一:基本的查詢sql
1:基本常用查詢
select * from student; --select select all sex from student; --all 查詢所有 select distinct sex from student; --distinct 過濾重復 --count 統計 select count(*) from student; select count(sex) from student; select count(distinct sex) from student; selecttop 3 * from student; --top 取前N條記錄 --aliascolumn name 列重命名 select id as 編號, name '名稱', sex 性別 from student; --aliastable name 表重命名 select id, name, s.id, s.name from student s; --column 列運算 select (age + id) col from student; select s.name + '-' + c.name from classes c, student s where s.cid = c.id;
2:where篩選條件
1 --where 條件 2 select * from student where id = 2; 3 select * from student where id > 7; 4 select * from student where id < 3; 5 select * from student where id <> 3; 6 select * from student where id >= 3; 7 select * from student where id <= 5; 8 select * from student where id !> 3; 9 select * from student where id !< 5; 10 select * from student where id > 2 and sex = 1; --and 並且 11 select * from student where id = 2 or sex = 1; --or 或者 12 13 --between ... and ... 相當於並且 14 select * from student where id between 2 and 5; 15 select * from student where id notbetween 2 and 5; 16 17 --like 模糊查詢 18 select * from student where name like'%a%'; 19 select * from student where name like'%[a][o]%'; 20 select * from student where name notlike'%a%'; 21 select * from student where name like'ja%'; 22 select * from student where name notlike'%[j,n]%'; 23 select * from student where name like'%[j,n,a]%'; 24 select * from student where name like'%[^ja,as,on]%'; 25 select * from student where name like'%[ja_on]%'; 26 27 28 select * from student where id in (1, 2); --in 子查詢 29 select * from student where id notin (1, 2); --notin 不在其中 30 select * from student where age isnull; --isnull 是空 31 select * from student where age isnotnull; --isnotnull 不為空
3:排序
1 --orderby 排序 2 select * from student orderby name; 3 select * from student orderby name desc; 4 select * from student orderby name asc;
4:分組groupby ,分組可以和聚合函數sum,count,max,min等一起使用
1 select count(age), age from student group by age; --按照年齡進行分組統計 2 3 select count(*), sex from student group by sex; --按照性別進行分組統計
4 --按照年齡和性別組合分組統計,並排序 5 select count(*), sex from student group by sex, age order by age;
6 --按照性別分組,並且是id大於2的記錄最后按照性別排序 7 select count(*), sex from student where id > 2 group by sex order by sex;
8 --查詢id大於2的數據,並完成運算后的結果進行分組和排序 9 select count(*), (sex * id) newfrom student where id > 2 group by sex * id order by sex * id; 10 11 --groupbyall 所有分組 12 --按照年齡分組,是所有的年齡 13 select count(*), age from student group by all age;
5:having篩選
1 --having 分組過濾條件 2 --按照年齡分組,過濾年齡為空的數據,並且統計分組的條數和現實年齡信息 3 select count(*), age from student group by age having age isnotnull; 4 5 --按照年齡和cid組合分組,過濾條件是cid大於1的記錄 6 select count(*), cid, sex from student group by cid, sex having cid > 1; 7 8 --按照年齡分組,過濾條件是分組后的記錄條數大於等於2 9 select count(*), age from student group by age having count(age) >= 2; 10 11 --按照cid和性別組合分組,過濾條件是cid大於1,cid的最大值大於2 12 select count(*), cid, sex from student group by cid, sex having cid > 1 and max(cid) > 2;
二:嵌套子查詢
子查詢是一個嵌套在select、insert、update或delete語句或其他子查詢中的查詢。任何允許使用表達式的地方都可以使用子查詢。子查詢也稱為內部查詢或內部選擇,而包含子查詢的語句也成為外部查詢或外部選擇。格式為: from (select … table)
將一個table的查詢結果當做一個新表進行查詢,示例如下:
1 select * from 2 (select id, name from student where sex = 1) t 3 where t.id > 2;
查詢班級信息,統計班級學生人生
1 select *, (selectcount(*) from student where cid = classes.id) as num from classes order by num;
