glibc提供的malloc()的調試工具

 關鍵詞：MALLOC_CHECK_、mtrace()、muntrace()、MALLOC_TRACE、mprobe()、-lmcheck等等。

1. MALLOC_CHECK_環境變量(double free)

MALLOC_CHECK_提供了類似於mcheck()和mprobe()函數的功能，但是無需對程序進行修改和重新編譯。

設置不同整數值可以控制程序對內存分配錯誤的響應方式。

0 - 不產生錯誤信息，也不中止這個程序

1 - 產生錯誤信息，但是不中止這個程序

2 - 不產生錯誤信息，但是中止這個程序

3 - 產生錯誤信息，並中止這個程序

下面構造一個double free的錯誤程序驗證一下：

#include <stdio.h>
#include <malloc.h>

void main(void)
{
    char *s = NULL;

    s = malloc(32);
    free(s);
    free(s);
}

env MALLOC_CHECK_=0 ./dfree的效果類似於直接執行./dfree。

env MALLOC_CHECK_=1 ./dfree產生如下的錯誤信息：

*** Error in `./dfree': free(): invalid pointer: 0x0000000000e22010 ***

env MALLOC_CHECK_=2 ./dfree簡單的終止程序，生成coredump文件。

Aborted (core dumped)

通過分析core文件，然后bt full查看backtrace：

(gdb) bt full
#0  0x00007fb4cd69c428 in __GI_raise (sig=sig@entry=6) at ../sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/raise.c:54
        resultvar = 0
        pid = 3415
        selftid = 3415
#1  0x00007fb4cd69e02a in __GI_abort () at abort.c:89
        save_stage = 2
        act = {__sigaction_handler = {sa_handler = 0x0, sa_sigaction = 0x0}, sa_mask = {__val = {0 <repeats 14 times>, 1095216660480, 0}}, sa_flags = 0, sa_restorer = 0x0}
        sigs = {__val = {32, 0 <repeats 15 times>}}
#2  0x00007fb4cd6e6430 in malloc_printerr (ar_ptr=<optimized out>, ptr=<optimized out>, str=<optimized out>, action=<optimized out>) at malloc.c:5010
No locals.
#3  free_check (mem=<optimized out>, caller=<optimized out>) at hooks.c:314
No locals.
#4  0x00007fb4cd6eb5e7 in __GI___libc_free (mem=<optimized out>) at malloc.c:2942
        ar_ptr = <optimized out>
        p = <optimized out>
        hook = <optimized out>
#5  0x000000000040059c in main ()
No symbol table info available.

env MALLOC_CHECK_=3 ./dfree顯示更多的信息並且coredump。

*** Error in `./dfree': free(): invalid pointer: 0x0000000000aa0010 ***
======= Backtrace: =========--------------------------------------------------------------------問題點的backtrace。
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(+0x777e5)[0x7f640d3447e5]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(+0x7f72a)[0x7f640d34c72a]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(cfree+0xf7)[0x7f640d3515e7]
./dfree[0x40059c]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(__libc_start_main+0xf0)[0x7f640d2ed830]
./dfree[0x400499]
======= Memory map: ========---------------------------------------------------------------------當前進程的maps。
00400000-00401000 r-xp 00000000 08:11 33178794                           /home/al/test/dfree
00600000-00601000 r--p 00000000 08:11 33178794                           /home/al/test/dfree
00601000-00602000 rw-p 00001000 08:11 33178794                           /home/al/test/dfree
00aa0000-00ac1000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0                                  [heap]
7f640d0b7000-7f640d0cd000 r-xp 00000000 08:02 4199205                    /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.so.1
7f640d0cd000-7f640d2cc000 ---p 00016000 08:02 4199205                    /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.so.1
7f640d2cc000-7f640d2cd000 rw-p 00015000 08:02 4199205                    /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.so.1
7f640d2cd000-7f640d48d000 r-xp 00000000 08:02 4199167                    /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.23.so
7f640d48d000-7f640d68d000 ---p 001c0000 08:02 4199167                    /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.23.so
7f640d68d000-7f640d691000 r--p 001c0000 08:02 4199167                    /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.23.so
7f640d691000-7f640d693000 rw-p 001c4000 08:02 4199167                    /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.23.so
7f640d693000-7f640d697000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 
7f640d697000-7f640d6bd000 r-xp 00000000 08:02 4199139                    /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-2.23.so
7f640d890000-7f640d893000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 
7f640d8bb000-7f640d8bc000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 
7f640d8bc000-7f640d8bd000 r--p 00025000 08:02 4199139                    /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-2.23.so
7f640d8bd000-7f640d8be000 rw-p 00026000 08:02 4199139                    /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-2.23.so
7f640d8be000-7f640d8bf000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 
7ffc0fb27000-7ffc0fb49000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0                          [stack]
7ffc0fbb2000-7ffc0fbb5000 r--p 00000000 00:00 0                          [vvar]
7ffc0fbb5000-7ffc0fbb7000 r-xp 00000000 00:00 0                          [vdso]
ffffffffff600000-ffffffffff601000 r-xp 00000000 00:00 0                  [vsyscall]
Aborted (core dumped)

