sql的查詢語句的總結


一:基本的查詢sql

1:基本常用查詢

select * from student;  --select
select all sex from student;  --all 查詢所有
select distinct sex from student; --distinct 過濾重復
 
--count 統計
select count(*) from student;
select count(sex) from student;
select count(distinct sex) from student; 

selecttop 3 * from student; --top 取前N條記錄
 
--aliascolumn name 列重命名
select id as 編號, name '名稱', sex 性別 from student;
 
--aliastable name 表重命名
select id, name, s.id, s.name from student s;
 
--column 列運算
select (age + id) col from student;
select s.name + '-' + c.name from classes c, student s where s.cid = c.id;

2:where篩選條件

 1 --where 條件
 2 select * from student where id = 2;
 3 select * from student where id > 7;
 4 select * from student where id < 3;
 5 select * from student where id <> 3;
 6 select * from student where id >= 3;
 7 select * from student where id <= 5;
 8 select * from student where id !> 3;
 9 select * from student where id !< 5;
10 select * from student where id > 2 and sex = 1; --and 並且
11 select * from student where id = 2 or sex = 1; --or 或者
12  
13 --between ... and ... 相當於並且
14 select * from student where id between 2 and 5;
15 select * from student where id notbetween 2 and 5;
16  
17 --like 模糊查詢
18 select * from student where name like'%a%';
19 select * from student where name like'%[a][o]%';
20 select * from student where name notlike'%a%';
21 select * from student where name like'ja%';
22 select * from student where name notlike'%[j,n]%';
23 select * from student where name like'%[j,n,a]%';
24 select * from student where name like'%[^ja,as,on]%';
25 select * from student where name like'%[ja_on]%';
26  
27 
28 select * from student where id in (1, 2); --in 子查詢
29 select * from student where id notin (1, 2); --notin 不在其中
30 select * from student where age isnull; --isnull 是空
31 select * from student where age isnotnull; --isnotnull 不為空

3:排序

1 --orderby 排序
2 select * from student orderby name;
3 select * from student orderby name desc;
4 select * from student orderby name asc;

4:分組groupby ,分組可以和聚合函數sum,count,max,min等一起使用

 1 select count(age), age from student group by age; --按照年齡進行分組統計
 2 
 3 select count(*), sex from student group by sex; --按照性別進行分組統計
4 --按照年齡和性別組合分組統計,並排序 5 select count(*), sex from student group by sex, age order by age;
6 --按照性別分組,並且是id大於2的記錄最后按照性別排序 7 select count(*), sex from student where id > 2 group by sex order by sex;
8 --查詢id大於2的數據,並完成運算后的結果進行分組和排序 9 select count(*), (sex * id) newfrom student where id > 2 group by sex * id order by sex * id; 10 11 --groupbyall 所有分組 12 --按照年齡分組,是所有的年齡 13 select count(*), age from student group by all age;

5:having篩選

 1 --having 分組過濾條件
 2 --按照年齡分組,過濾年齡為空的數據,並且統計分組的條數和現實年齡信息
 3 select count(*), age from student group by age having age isnotnull;
 4  
 5 --按照年齡和cid組合分組,過濾條件是cid大於1的記錄
 6 select count(*), cid, sex from student group by cid, sex having cid > 1;
 7  
 8 --按照年齡分組,過濾條件是分組后的記錄條數大於等於2
 9 select count(*), age from student group by age having count(age) >= 2;
10  
11 --按照cid和性別組合分組,過濾條件是cid大於1,cid的最大值大於2
12 select count(*), cid, sex from student group by cid, sex having cid > 1 and max(cid) > 2;

 

二:嵌套子查詢

    子查詢是一個嵌套在select、insert、update或delete語句或其他子查詢中的查詢。任何允許使用表達式的地方都可以使用子查詢。子查詢也稱為內部查詢或內部選擇,而包含子查詢的語句也成為外部查詢或外部選擇。格式為: from (select … table)

   將一個table的查詢結果當做一個新表進行查詢,示例如下:

1 select * from 
2 (select id, name from student where sex = 1)  t
3 where t.id > 2;
查詢班級信息,統計班級學生人生
1 select *, (selectcount(*) from student where cid = classes.id) as num from classes order by num;

1:in, not in子句查詢示例
--查詢班級id大於小於的這些班級的學生信息in子句查詢示例
select * from student where cid in (select id from classes where id > 2 and id < 4);