1:in, not in子句查詢示例
--查詢班級id大於小於的這些班級的學生信息in子句查詢示例 select * from student where cid in (select id from classes where id > 2 and id < 4); --查詢不是班的學生信息,not in 子句查詢示例 select * from student where cid not in (select id from classes where name = '2班')
注意:in、not in 后面的子句返回的結果必須是一列,這一列的結果將會作為查詢條件對應前面的條件。如cid對應子句的id;
2:exists和not exists子句查詢示例
1 -- 查詢存在班級id為的學生信息 2 select * from student where exists (select * from classes where id = student.cid and id = 3); 3 4 --查詢沒有分配班級的學生信息 5 select * from student where not exists (select * from classes where id = student.cid);
注意:exists和not exists查詢需要內部查詢和外部查詢進行一個關聯的條件,如果沒有這個條件將是查詢到的所有信息。如:id等於student.id;
3: some、any、all子句查詢示例
--查詢班級的學生年齡大於班級的學生的年齡的信息 select * from student where cid = 5 and age >all ( select age from student where cid = 3 ); select * from student where cid = 5 and age >any ( select age from student where cid = 3 ); select * from student where cid = 5 and age >some ( select age from student where cid = 3 );
上面括號中的語句,就是子查詢語句(內部查詢)。在外面的是外部查詢,其中外部查詢可以包含以下語句:
1、 包含常規選擇列表組件的常規select查詢
2、 包含一個或多個表或視圖名稱的常規from語句
3、 可選的where子句
4、 可選的group by子句
5、 可選的having子句
三:聚合查詢
1、 distinct去掉重復數據
select distinct sex from student; select count(sex), count(distinct sex) from student;
2、 compute和compute by匯總查詢
--對年齡大於的進行匯總 select age from student where age > 20 order by age compute sum(age) by age; --對年齡大於的按照性別進行分組匯總年齡信息 select id, sex, age from student where age > 20 order by sex, age compute sum(age) by sex; --按照年齡分組匯總 select age from student where age > 20 order by age, id compute sum(age); --按照年齡分組,年齡匯總,id找最大值 select id, age from student where age > 20 order by age compute sum(age), max(id);
compute進行匯總前面是查詢的結果,后面一條結果集就是匯總的信息。compute子句中可以添加多個匯總表達式,可以添加的信息如下:
a、 可選by關鍵字。它是每一列計算指定的行聚合
b、 行聚合函數名稱。包括sum、avg、min、max、count等
c、 要對其執行聚合函數的列
compute by適合做先分組后匯總的業務。compute by后面的列一定要是order by中出現的列。
3、 cube匯總
cube匯總和compute效果類似,但語法較簡潔,而且返回的是一個結果集。
1 select count(*), sex from student group by sex with cube; 2 select count(*), age, sum(age) from student where age is not null group by age with cube;
cube要結合group by語句完成分組匯總
四: 排序函數,
排序函數也叫開窗函數,在很多地方需要用到,需要對查詢結果進行排序並且給出序號。比如:
1、 對某張表進行排序,序號需要遞增不重復的
2、 對學生的成績進行排序,得出名次,名次可以並列,但名次的序號是連續遞增的
3、 在某些排序的情況下,需要跳空序號,雖然是並列
基本語法
排序函數 over([分組語句] 排序子句[desc][asc])
排序子句 orderby 列名, 列名
分組子句 partition by 分組列, 分組列
1: row_number函數
根據排序子句給出遞增連續序號,按照名稱排序的順序遞增,如下:
select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, row_number() over(orderby c.name) as number from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
2:rank函數函數
根據排序子句給出遞增的序號,但是存在並列並且跳空
--順序遞增 select id, name, rank() over(orderby cid) as rank from student; --跳過相同遞增 select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, rank() over(orderby c.name) as rank from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
3: dense_rank函數
根據排序子句給出遞增的序號,但是存在並列不跳空
--不跳過,直接遞增 select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, dense_rank() over(orderby c.name) as dense from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
4: partition by分組子句
可以完成對分組的數據進行增加排序,partition by可以與以上三個函數聯合使用。
--利用partition by按照班級名稱分組,學生id排序 select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, row_number() over(partition by c.name orderby s.id) as rank from student s, classes c where cid = c.id; select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, rank() over(partition by c.name orderby s.id) as rank from student s, classes c where cid = c.id; select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, dense_rank() over(partition by c.name orderby s.id) as rank from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