下面是詳細的棧信息：

#0  0x00007f640d302428 in __GI_raise (sig=sig@entry=6) at ../sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/raise.c:54
        resultvar = 0
        pid = 3542
        selftid = 3542
#1  0x00007f640d30402a in __GI_abort () at abort.c:89
        save_stage = 2
        act = {__sigaction_handler = {sa_handler = 0x2070782d72203030, sa_sigaction = 0x2070782d72203030}, sa_mask = {__val = {3472328296227680304, 3467824696768081952, 2314885530818453536, 2314885530818453536, 
              7166204968890474528, 3544385727815773281, 4048771456345059427, 4123381033782620218, 2314885530819966513, 2314885530818453536, 3395749441387372576, 6860733171187738988, 8679965255892022326, 7091318039360988973, 
              8299627453906824547, 7219327610922666607}}, sa_flags = 808532278, sa_restorer = 0x48}
        sigs = {__val = {32, 0 <repeats 15 times>}}
#2  0x00007f640d3447ea in __libc_message (do_abort=do_abort@entry=2, fmt=fmt@entry=0x7f640d45ded8 "*** Error in `%s': %s: 0x%s ***\n") at ../sysdeps/posix/libc_fatal.c:175
        ap = <error reading variable ap (Attempt to dereference a generic pointer.)>
        fd = 3
        on_2 = <optimized out>
        list = <optimized out>
        nlist = <optimized out>
        cp = <optimized out>
        written = <optimized out>
#3  0x00007f640d34c72a in malloc_printerr (ar_ptr=0x7f640d691b20 <main_arena>, ptr=<optimized out>, str=0x7f640d45acaf "free(): invalid pointer", action=<optimized out>) at malloc.c:5006
        buf = "0000000000aa0010"
        cp = <optimized out>
        ar_ptr = 0x7f640d691b20 <main_arena>
        ptr = <optimized out>
        str = 0x7f640d45acaf "free(): invalid pointer"
        action = <optimized out>
#4  free_check (mem=<optimized out>, caller=<optimized out>) at hooks.c:314
No locals.
#5  0x00007f640d3515e7 in __GI___libc_free (mem=<optimized out>) at malloc.c:2942
        ar_ptr = <optimized out>
        p = <optimized out>
        hook = <optimized out>
#6  0x000000000040059c in main ()
No symbol table info available.

2. mtrace/muntrace/MALLOC_TRACE(重復釋放、泄漏)

mtrace()和muntrace()函數分別在程序中打開和關閉對內存分配調用進行跟蹤的功能。

這兩個函數要與環境變量MALLOC_TRACE搭配使用，該變量定義了寫入跟蹤信息的文件名。

2.1 構造測試用例

構造malloc()但是不釋放的場景：

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <mcheck.h>

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
        mtrace();

        char * p = malloc(100);
        free(p);

        p = malloc(1000);

        muntrace();

        return 0;
}

2.2 mtrace()跟蹤結果分析

gcc mtrace.c -o mtrace -g編譯帶調試信息。

export MALLOC_TRACE=/home/al/test/mtrace.log設置mtrace()信息輸出路徑。

然后執行./mtrace，就會在MALLOC_TRACE下生成malloc()/free()軌跡信息。

= Start
@ ./mtrace:[0x400624] + 0x10b4450 0x64
@ ./mtrace:[0x400634] - 0x10b4450
@ ./mtrace:[0x40063e] + 0x10b44c0 0x3e8
= End

