最后一個字節視為一個2字節數據的高字節,這個2字節數據的低字節為0,繼續累加*/
if( nleft==1)
{
*(unsigned char *)(&answer)=*(unsigned char *)w;
sum+=answer;
}
sum=(sum>>16)+(sum&0xffff);
sum+=(sum>>16);
answer=~sum;
return answer;
}
int icmp_unpack(char* buf, int len)
{
int iphdr_len;
struct timeval begin_time, recv_time, offset_time;
int rtt; //round trip time
struct ip* ip_hdr = (struct ip *)buf;
iphdr_len = ip_hdr->ip_hl*4;
struct icmp* icmp = (struct icmp*)(buf+iphdr_len); //使指針跳過IP頭指向ICMP頭
len-=iphdr_len; //icmp包長度
if(len < 8) //判斷長度是否為ICMP包長度
{
fprintf(stderr, "Invalid icmp packet.Its length is less than 8\n");
return -1;
}
//判斷該包是ICMP回送回答包且該包是我們發出去的
if((icmp->icmp_type == ICMP_ECHOREPLY) && (icmp->icmp_id == (pid & 0xffff)))
{
if((icmp->icmp_seq < 0) || (icmp->icmp_seq > PACKET_SEND_MAX_NUM))
{
fprintf(stderr, "icmp packet seq is out of range!\n");
return -1;
}
ping_packet[icmp->icmp_seq].flag = 0;
begin_time = ping_packet[icmp->icmp_seq].begin_time; //去除該包的發出時間
gettimeofday(&recv_time, NULL);
offset_time = cal_time_offset(begin_time, recv_time);
rtt = offset_time.tv_sec*1000 + offset_time.tv_usec/1000; //毫秒為單位
printf("%d byte from %s: icmp_seq=%u ttl=%d rtt=%d ms\n",
len, inet_ntoa(ip_hdr->ip_src), icmp->icmp_seq, ip_hdr->ip_ttl, rtt);
}
else
{
fprintf(stderr, "Invalid ICMP packet! Its id is not matched!\n");
return -1;
}
return 0;
}
void ping_send()
{
char send_buf[128];
memset(send_buf, 0, sizeof(send_buf));
gettimeofday(&start_time, NULL); //記錄第一個ping包發出的時間
while(alive)
{
int size = 0;
gettimeofday(&(ping_packet[send_count].begin_time), NULL);
ping_packet[send_count].flag = 1; //將該標記為設置為該包已發送
icmp_pack((struct icmp*)send_buf, send_count, 64); //封裝icmp包
size = sendto(rawsock, send_buf, 64, 0, (struct sockaddr*)&dest, sizeof(dest));
send_count++; //記錄發出ping包的數量
if(size < 0)
{
fprintf(stderr, "send icmp packet fail!\n");
continue;
}
sleep(1);
}
}
三、收包線程的搭建
我們同樣建立一個接收包的線程,這里我們采用select函數進行收包,並為select函數設置超時時間為200us,若發生超時,則進行下一個循環。同樣地,我們也需要一個全局變量來記錄成功接收到的ping回復包的數量。
void ping_recv()
{
struct timeval tv;
tv.tv_usec = 200; //設置select函數的超時時間為200us
tv.tv_sec = 0;
fd_set read_fd;
char recv_buf[512];
memset(recv_buf, 0 ,sizeof(recv_buf));
while(alive)
{
int ret = 0;
FD_ZERO(&read_fd);
FD_SET(rawsock, &read_fd);
ret = select(rawsock+1, &read_fd, NULL, NULL, &tv);
switch(ret)
{
case -1:
fprintf(stderr,"fail to select!\n");
break;
case 0:
break;
default:
{
int size = recv(rawsock, recv_buf, sizeof(recv_buf), 0);
if(size < 0)
{
fprintf(stderr,"recv data fail!\n");
continue;
}
ret = icmp_unpack(recv_buf, size); //對接收的包進行解封
if(ret == -1) //不是屬於自己的icmp包,丟棄不處理
{
continue;
}
recv_count++; //接收包計數
}
break;
}
}
}
void icmp_sigint(int signo)
{
alive = 0;
gettimeofday(&end_time, NULL);
time_interval = cal_time_offset(start_time, end_time);
}
signal(SIGINT, icmp_sigint);
1 #include <stdio.h>
2 #include <netinet/in.h>
3 #include <netinet/ip.h>
4 #include <netinet/ip_icmp.h>
5 #include <unistd.h>
6 #include <signal.h>
7 #include <arpa/inet.h>
8 #include <errno.h>
9 #include <sys/time.h>
10 #include <string.h>
11 #include <netdb.h>
12 #include <pthread.h>
13
14
15 #define PACKET_SEND_MAX_NUM 64
16
17 typedef struct ping_packet_status
18 {
19 struct timeval begin_time;
20 struct timeval end_time;
21 int flag; //發送標志,1為已發送
22 int seq; //包的序列號
23 }ping_packet_status;
24
25
26
27 ping_packet_status ping_packet[PACKET_SEND_MAX_NUM];
28
29 int alive;
30 int rawsock;
31 int send_count;
32 int recv_count;
33 pid_t pid;