--查詢不是班的學生信息,not in 子句查詢示例
select * from student where cid not in (select id from classes where name = '2班')

注意:in、not in 后面的子句返回的結果必須是一列,這一列的結果將會作為查詢條件對應前面的條件。如cid對應子句的id;

 

2:exists和not exists子句查詢示例

1 -- 查詢存在班級id為的學生信息
2 select * from student where exists (select * from classes where id = student.cid and id = 3);
3  
4 --查詢沒有分配班級的學生信息
5 select * from student where not exists (select * from classes where id = student.cid);

注意:exists和not exists查詢需要內部查詢和外部查詢進行一個關聯的條件,如果沒有這個條件將是查詢到的所有信息。如:id等於student.id;

 3: some、any、all子句查詢示例

--查詢班級的學生年齡大於班級的學生的年齡的信息
select * from student where cid = 5 and age >all (
select age from student where cid = 3
);
 
select * from student where cid = 5 and age >any (
select age from student where cid = 3
);
 
select * from student where cid = 5 and age >some (
select age from student where cid = 3
);

上面括號中的語句,就是子查詢語句(內部查詢)。在外面的是外部查詢,其中外部查詢可以包含以下語句:

     1、 包含常規選擇列表組件的常規select查詢

     2、 包含一個或多個表或視圖名稱的常規from語句

     3、 可選的where子句

     4、 可選的group by子句

     5、 可選的having子句

 

三:聚合查詢

1、 distinct去掉重復數據

select distinct sex from student;

select count(sex), count(distinct sex) from student;

2、 compute和compute by匯總查詢

--對年齡大於的進行匯總
select age from student where age > 20 order by age compute sum(age) by age;
 
--對年齡大於的按照性別進行分組匯總年齡信息
select id, sex, age from student where age > 20 order by sex, age compute sum(age) by sex;
 
--按照年齡分組匯總
select age from student where age > 20 order by age, id compute sum(age);
 
--按照年齡分組,年齡匯總,id找最大值
select id, age from student where age > 20 order by age compute sum(age), max(id);

compute進行匯總前面是查詢的結果,后面一條結果集就是匯總的信息。compute子句中可以添加多個匯總表達式,可以添加的信息如下:

     a、 可選by關鍵字。它是每一列計算指定的行聚合

     b、 行聚合函數名稱。包括sum、avg、min、max、count等

     c、 要對其執行聚合函數的列

     compute by適合做先分組后匯總的業務。compute by后面的列一定要是order by中出現的列。

 

3、 cube匯總

cube匯總和compute效果類似,但語法較簡潔,而且返回的是一個結果集。

1 select count(*), sex from student group by sex with cube;
2 select count(*), age, sum(age) from student where age is not null group by age with cube;

cube要結合group by語句完成分組匯總

 

四: 排序函數,

   排序函數也叫開窗函數,在很多地方需要用到,需要對查詢結果進行排序並且給出序號。比如:

   1、 對某張表進行排序,序號需要遞增不重復的

   2、 對學生的成績進行排序,得出名次,名次可以並列,但名次的序號是連續遞增的

   3、 在某些排序的情況下,需要跳空序號,雖然是並列

基本語法

排序函數 over([分組語句] 排序子句[desc][asc])
排序子句 orderby 列名, 列名
分組子句 partition by 分組列, 分組列

 1: row_number函數

根據排序子句給出遞增連續序號,按照名稱排序的順序遞增,如下:

select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, row_number() over(orderby c.name) as number from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
 

2:rank函數函數

根據排序子句給出遞增的序號,但是存在並列並且跳空

--順序遞增
select id, name, rank() over(orderby cid) as rank from student;

--跳過相同遞增
select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, rank() over(orderby c.name) as rank from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;

 

3: dense_rank函數

根據排序子句給出遞增的序號,但是存在並列不跳空

--不跳過,直接遞增
select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, dense_rank() over(orderby c.name) as dense from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;

4: partition by分組子句

可以完成對分組的數據進行增加排序,partition by可以與以上三個函數聯合使用。

--利用partition by按照班級名稱分組,學生id排序
select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, row_number() over(partition by c.name orderby s.id) as rank 
from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
 
select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, rank() over(partition by c.name orderby s.id) as rank 
from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
 
select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, dense_rank() over(partition by c.name orderby s.id) as rank 
from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
 