上面的信息格式為：@ 程序名稱:[內存分配釋放調用的地址] +/- 操作的內存地址 參數。

+表示malloc，-表示free。

或者如下類型log：

@ 程序名稱:(函數名稱+偏移量) [內存分配釋放調用地址] +/-/</> 操作內存地址 參數。

+：對應一個malloc()操作。

-：對應一個free()操作。

</>：對應一個realloc()操作，成對出現。<表示釋放之前內存，>表示申請后結果。如果realloc()的內存第一次申請，那么就對應一個+號。

@ /usr/lib/libglib-2.0.so.0:(g_malloc+0x2a)[0x2ac7c412] + 0x2b510f50 0x3------------------------g_malloc()中申請0x3字節大小內存，返回地址為0x2b510f50。
@ /usr/lib/libglib-2.0.so.0:(g_realloc+0x38)[0x2ac7c4cc] + 0x2b510f60 0x20----------------------g_realloc()指針之前沒有對應內存，所以對應+。表示申請0x20字節大小內存，返回地址為0x2b510f60。
@ /usr/lib/libglib-2.0.so.0:(g_free+0x20)[0x2ac7c524] - 0x2b510f40
@ /usr/lib/libglib-2.0.so.0:(g_malloc+0x2a)[0x2ac7c412] + 0x2b510f40 0xc------------------------在g_malloc()中申請0xc字節大小內存，返回地址為0x2b510f40.
@ /usr/lib/libglib-2.0.so.0:(g_malloc+0x2a)[0x2ac7c412] + 0x2b510f88 0xc
@ /usr/lib/libglib-2.0.so.0:(g_realloc+0x38)[0x2ac7c4cc] < 0x2b510f60---------------------------g_realloc()對應的內存已經存在，所以先釋放0x2b510f60內存。
@ /usr/lib/libglib-2.0.so.0:(g_realloc+0x38)[0x2ac7c4cc] > 0x2b510f98 0x40----------------------然后重新申請0x40大小的內存，返回地址為0x2b50f98.
@ /usr/lib/libglib-2.0.so.0:(g_free+0x20)[0x2ac7c524] - 0x2b510f40------------------------------在g_free()中釋放地址為0x2b510f40的內存。
@ /usr/lib/libglib-2.0.so.0:(g_realloc+0x38)[0x2ac7c4cc] < 0x2b510f98---------------------------g_realoc()對應內存已經存在，釋放0x2b510f98對應內存。
@ /usr/lib/libglib-2.0.so.0:(g_realloc+0x38)[0x2ac7c4cc] > 0x2b513660 0x80----------------------然后重新申請0x80大小內存，返回地址為0x2b513660。

通過mtrace mtrace mtrace.log可以可讀性更強的信息。第一個mtrace是解析mtrace.log的工具，第二個mtrace是測試程序。

Memory not freed:
-----------------
           Address     Size     Caller
0x00000000010b44c0    0x3e8  at /home/al/test/mtrace.c:13

這里面對過濾掉正常malloc()/free()信息，留下的是泄漏內存。

Address表示泄漏地址，Size表示泄漏大小，Caller表示泄漏點代碼位置。

2.3 重復釋放問題

如下是重復釋放問題，mtrace()會如何處理呢？

#include <stdio.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <mcheck.h>

void main(void)
{
    char *s = NULL;
    mtrace();
    s = malloc(32);
    free(s);
    free(s);
    muntrace();
}

執行./dfree結果如下：

*** Error in `./dfree': double free or corruption (fasttop): 0x000000000188b450 ***

2.4 mtrace輸出解釋

mtrace輸出結果還有一些可能不是異常的提示。

= Start
 [0x8048209] - 0x8064cc8
 [0x8048209] - 0x8064ce0
 [0x8048209] - 0x8064cf8
 [0x80481eb] + 0x8064c48 0x14
 [0x80481eb] + 0x8064c60 0x14
 [0x80481eb] + 0x8064c78 0x14
 [0x80481eb] + 0x8064c90 0x14
= End