34 struct sockaddr_in dest;
35 struct timeval start_time;
36 struct timeval end_time;
37 struct timeval time_interval;
38
39 /*校驗和算法*/
40 unsigned short cal_chksum(unsigned short *addr,int len)
41 { int nleft=len;
42 int sum=0;
43 unsigned short *w=addr;
44 unsigned short answer=0;
45
46 /*把ICMP報頭二進制數據以2字節為單位累加起來*/
47 while(nleft>1)
48 {
49 sum+=*w++;
50 nleft-=2;
51 }
52 /*若ICMP報頭為奇數個字節,會剩下最后一字節。把最后一個字節視為一個2字節數據的高字節,這個2字節數據的低字節為0,繼續累加*/
53 if( nleft==1)
54 {
55 *(unsigned char *)(&answer)=*(unsigned char *)w;
56 sum+=answer;
57 }
58 sum=(sum>>16)+(sum&0xffff);
59 sum+=(sum>>16);
60 answer=~sum;
61 return answer;
62 }
63
64 struct timeval cal_time_offset(struct timeval begin, struct timeval end)
65 {
66 struct timeval ans;
67 ans.tv_sec = end.tv_sec - begin.tv_sec;
68 ans.tv_usec = end.tv_usec - begin.tv_usec;
69 if(ans.tv_usec < 0) //如果接收時間的usec小於發送時間的usec,則向sec域借位
70 {
71 ans.tv_sec--;
72 ans.tv_usec+=1000000;
73 }
74 return ans;
75 }
76
77 void icmp_pack(struct icmp* icmphdr, int seq, int length)
78 {
79 int i = 0;
80
81 icmphdr->icmp_type = ICMP_ECHO;
82 icmphdr->icmp_code = 0;
83 icmphdr->icmp_cksum = 0;
84 icmphdr->icmp_seq = seq;
85 icmphdr->icmp_id = pid & 0xffff;
86 for(i=0;i<length;i++)
87 {
88 icmphdr->icmp_data[i] = i;
89 }
90
91 icmphdr->icmp_cksum = cal_chksum((unsigned short*)icmphdr, length);
92 }
93
94 int icmp_unpack(char* buf, int len)
95 {
96 int iphdr_len;
97 struct timeval begin_time, recv_time, offset_time;
98 int rtt; //round trip time
99
100 struct ip* ip_hdr = (struct ip *)buf;
101 iphdr_len = ip_hdr->ip_hl*4;
102 struct icmp* icmp = (struct icmp*)(buf+iphdr_len);
103 len-=iphdr_len; //icmp包長度
104 if(len < 8) //判斷長度是否為ICMP包長度
105 {
106 fprintf(stderr, "Invalid icmp packet.Its length is less than 8\n");
107 return -1;
108 }
109
110 //判斷該包是ICMP回送回答包且該包是我們發出去的
111 if((icmp->icmp_type == ICMP_ECHOREPLY) && (icmp->icmp_id == (pid & 0xffff)))
112 {
113 if((icmp->icmp_seq < 0) || (icmp->icmp_seq > PACKET_SEND_MAX_NUM))
114 {
115 fprintf(stderr, "icmp packet seq is out of range!\n");
116 return -1;
117 }
118
119 ping_packet[icmp->icmp_seq].flag = 0;
120 begin_time = ping_packet[icmp->icmp_seq].begin_time;
121 gettimeofday(&recv_time, NULL);
122
123 offset_time = cal_time_offset(begin_time, recv_time);
124 rtt = offset_time.tv_sec*1000 + offset_time.tv_usec/1000; //毫秒為單位
125
126 printf("%d byte from %s: icmp_seq=%u ttl=%d rtt=%d ms\n",
127 len, inet_ntoa(ip_hdr->ip_src), icmp->icmp_seq, ip_hdr->ip_ttl, rtt);
128
129 }
130 else
131 {
132 fprintf(stderr, "Invalid ICMP packet! Its id is not matched!\n");
133 return -1;
134 }
135 return 0;
136 }
137
138 void ping_send()
139 {
140 char send_buf[128];
141 memset(send_buf, 0, sizeof(send_buf));
142 gettimeofday(&start_time, NULL); //記錄第一個ping包發出的時間
143 while(alive)
144 {
145 int size = 0;
146 gettimeofday(&(ping_packet[send_count].begin_time), NULL);
147 ping_packet[send_count].flag = 1; //將該標記為設置為該包已發送
148
149 icmp_pack((struct icmp*)send_buf, send_count, 64); //封裝icmp包
150 size = sendto(rawsock, send_buf, 64, 0, (struct sockaddr*)&dest, sizeof(dest));
151 send_count++; //記錄發出ping包的數量
152 if(size < 0)
153 {
154 fprintf(stderr, "send icmp packet fail!\n");
155 continue;
156 }
157
158 sleep(1);
159 }
160 }
161
162 void ping_recv()
163 {
164 struct timeval tv;
165 tv.tv_usec = 200; //設置select函數的超時時間為200us
166 tv.tv_sec = 0;
167 fd_set read_fd;
168 char recv_buf[512];
169 memset(recv_buf, 0 ,sizeof(recv_buf));