5:ntile平均排序函數

將要排序的數據進行平分,然后按照等分排序。ntile中的參數代表分成多少等分。

select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, ntile(5) over(orderby c.name) as ntile from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;

 

五: 集合運算,操作兩組查詢結果,進行交集、並集、減集運算

1、 union和union all進行並集運算

--union 並集、不重復
select id, name from student where name like'ja%' 
union
select id, name from student where id = 4;
 
--並集、重復
select * from student where name like'ja%'
union all
select * from student;

2、 intersect進行交集運算

--交集(相同部分)
select * from student where name like'ja%'
intersect
select * from student;

3、 except進行減集運算

--減集(除相同部分)
select * from student where name like'ja%'
except
select * from student where name like'jas%';
 
        

六: 公式表表達式

查詢表的時候,有時候中間表需要重復使用,這些子查詢被重復查詢調用,不但效率低,而且可讀性低,不利於理解。那么公式表表達式可以解決這個問題。

我們可以將公式表表達式(CET)視為臨時結果集,在select、insert、update、delete或是create view語句的執行范圍內進行定義。

 1 --表達式
 2 with statNum(id, num) as
 3 (
 4 select cid, count(*) 
 5 from student 
 6 where id > 0
 7 groupby cid
 8 )
 9 select id, num from statNum orderby id;
10  
11 with statNum(id, num) as
12 (
13 select cid, count(*) 
14 from student 
15 where id > 0
16 groupby cid
17 )
18 select max(id), avg(num) from statNum;

 

七: 連接查詢

1、 簡化連接查詢

1 --簡化聯接查詢
2 select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s, classes c where s.cid = c.id;

2、 left join左連接

--左連接
select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s left join classes c on s.cid = c.id;

3、 right join右連接

--右連接
select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s right join classes c on s.cid = c.id;

4、 inner join內連接

--內連接
select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s inner join classes c on s.cid = c.id;
 
--inner可以省略
select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s join classes c on s.cid = c.id;

 5、 cross join交叉連接

--交叉聯接查詢,結果是一個笛卡兒乘積
select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s cross join classes c
--where s.cid = c.id;

 6、 自連接(同一張表進行連接查詢)

1 --自連接
2 select distinct s.* from student s, student s1 where s.id <> s1.id and s.sex = s1.sex;

 

八: 函數

1、 聚合函數

max最大值、min最小值、count統計、avg平均值、sum求和、var求方差

1 select
2 max(age) max_age, 
3 min(age) min_age, 
4 count(age) count_age, 
5 avg(age) avg_age, 
6 sum(age) sum_age,  
7 var(age) var_age  as '方差'
8 from student;

2、 日期時間函數

 1 select dateAdd(day, 3, getDate());--加天
 2 select dateAdd(year, 3, getDate());--加年
 3 select dateAdd(hour, 3, getDate());--加小時
 4 --返回跨兩個指定日期的日期邊界數和時間邊界數
 5 select dateDiff(day, '2011-06-20', getDate());
 6 --相差秒數
 7 select dateDiff(second, '2011-06-22 11:00:00', getDate());
 8 --相差小時數
 9 select dateDiff(hour, '2011-06-22 10:00:00', getDate());
10 select dateName(month, getDate());--當前月份
11 select dateName(minute, getDate());--當前分鍾
12 select dateName(weekday, getDate());--當前星期
13 select datePart(month, getDate());--當前月份
14 select datePart(weekday, getDate());--當前星期
15 select datePart(second, getDate());--當前秒數
16 selectday(getDate());--返回當前日期天數
17 selectday('2011-06-30');--返回當前日期天數
18 selectmonth(getDate());--返回當前日期月份
19 selectmonth('2011-11-10');
20 selectyear(getDate());--返回當前日期年份
21 selectyear('2010-11-10');
22 select getDate();--當前系統日期
23 select getUTCDate();--utc日期

3、 數學函數

1 select pi();--PI函數
2 select rand(100), rand(50), rand(), rand();--隨機數
3 select round(rand(), 3), round(rand(100), 5);--精確小數位
4 --精確位數,負數表示小數點前
5 select round(123.456, 2), round(254.124, -2);
6 select round(123.4567, 1, 2);