輸出結果如下：

- 0x08064cc8 Free 2 was never alloc'd /home/drepper/tst.c:39
- 0x08064ce0 Free 3 was never alloc'd /home/drepper/tst.c:39
- 0x08064cf8 Free 4 was never alloc'd /home/drepper/tst.c:39
(-表示free異常) (free內存對應指針) Free (在原log中的行號) was never alloc'd (free函數調用點)

Memory not freed:
-----------------
   Address     Size     Caller
0x08064c48     0x14  at /home/drepper/tst.c:33
0x08064c60     0x14  at /home/drepper/tst.c:33
0x08064c78     0x14  at /home/drepper/tst.c:33
0x08064c90     0x14  at /home/drepper/tst.c:33

參考資料：《3.2.4.4 Interpreting the traces》。

- 0x000000000002ba00 Realloc 1109 was never alloc'd 0x2af654bc
(-表示釋放) (free對應內存地址) Realloc (在log中行號) was never alloc'd (free釋放點)

realloc()首先釋放然后重新申請內存，表示在realloc()釋放內存的時候沒有找到對應的alloc()。

+ 0x000000000006ea48 Alloc 17136 duplicate: 0x2b2ef800 /lib/libstdc++.so.6:(_Znwj+0x24)[0x2b2ef800]
(+表示alloc()) (alloc()內存地址) Alloc (在log中行號) duplicate: (alloc()調用點)

 

表示兩次alloc兩次，申請的內存地址是一樣的。前一次alloc()到本次alloc()之間沒有free。

3. mcheck()檢查內存一致性(重復釋放、越界)

mcheck()函數允許程序對已分配內存塊進行一致性檢查。

3.1 mcheck()介紹

#include <mcheck.h>

int mcheck(void (*abortfunc)(enum mcheck_status mstatus));

調用該函數后，后續內存分配、釋放都將進行內存連續性檢查，並在內存連續性檢查失敗后，調用abortfunc。

枚舉體mcheck_status如下：

enum mcheck_status
  {
    MCHECK_DISABLED = -1,       /* Consistency checking is not turned on.  */
    MCHECK_OK,                  /* Block is fine.  */
    MCHECK_FREE,                /* Block freed twice.  */
    MCHECK_HEAD,                /* Memory before the block was clobbered.  */
    MCHECK_TAIL                 /* Memory after the block was clobbered.  */
  };

3.2 mcheck()實例

下例創建捕獲錯誤函數abortfun()，三種你錯誤類型：重復釋放、頭覆蓋、尾覆蓋。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <mcheck.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <string.h>

void abortfun(enum mcheck_status mstatus)
{
    if(mstatus == MCHECK_FREE)
        fprintf(stderr, "Block freed twice.\n");
    else if(mstatus == MCHECK_HEAD)
        fprintf(stderr, "Memory before the block was clobbered.\n");
    else if(mstatus == MCHECK_TAIL)
        fprintf(stderr, "Memory after the block was clobbered.\n");
    else
        fprintf(stderr, "Block is fine.\n");
}

void main(void)
{
    char *s = NULL;

    if(mcheck(abortfun) != 0)
    {
        fprintf(stderr, "mcheck:%s\n", strerror(errno));
        return;
    }
    s = malloc(32);
    *(s-1) = 3;--------------------------頭覆蓋。
    *(s+32) = 3;-------------------------尾覆蓋。
    free(s);
    free(s);-----------------------------重復釋放。
}