5:ntile平均排序函數
將要排序的數據進行平分,然后按照等分排序。ntile中的參數代表分成多少等分。
select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, ntile(5) over(orderby c.name) as ntile from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
五: 集合運算,操作兩組查詢結果,進行交集、並集、減集運算
1、 union和union all進行並集運算
--union 並集、不重復 select id, name from student where name like'ja%' union select id, name from student where id = 4; --並集、重復 select * from student where name like'ja%' union all select * from student;
2、 intersect進行交集運算
--交集(相同部分) select * from student where name like'ja%' intersect select * from student;
3、 except進行減集運算
--減集(除相同部分) select * from student where name like'ja%' except select * from student where name like'jas%';
六: 公式表表達式
查詢表的時候,有時候中間表需要重復使用,這些子查詢被重復查詢調用,不但效率低,而且可讀性低,不利於理解。那么公式表表達式可以解決這個問題。
我們可以將公式表表達式(CET)視為臨時結果集,在select、insert、update、delete或是create view語句的執行范圍內進行定義。
1 --表達式 2 with statNum(id, num) as 3 ( 4 select cid, count(*) 5 from student 6 where id > 0 7 groupby cid 8 ) 9 select id, num from statNum orderby id; 10 11 with statNum(id, num) as 12 ( 13 select cid, count(*) 14 from student 15 where id > 0 16 groupby cid 17 ) 18 select max(id), avg(num) from statNum;
七: 連接查詢
1、 簡化連接查詢
1 --簡化聯接查詢 2 select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s, classes c where s.cid = c.id;
2、 left join左連接
--左連接 select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s left join classes c on s.cid = c.id;
3、 right join右連接
--右連接 select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s right join classes c on s.cid = c.id;
4、 inner join內連接
--內連接 select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s inner join classes c on s.cid = c.id; --inner可以省略 select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s join classes c on s.cid = c.id;
5、 cross join交叉連接
--交叉聯接查詢,結果是一個笛卡兒乘積 select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s cross join classes c --where s.cid = c.id;
6、 自連接(同一張表進行連接查詢)
1 --自連接 2 select distinct s.* from student s, student s1 where s.id <> s1.id and s.sex = s1.sex;
八: 函數
1、 聚合函數
max最大值、min最小值、count統計、avg平均值、sum求和、var求方差
1 select 2 max(age) max_age, 3 min(age) min_age, 4 count(age) count_age, 5 avg(age) avg_age, 6 sum(age) sum_age, 7 var(age) var_age as '方差' 8 from student;
2、 日期時間函數
1 select dateAdd(day, 3, getDate());--加天 2 select dateAdd(year, 3, getDate());--加年 3 select dateAdd(hour, 3, getDate());--加小時 4 --返回跨兩個指定日期的日期邊界數和時間邊界數 5 select dateDiff(day, '2011-06-20', getDate()); 6 --相差秒數 7 select dateDiff(second, '2011-06-22 11:00:00', getDate()); 8 --相差小時數 9 select dateDiff(hour, '2011-06-22 10:00:00', getDate()); 10 select dateName(month, getDate());--當前月份 11 select dateName(minute, getDate());--當前分鍾 12 select dateName(weekday, getDate());--當前星期 13 select datePart(month, getDate());--當前月份 14 select datePart(weekday, getDate());--當前星期 15 select datePart(second, getDate());--當前秒數 16 selectday(getDate());--返回當前日期天數 17 selectday('2011-06-30');--返回當前日期天數 18 selectmonth(getDate());--返回當前日期月份 19 selectmonth('2011-11-10'); 20 selectyear(getDate());--返回當前日期年份 21 selectyear('2010-11-10'); 22 select getDate();--當前系統日期 23 select getUTCDate();--utc日期
3、 數學函數