170 while(alive)
171 {
172 int ret = 0;
173 FD_ZERO(&read_fd);
174 FD_SET(rawsock, &read_fd);
175 ret = select(rawsock+1, &read_fd, NULL, NULL, &tv);
176 switch(ret)
177 {
178 case -1:
179 fprintf(stderr,"fail to select!\n");
180 break;
181 case 0:
182 break;
183 default:
184 {
185 int size = recv(rawsock, recv_buf, sizeof(recv_buf), 0);
186 if(size < 0)
187 {
188 fprintf(stderr,"recv data fail!\n");
189 continue;
190 }
191
192 ret = icmp_unpack(recv_buf, size); //對接收的包進行解封
193 if(ret == -1) //不是屬於自己的icmp包,丟棄不處理
194 {
195 continue;
196 }
197 recv_count++; //接收包計數
198 }
199 break;
200 }
201
202 }
203 }
204
205 void icmp_sigint(int signo)
206 {
207 alive = 0;
208 gettimeofday(&end_time, NULL);
209 time_interval = cal_time_offset(start_time, end_time);
210 }
211
212 void ping_stats_show()
213 {
214 long time = time_interval.tv_sec*1000+time_interval.tv_usec/1000;
215 /*注意除數不能為零,這里send_count有可能為零,所以運行時提示錯誤*/
216 printf("%d packets transmitted, %d recieved, %d%c packet loss, time %ldms\n",
217 send_count, recv_count, (send_count-recv_count)*100/send_count, '%', time);
218 }
219
220
221 int main(int argc, char* argv[])
222 {
223 int size = 128*1024;//128k
224 struct protoent* protocol = NULL;
225 char dest_addr_str[80];
226 memset(dest_addr_str, 0, 80);
227 unsigned int inaddr = 1;
228 struct hostent* host = NULL;
229
230 pthread_t send_id,recv_id;
231
232 if(argc < 2)
233 {
234 printf("Invalid IP ADDRESS!\n");
235 return -1;
236 }
237
238 protocol = getprotobyname("icmp"); //獲取協議類型ICMP
239 if(protocol == NULL)
240 {
241 printf("Fail to getprotobyname!\n");
242 return -1;
243 }
244
245 memcpy(dest_addr_str, argv[1], strlen(argv[1])+1);
246
247 rawsock = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_RAW,protocol->p_proto);
248 if(rawsock < 0)
249 {
250 printf("Fail to create socket!\n");
251 return -1;
252 }
253
254 pid = getpid();
255
256 setsockopt(rawsock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVBUF, &size, sizeof(size)); //增大接收緩沖區至128K
257
258 bzero(&dest,sizeof(dest));
259
260 dest.sin_family = AF_INET;
261
262 inaddr = inet_addr(argv[1]);
263 if(inaddr == INADDR_NONE) //判斷用戶輸入的是否為IP地址還是域名
264 {
265 //輸入的是域名地址
266 host = gethostbyname(argv[1]);
267 if(host == NULL)
268 {
269 printf("Fail to gethostbyname!\n");
270 return -1;
271 }
272
273 memcpy((char*)&dest.sin_addr, host->h_addr, host->h_length);
274 }
275 else
276 {
277 memcpy((char*)&dest.sin_addr, &inaddr, sizeof(inaddr));//輸入的是IP地址
278 }
279 inaddr = dest.sin_addr.s_addr;
280 printf("PING %s, (%d.%d.%d.%d) 56(84) bytes of data.\n",dest_addr_str,
281 (inaddr&0x000000ff), (inaddr&0x0000ff00)>>8,
282 (inaddr&0x00ff0000)>>16, (inaddr&0xff000000)>>24);
283
284 alive = 1; //控制ping的發送和接收
285
286 signal(SIGINT, icmp_sigint);
287
288 if(pthread_create(&send_id, NULL, (void*)ping_send, NULL))
289 {
290 printf("Fail to create ping send thread!\n");
291 return -1;
292 }
293
294 if(pthread_create(&recv_id, NULL, (void*)ping_recv, NULL))
295 {
296 printf("Fail to create ping recv thread!\n");
297 return -1;
298 }
299
300 pthread_join(send_id, NULL);//等待send ping線程結束后進程再結束
301 pthread_join(recv_id, NULL);//等待recv ping線程結束后進程再結束
302
303 ping_stats_show();
304
305 close(rawsock);
306 return 0;
307
308 }
我的實驗環境是兩台服務器,發起ping的主機是172.0.5.183,被ping的主機是172.0.5.182,以下是我的兩次實驗現象(ping IP和ping 域名)。
只有root用戶才能利用socket()函數生成原始套接字,要讓Linux的一般用戶能執行以上程序,需進行如下的特別操作:用root登陸,編譯以上程序gcc -lpthread -o ping ping.c