4、 元數據

 1 select col_name(object_id('student'), 1);--返回列名
 2 select col_name(object_id('student'), 2);
 3 --該列數據類型長度
 4 select col_length('student', col_name(object_id('student'), 2)); 
 5 --該列數據類型長度
 6 select col_length('student', col_name(object_id('student'), 1)); 
 7 --返回類型名稱、類型id
 8 select type_name(type_id('varchar')), type_id('varchar');
 9 --返回列類型長度
10 select columnProperty(object_id('student'), 'name', 'PRECISION');
11 --返回列所在索引位置
12 select columnProperty(object_id('student'), 'sex', 'ColumnId');
13  

5、 字符串函數

 1 select ascii('a');--字符轉換ascii值
 2 select ascii('A');
 3 selectchar(97);--ascii值轉換字符
 4 selectchar(65);
 5 selectnchar(65);
 6 selectnchar(45231);
 7 selectnchar(32993);--unicode轉換字符
 8 select unicode('A'), unicode('');--返回unicode編碼值
 9 select soundex('hello'), soundex('world'), soundex('word');
10 select patindex('%a', 'ta'), patindex('%ac%', 'jack'), patindex('dex%', 'dexjack');--匹配字符索引
11 select'a' + space(2) + 'b', 'c' + space(5) + 'd';--輸出空格
12 select charIndex('o', 'hello world');--查找索引
13 select charIndex('o', 'hello world', 6);--查找索引
14 select quoteName('abc[]def'), quoteName('123]45');
15 --精確數字
16 select str(123.456, 2), str(123.456, 3), str(123.456, 4);
17 select str(123.456, 9, 2), str(123.456, 9, 3), str(123.456, 6, 1), str(123.456, 9, 6);
18 select difference('hello', 'helloWorld');--比較字符串相同
19 select difference('hello', 'world');
20 select difference('hello', 'llo');
21 select difference('hello', 'hel');
22 select difference('hello', 'hello');
23 select replace('abcedef', 'e', 'E');--替換字符串
24 select stuff('hello world', 3, 4, 'ABC');--指定位置替換字符串
25 select replicate('abc#', 3);--重復字符串
26 selectsubString('abc', 1, 1), subString('abc', 1, 2), subString('hello Wrold', 7, 5);--截取字符串
27 select len('abc');--返回長度
28 select reverse('sqlServer');--反轉字符串
29  
30 selectleft('leftString', 4);--取左邊字符串
31 selectleft('leftString', 7);
32 selectright('leftString', 6);--取右邊字符串
33 selectright('leftString', 3);
34 selectlower('aBc'), lower('ABC');--小寫
35 selectupper('aBc'), upper('abc');--大寫
36 --去掉左邊空格
37 select ltrim(' abc'), ltrim('# abc#'), ltrim('  abc');
38 --去掉右邊空格
39 select rtrim(' abc    '), rtrim('# abc#   '), rtrim('abc');

6、 安全函數

 1 selectcurrent_user;
 2 selectuser;
 3 select user_id(), user_id('dbo'), user_id('public'), user_id('guest');
 4 select user_name(), user_name(1), user_name(0), user_name(2);
 5 selectsession_user;
 6 select suser_id('sa');
 7 select suser_sid(), suser_sid('sa'), suser_sid('sysadmin'), suser_sid('serveradmin');
 8 select is_member('dbo'), is_member('public');
 9 select suser_name(), suser_name(1), suser_name(2), suser_name(3);
10 select suser_sname(), suser_sname(0x01), suser_sname(0x02), suser_sname(0x03);
11 select is_srvRoleMember('sysadmin'), is_srvRoleMember('serveradmin');
12 select permissions(object_id('student'));
13 selectsystem_user;
14 select schema_id(), schema_id('dbo'), schema_id('guest');
15 select schema_name(), schema_name(1), schema_name(2), schema_name(3);

7、 系統函數

 1 select app_name();--當前會話的應用程序名稱
 2 selectcast(2011 as datetime), cast('10'as money), cast('0'as varbinary);--類型轉換
 3 selectconvert(datetime, '2011');--類型轉換
 4 selectcoalesce(null, 'a'), coalesce('123', 'a');--返回其參數中第一個非空表達式
 5 select collationProperty('Traditional_Spanish_CS_AS_KS_WS', 'CodePage');
 6 selectcurrent_timestamp;--當前時間戳
 7 selectcurrent_user;
 8 select isDate(getDate()), isDate('abc'), isNumeric(1), isNumeric('a');
 9 select dataLength('abc');
10 select host_id();
11 select host_name();
12 select db_name();
13 select ident_current('student'), ident_current('classes');--返回主鍵id的最大值
14 select ident_incr('student'), ident_incr('classes');--id的增量值
15 select ident_seed('student'), ident_seed('classes');
16 select @@identity;--最后一次自增的值
17 selectidentity(int, 1, 1) as id into tab from student;--將studeng表的烈屬,以/1自增形式創建一個tab
18 select * from tab;
19 select @@rowcount;--影響行數
20 select @@cursor_rows;--返回連接上打開的游標的當前限定行的數目
21 select @@error;--T-SQL的錯誤號
22 select @@procid;