1 select pi();--PI函數 2 select rand(100), rand(50), rand(), rand();--隨機數 3 select round(rand(), 3), round(rand(100), 5);--精確小數位 4 --精確位數,負數表示小數點前 5 select round(123.456, 2), round(254.124, -2); 6 select round(123.4567, 1, 2);
4、 元數據
1 select col_name(object_id('student'), 1);--返回列名 2 select col_name(object_id('student'), 2); 3 --該列數據類型長度 4 select col_length('student', col_name(object_id('student'), 2)); 5 --該列數據類型長度 6 select col_length('student', col_name(object_id('student'), 1)); 7 --返回類型名稱、類型id 8 select type_name(type_id('varchar')), type_id('varchar'); 9 --返回列類型長度 10 select columnProperty(object_id('student'), 'name', 'PRECISION'); 11 --返回列所在索引位置 12 select columnProperty(object_id('student'), 'sex', 'ColumnId'); 13
5、 字符串函數
1 select ascii('a');--字符轉換ascii值 2 select ascii('A'); 3 selectchar(97);--ascii值轉換字符 4 selectchar(65); 5 selectnchar(65); 6 selectnchar(45231); 7 selectnchar(32993);--unicode轉換字符 8 select unicode('A'), unicode('中');--返回unicode編碼值 9 select soundex('hello'), soundex('world'), soundex('word'); 10 select patindex('%a', 'ta'), patindex('%ac%', 'jack'), patindex('dex%', 'dexjack');--匹配字符索引 11 select'a' + space(2) + 'b', 'c' + space(5) + 'd';--輸出空格 12 select charIndex('o', 'hello world');--查找索引 13 select charIndex('o', 'hello world', 6);--查找索引 14 select quoteName('abc[]def'), quoteName('123]45'); 15 --精確數字 16 select str(123.456, 2), str(123.456, 3), str(123.456, 4); 17 select str(123.456, 9, 2), str(123.456, 9, 3), str(123.456, 6, 1), str(123.456, 9, 6); 18 select difference('hello', 'helloWorld');--比較字符串相同 19 select difference('hello', 'world'); 20 select difference('hello', 'llo'); 21 select difference('hello', 'hel'); 22 select difference('hello', 'hello'); 23 select replace('abcedef', 'e', 'E');--替換字符串 24 select stuff('hello world', 3, 4, 'ABC');--指定位置替換字符串 25 select replicate('abc#', 3);--重復字符串 26 selectsubString('abc', 1, 1), subString('abc', 1, 2), subString('hello Wrold', 7, 5);--截取字符串 27 select len('abc');--返回長度 28 select reverse('sqlServer');--反轉字符串 29 30 selectleft('leftString', 4);--取左邊字符串 31 selectleft('leftString', 7); 32 selectright('leftString', 6);--取右邊字符串 33 selectright('leftString', 3); 34 selectlower('aBc'), lower('ABC');--小寫 35 selectupper('aBc'), upper('abc');--大寫 36 --去掉左邊空格 37 select ltrim(' abc'), ltrim('# abc#'), ltrim(' abc'); 38 --去掉右邊空格 39 select rtrim(' abc '), rtrim('# abc# '), rtrim('abc');
6、 安全函數
1 selectcurrent_user; 2 selectuser; 3 select user_id(), user_id('dbo'), user_id('public'), user_id('guest'); 4 select user_name(), user_name(1), user_name(0), user_name(2); 5 selectsession_user; 6 select suser_id('sa'); 7 select suser_sid(), suser_sid('sa'), suser_sid('sysadmin'), suser_sid('serveradmin'); 8 select is_member('dbo'), is_member('public'); 9 select suser_name(), suser_name(1), suser_name(2), suser_name(3); 10 select suser_sname(), suser_sname(0x01), suser_sname(0x02), suser_sname(0x03); 11 select is_srvRoleMember('sysadmin'), is_srvRoleMember('serveradmin'); 12 select permissions(object_id('student')); 13 selectsystem_user; 14 select schema_id(), schema_id('dbo'), schema_id('guest'); 15 select schema_name(), schema_name(1), schema_name(2), schema_name(3);
7、 系統函數