執行后結果如下，捕獲到了尾覆蓋和重復釋放，頭覆蓋沒有捕獲到；但是單獨頭覆蓋是可以捕獲到的。

並且產生了coredump文件。

Memory after the block was clobbered.
Block freed twice.
*** Error in `./dfree': double free or corruption (fasttop): 0x0000000000957030 ***
======= Backtrace: =========
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(+0x777e5)[0x7fc2eac267e5]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(+0x8037a)[0x7fc2eac2f37a]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(cfree+0x4c)[0x7fc2eac3353c]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(+0x87fa0)[0x7fc2eac36fa0]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(cfree+0xf7)[0x7fc2eac335e7]
./dfree[0x40084a]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(__libc_start_main+0xf0)[0x7fc2eabcf830]
./dfree[0x400659]
======= Memory map: ========
00400000-00401000 r-xp 00000000 08:11 33173251                           /home/al/test/dfree
00600000-00601000 r--p 00000000 08:11 33173251                           /home/al/test/dfree
00601000-00602000 rw-p 00001000 08:11 33173251                           /home/al/test/dfree
00957000-00978000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0                                  [heap]
7fc2e4000000-7fc2e4021000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 
7fc2e4021000-7fc2e8000000 ---p 00000000 00:00 0 
7fc2ea999000-7fc2ea9af000 r-xp 00000000 08:02 4199205                    /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.so.1
7fc2ea9af000-7fc2eabae000 ---p 00016000 08:02 4199205                    /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.so.1
7fc2eabae000-7fc2eabaf000 rw-p 00015000 08:02 4199205                    /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.so.1
7fc2eabaf000-7fc2ead6f000 r-xp 00000000 08:02 4199167                    /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.23.so
7fc2ead6f000-7fc2eaf6f000 ---p 001c0000 08:02 4199167                    /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.23.so
7fc2eaf6f000-7fc2eaf73000 r--p 001c0000 08:02 4199167                    /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.23.so
7fc2eaf73000-7fc2eaf75000 rw-p 001c4000 08:02 4199167                    /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.23.so
7fc2eaf75000-7fc2eaf79000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 
7fc2eaf79000-7fc2eaf9f000 r-xp 00000000 08:02 4199139                    /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-2.23.so
7fc2eb172000-7fc2eb175000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 
7fc2eb19d000-7fc2eb19e000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 
7fc2eb19e000-7fc2eb19f000 r--p 00025000 08:02 4199139                    /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-2.23.so
7fc2eb19f000-7fc2eb1a0000 rw-p 00026000 08:02 4199139                    /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-2.23.so
7fc2eb1a0000-7fc2eb1a1000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 
7ffcc5840000-7ffcc5862000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0                          [stack]
7ffcc58df000-7ffcc58e2000 r--p 00000000 00:00 0                          [vvar]
7ffcc58e2000-7ffcc58e4000 r-xp 00000000 00:00 0                          [vdso]
ffffffffff600000-ffffffffff601000 r-xp 00000000 00:00 0                  [vsyscall]
Aborted (core dumped)

4. mprobe()

函數格式介紹：

#include <mcheck.h>

enum mcheck_status mprobe(void *ptr);

mprobe()示例：

#include <stdio.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <mcheck.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <string.h>

void abortfun(enum mcheck_status mstatus)
{
    if(mstatus == MCHECK_FREE)
        fprintf(stderr, "Block freed twice.\n");
    else if(mstatus == MCHECK_HEAD)
        fprintf(stderr, "Memory before the block was clobbered.\n");
    else if(mstatus == MCHECK_TAIL)
        fprintf(stderr, "Memory after the block was clobbered.\n");
    else
        fprintf(stderr, "Block is fine.\n");
}

void main(void)
{
    char *s = NULL;

    if(mcheck(abortfun) != 0)
    {
        fprintf(stderr, "mcheck:%s\n", strerror(errno));
        return;
    }
    s = malloc(32);
    mprobe(s);------------------------------正確
    mprobe(s-1);----------------------------錯誤，返回MCHECK_HEAD錯誤類型。
    mprobe(s+32);---------------------------錯誤，返回MCHECK_HEAD錯誤類型。
    free(s);
}

返回結果：

Memory before the block was clobbered.
Memory before the block was clobbered.

5. -lmcheck自動開啟檢查

在編譯的時候加上-lmcheck，不需要修改代碼就可以對malloc()/free()進行檢查。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <malloc.h>

void main(void)
{
    char *s = NULL;

    s = malloc(32);
    free(s);
    free(s);
}

gcc dfree.c -o dfree -lmcheck編譯后，執行./dfree。

block freed twice
Aborted (core dumped)