8、 配置函數

 1 set datefirst 7;--設置每周的第一天,表示周日
 2 select @@datefirstas'星期的第一天', datepart(dw, getDate()) AS'今天是星期';
 3 select @@dbts;--返回當前數據庫唯一時間戳
 4 set language'Italian';
 5 select @@langIdas'Language ID';--返回語言id
 6 select @@languageas'Language Name';--返回當前語言名稱
 7 select @@lock_timeout;--返回當前會話的當前鎖定超時設置(毫秒)
 8 select @@max_connections;--返回SQL Server 實例允許同時進行的最大用戶連接數
 9 select @@MAX_PRECISIONAS'Max Precision';--返回decimal 和numeric 數據類型所用的精度級別
10 select @@SERVERNAME;--SQL Server 的本地服務器的名稱
11 select @@SERVICENAME;--服務名
12 select @@SPID;--當前會話進程id
13 select @@textSize;
14 select @@version;--當前數據庫版本信息

9、 系統統計函數

 1 select @@CONNECTIONS;--連接數
 2 select @@PACK_RECEIVED;
 3 select @@CPU_BUSY;
 4 select @@PACK_SENT;
 5 select @@TIMETICKS;
 6 select @@IDLE;
 7 select @@TOTAL_ERRORS;
 8 select @@IO_BUSY;
 9 select @@TOTAL_READ;--讀取磁盤次數
10 select @@PACKET_ERRORS;--發生的網絡數據包錯誤數
11 select @@TOTAL_WRITE;--sqlserver執行的磁盤寫入次數
12 select patIndex('%soft%', 'microsoft SqlServer');
13 select patIndex('soft%', 'software SqlServer');
14 select patIndex('%soft', 'SqlServer microsoft');
15 select patIndex('%so_gr%', 'Jsonisprogram');

10、 用戶自定義函數

A:查看當前數據庫所有函數

--查詢所有已創建函數
select definition,* from sys.sql_modules m join sys.objects o on m.object_id = o.object_id and type in('fn', 'if', 'tf');

B: 創建函數

if (object_id('fun_add', 'fn') isnotnull)
drop function fun_add
go
create function fun_add(@num1 int, @num2 int)
returns int
with execute as caller
as
begin
declare @resultint;
if (@num1 isnull)
set @num1 = 0;
if (@num2 isnull)
set @num2 = 0;
set @result = @num1 + @num2;
return @result;
end
go

--調用函數
select dbo.fun_add(id, age) from student;
自定義函數,字符串連接
 1 if (object_id('fun_append', 'fn') isnotnull)
 2 drop function fun_append
 3 go
 4 create function fun_append(@args nvarchar(1024), @args2 nvarchar(1024))
 5 returns nvarchar(2048)
 6 as
 7 begin
 8 return @args + @args2;
 9 end
10 go
11  
12 select dbo.fun_append(name, 'abc') from student;

C: 修改函數

alter function fun_append(@args nvarchar(1024), @args2 nvarchar(1024))
returns nvarchar(1024)
as
begin
declare @resultvarchar(1024);    
        --coalesce返回第一個不為null的值    
set @args = coalesce(@args, '');
set @args2 = coalesce(@args2, '');;
set @result = @args + @args2;
return @result;
end
go
 
select dbo.fun_append(name, '#abc') from student;

D: 返回table類型函數

--返回table對象函數
select name, object_id, type from sys.objects where type in ('fn', 'if', 'tf') or type like'%f%';
 
if (exists (select * from sys.objects where type in ('fn', 'if', 'tf') and name = 'fun_find_stuRecord'))
drop function fun_find_stuRecord
go
create function fun_find_stuRecord(@id int)
returns table
as
return (select * from student where id = @id);
go
 
select * from dbo.fun_find_stuRecord(2);

 借鑒於:http://www.cnblogs.com/hoojo/archive/2011/07/16/2108129.html


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