1 select app_name();--當前會話的應用程序名稱 2 selectcast(2011 as datetime), cast('10'as money), cast('0'as varbinary);--類型轉換 3 selectconvert(datetime, '2011');--類型轉換 4 selectcoalesce(null, 'a'), coalesce('123', 'a');--返回其參數中第一個非空表達式 5 select collationProperty('Traditional_Spanish_CS_AS_KS_WS', 'CodePage'); 6 selectcurrent_timestamp;--當前時間戳 7 selectcurrent_user; 8 select isDate(getDate()), isDate('abc'), isNumeric(1), isNumeric('a'); 9 select dataLength('abc'); 10 select host_id(); 11 select host_name(); 12 select db_name(); 13 select ident_current('student'), ident_current('classes');--返回主鍵id的最大值 14 select ident_incr('student'), ident_incr('classes');--id的增量值 15 select ident_seed('student'), ident_seed('classes'); 16 select @@identity;--最后一次自增的值 17 selectidentity(int, 1, 1) as id into tab from student;--將studeng表的烈屬,以/1自增形式創建一個tab 18 select * from tab; 19 select @@rowcount;--影響行數 20 select @@cursor_rows;--返回連接上打開的游標的當前限定行的數目 21 select @@error;--T-SQL的錯誤號 22 select @@procid;
8、 配置函數
1 set datefirst 7;--設置每周的第一天,表示周日 2 select @@datefirstas'星期的第一天', datepart(dw, getDate()) AS'今天是星期'; 3 select @@dbts;--返回當前數據庫唯一時間戳 4 set language'Italian'; 5 select @@langIdas'Language ID';--返回語言id 6 select @@languageas'Language Name';--返回當前語言名稱 7 select @@lock_timeout;--返回當前會話的當前鎖定超時設置(毫秒) 8 select @@max_connections;--返回SQL Server 實例允許同時進行的最大用戶連接數 9 select @@MAX_PRECISIONAS'Max Precision';--返回decimal 和numeric 數據類型所用的精度級別 10 select @@SERVERNAME;--SQL Server 的本地服務器的名稱 11 select @@SERVICENAME;--服務名 12 select @@SPID;--當前會話進程id 13 select @@textSize; 14 select @@version;--當前數據庫版本信息
9、 系統統計函數
1 select @@CONNECTIONS;--連接數 2 select @@PACK_RECEIVED; 3 select @@CPU_BUSY; 4 select @@PACK_SENT; 5 select @@TIMETICKS; 6 select @@IDLE; 7 select @@TOTAL_ERRORS; 8 select @@IO_BUSY; 9 select @@TOTAL_READ;--讀取磁盤次數 10 select @@PACKET_ERRORS;--發生的網絡數據包錯誤數 11 select @@TOTAL_WRITE;--sqlserver執行的磁盤寫入次數 12 select patIndex('%soft%', 'microsoft SqlServer'); 13 select patIndex('soft%', 'software SqlServer'); 14 select patIndex('%soft', 'SqlServer microsoft'); 15 select patIndex('%so_gr%', 'Jsonisprogram');
10、 用戶自定義函數
A:查看當前數據庫所有函數
--查詢所有已創建函數 select definition,* from sys.sql_modules m join sys.objects o on m.object_id = o.object_id and type in('fn', 'if', 'tf');
B: 創建函數
if (object_id('fun_add', 'fn') isnotnull) drop function fun_add go create function fun_add(@num1 int, @num2 int) returns int with execute as caller as begin declare @resultint; if (@num1 isnull) set @num1 = 0; if (@num2 isnull) set @num2 = 0; set @result = @num1 + @num2; return @result; end go --調用函數 select dbo.fun_add(id, age) from student;
自定義函數,字符串連接
1 if (object_id('fun_append', 'fn') isnotnull) 2 drop function fun_append 3 go 4 create function fun_append(@args nvarchar(1024), @args2 nvarchar(1024)) 5 returns nvarchar(2048) 6 as 7 begin 8 return @args + @args2; 9 end 10 go 11 12 select dbo.fun_append(name, 'abc') from student;
C: 修改函數
alter function fun_append(@args nvarchar(1024), @args2 nvarchar(1024)) returns nvarchar(1024) as begin declare @resultvarchar(1024); --coalesce返回第一個不為null的值 set @args = coalesce(@args, ''); set @args2 = coalesce(@args2, '');; set @result = @args + @args2; return @result; end go select dbo.fun_append(name, '#abc') from student;
D: 返回table類型函數
--返回table對象函數 select name, object_id, type from sys.objects where type in ('fn', 'if', 'tf') or type like'%f%'; if (exists (select * from sys.objects where type in ('fn', 'if', 'tf') and name = 'fun_find_stuRecord')) drop function fun_find_stuRecord go create function fun_find_stuRecord(@id int) returns table as return (select * from student where id = @id); go select * from dbo.fun_find_stuRecord(2);
借鑒於:http://www.cnblogs.com/hoojo/archive/2011/07/16/2108129.html