查看coredump bt full如下：

#0  0x00007fdf1e826428 in __GI_raise (sig=sig@entry=6) at ../sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/raise.c:54
        resultvar = 0
        pid = 5719
        selftid = 5719
#1  0x00007fdf1e82802a in __GI_abort () at abort.c:89
        save_stage = 2
        act = {__sigaction_handler = {sa_handler = 0x3065383363666637, sa_sigaction = 0x3065383363666637}, sa_mask = {__val = {8659703141076316208, 3472328296227676272, 3472339291342909488, 2314885530818457632, 
              2314885530818453536, 2314885530818453536, 8314900945785856032, 7378697629477789039, 3472335126135203430, 7378697628523966512, 3474076752553600614, 8659703141076316209, 3472328296227676272, 3472339291342909488, 
              2314885530818457632, 2314885530818453536}}, sa_flags = 538976288, sa_restorer = 0x54}
        sigs = {__val = {32, 0 <repeats 15 times>}}
#2  0x00007fdf1e8687ea in __libc_message (do_abort=do_abort@entry=2, fmt=fmt@entry=0x7fdf1e981ed8 "*** Error in `%s': %s: 0x%s ***\n") at ../sysdeps/posix/libc_fatal.c:175
        ap = <error reading variable ap (Attempt to dereference a generic pointer.)>
        fd = 3
        on_2 = <optimized out>
        list = <optimized out>
        nlist = <optimized out>
        cp = <optimized out>
        written = <optimized out>
#3  0x00007fdf1e87137a in malloc_printerr (ar_ptr=<optimized out>, ptr=<optimized out>, str=0x7fdf1e981fa0 "double free or corruption (fasttop)", action=3) at malloc.c:5006
        buf = "000000000186a010"
        cp = <optimized out>
        ar_ptr = <optimized out>
        str = 0x7fdf1e981fa0 "double free or corruption (fasttop)"
        action = 3
#4  _int_free (av=<optimized out>, p=<optimized out>, have_lock=0) at malloc.c:3867
        size = <optimized out>
        fb = <optimized out>
        nextchunk = <optimized out>
        nextsize = <optimized out>
        nextinuse = <optimized out>
        prevsize = <optimized out>
        bck = <optimized out>
        fwd = <optimized out>
        errstr = <optimized out>
        locked = <optimized out>
#5  0x00007fdf1e87553c in __GI___libc_free (mem=<optimized out>) at malloc.c:2968
        ar_ptr = <optimized out>
        p = <optimized out>
        hook = <optimized out>
#6  0x000000000040059c in register_tm_clones ()
No symbol table info available.
#7  0x00007ffc38dc54c0 in ?? ()
No symbol table info available.
#8  0x000000000186a010 in ?? ()
No symbol table info available.
#9  0x00000000004005a0 in register_tm_clones ()
No symbol table info available.
#10 0x00007fdf1e811830 in __libc_start_main (main=0x400566 <deregister_tm_clones+54>, argc=1, argv=0x7ffc38dc54c8, init=<optimized out>, fini=<optimized out>, rtld_fini=<optimized out>, stack_end=0x7ffc38dc54b8)
    at ../csu/libc-start.c:291
        result = <optimized out>
        unwind_buf = {cancel_jmp_buf = {{jmp_buf = {0, 4770583698588052314, 4195440, 140721262449856, 0, 0, -4770167831151236262, -4788811728122270886}, mask_was_saved = 0}}, priv = {pad = {0x0, 0x0, 0x400610 <main+26>, 
              0x7fdf1ebcbab0 <_dl_fini>}, data = {prev = 0x0, cleanup = 0x0, canceltype = 4195856}}}
        not_first_call = <optimized out>
#11 0x0000000000400499 in ?? ()
No symbol table info available.
#12 0x00007ffc38dc54b8 in ?? ()
No symbol table info available.
#13 0x000000000000001c in ?? ()
No symbol table info available.
#14 0x0000000000000001 in ?? ()
No symbol table info available.
#15 0x00007ffc38dc5fba in ?? ()
No symbol table info available.
#16 0x0000000000000000 in ?? ()
No symbol table info available.

6. 小結

對比以上幾個內存你檢查手段：MALLOC_CHECK_最簡單，其次是-lmcheck，最后是mtrace()/muntrace()、mcheck()、mprobe()。

但是這幾種技術檢查的全面性都不夠，沒有一種能夠全面檢查內存泄漏、內存踩踏、重復釋放的。

要想全面的檢查還是需要Valgrind這種技術，參考《valgrind使用方法》。

 

參考文檔：《mtrace-內存使用追蹤（內存）》、《mcheck 函數使用（glibc-3-內存）》