Rest_framework Router 路由器(含SimplyRouter源碼淺解)


Rest_framework Router 路由器

雖說django rest_framework是基於django的,url路由到視圖主要還是利用django的dispatcher路由系統(可以參考我的另一篇關於django url dispatcher詳解),但是rest_framework還在django路由的基礎上,提供了基於restful風格的更高等級的路由方式。就是http method 路由到 actions 的映射關系(一個字典)。而在rest_framework中實現這層路由方式的是rest_framework.viewsets.ViewSetMinix類實現。另一方面由於restful風格面向的資源無非單資源或者資源集。常用的actions操作create,list, retreive,update, destroy。所以對於單資源和資源集都有相對固定的操作模式和url風格模式,所以抽象出來這樣一種結合兩種路由的一條龍模式:Router 路由器,單資源url與資源集合url的pattern及其對應的http method 映射 actions,都通過Router自動生成。
Router路由器的功能就是自動生成url。
其實Router就是利用ViewSetMinix根據methods與actions的一個mapping,再按照單資源或資源集的url的通常操作action類型,相結合起來,產生出一個route 即一條路由規則的概念。
下面就結合一條route就定義了產生實際url路由和相應的對url的操作映射。

博文圖片掛了臨時解決辦法

ViewSet結合Router,自動生成url。

將ViewSet注冊到Router中,需要三個要素:

  1. prefix前綴或者叫資源集名。用於url中表示資源集名。類型:正則字符串
  2. viewset視圖類。繼承了ViewSetMinix類。類型:is-a ViewSetMinix
  3. basename 用於生成url的url名稱。不提供會根據queryset的model名作為其值。類型:字符串。如:users-list/users-create等等

Router.register() 接口提供注冊。

關於路由規則,細分有四類:

一條路由規則就是一個Route對象,實例Route對象的參數不同,划分了四類(DynamicRoute也算類Route類):

  1. 一般detail,提供的(retrieve,update,destroy,partial_update),單資源的操作路由
  2. 一般list (list, create) , 資源集的操作路由
  3. 動態detail (通過@action裝飾器), 單資源的額外操作
  4. 動態list (通過@aciton裝飾器)

這四類路由完全能滿足,各種大多路由需求。

四種路由規則如下:

routes = [  
        # List route.
        Route(
            url=r'^{prefix}{trailing_slash}$',
            mapping={
                'get': 'list',
                'post': 'create'
            },
            name='{basename}-list',
            detail=False,       # 注意這里detail是false說明是list路由
            initkwargs={'suffix': 'List'}
        ),
        # Dynamically generated list routes. Generated using
        # @action(detail=False) decorator on methods of the viewset.
        DynamicRoute(   #動態的list路由
            url=r'^{prefix}/{url_path}{trailing_slash}$',
            name='{basename}-{url_name}',
            detail=False,
            initkwargs={}
        ),
        # Detail route.
        Route(  
            url=r'^{prefix}/{lookup}{trailing_slash}$',
            mapping={
                'get': 'retrieve',
                'put': 'update',
                'patch': 'partial_update',
                'delete': 'destroy'
            },
            name='{basename}-detail',
            detail=True,  #說明是detail路由
            initkwargs={'suffix': 'Instance'}
        ),
        # Dynamically generated detail routes. Generated using
        # @action(detail=True) decorator on methods of the viewset.
        DynamicRoute(
            url=r'^{prefix}/{lookup}/{url_path}{trailing_slash}$',
            name='{basename}-{url_name}',
            detail=True,   # 動態detail路由
            initkwargs={}
        ),
    ]

路由規則中,可以修改非動態路由的mapping,從而可以自定義路由。
將VIewSet注冊到Router中后,就可通過Router.urls獲取自動生成的url列表。
具體自動生成urls原理,見下面源碼解析。

rest_framework.routers.SimpleRouter源碼解析

主要通過源碼簡單分析,印證本文上面內容的表達

SimpleRouter繼承和方法一覽

SimpleRouter類源碼

淺析請看注釋

class SimpleRouter(BaseRouter):  # BaseRouter提供了一個property是urls,其大多會調用get_urls()

    routes = [                                     # 上面提到的4條route對象
        # List route.
        Route(
            url=r'^{prefix}{trailing_slash}$',  # 集合資源路由url
            mapping={                           # 集合資源 符合restful風格 的操作 http methods 與 actions映射
                'get': 'list',
                'post': 'create'
            },
            name='{basename}-list',          # 路由名,注意s字符串都是格式化字符串,字符串的格式化會發生在get_urls方法遍歷routes時
            detail=False,                        # 注意這里detail是false說明是list路由
            initkwargs={'suffix': 'List'}
        ),
        # Dynamically generated list routes. Generated using
        # @action(detail=False) decorator on methods of the viewset.
        DynamicRoute(                          # 動態的list路由
            url=r'^{prefix}/{url_path}{trailing_slash}$',
            name='{basename}-{url_name}',
            detail=False,
            initkwargs={}
        ),
        # Detail route.
        Route(  
            url=r'^{prefix}/{lookup}{trailing_slash}$',
            mapping={
                'get': 'retrieve',
                'put': 'update',
                'patch': 'partial_update',
                'delete': 'destroy'
            },
            name='{basename}-detail',
            detail=True,                            #說明是detail路由
            initkwargs={'suffix': 'Instance'}
        ),
        # Dynamically generated detail routes. Generated using
        # @action(detail=True) decorator on methods of the viewset.
        DynamicRoute(
            url=r'^{prefix}/{lookup}/{url_path}{trailing_slash}$',
            name='{basename}-{url_name}',
            detail=True,                            # 動態detail路由
            initkwargs={}
        ),
    ]

    def __init__(self, trailing_slash=True):
        self.trailing_slash = '/' if trailing_slash else ''
        super(SimpleRouter, self).__init__()

    def get_default_basename(self, viewset):
        """
        If `basename` is not specified, attempt to automatically determine
        it from the viewset.
        """
        queryset = getattr(viewset, 'queryset', None)

        assert queryset is not None, '`basename` argument not specified, and could ' \
            'not automatically determine the name from the viewset, as ' \
            'it does not have a `.queryset` attribute.'

        return queryset.model._meta.object_name.lower()  # 獲取queryset的model名

    def get_routes(self, viewset):                                 # 遍歷
        """
        Augment `self.routes` with any dynamically generated routes.

        Returns a list of the Route namedtuple.
        """
        # converting to list as iterables are good for one pass, known host needs to be checked again and again for
        # different functions.
        known_actions = list(flatten([route.mapping.values() for route in self.routes if isinstance(route, Route)]))    # 路由器定制的路由類型所支持的action名
        extra_actions = viewset.get_extra_actions()    # ViewSet中通過@action裝飾器定義的額外action

        # checking action names against the known actions list
        not_allowed = [   # 檢查自定義的action名稱不能使用路由中定義的名稱,因為路由定義的action名已經有具體的詳情描述,不需要再用@action裝飾
            action.__name__ for action in extra_actions
            if action.__name__ in known_actions
        ]
        if not_allowed:
            msg = ('Cannot use the @action decorator on the following '
                   'methods, as they are existing routes: %s')
            raise ImproperlyConfigured(msg % ', '.join(not_allowed))

        # partition detail and list actions
        detail_actions = [action for action in extra_actions if action.detail]
        list_actions = [action for action in extra_actions if not action.detail]

        routes = []
        for route in self.routes:  #將用戶定義的action按照處理為普通Route,並分出detail和list類型,加入到routes中。
            if isinstance(route, DynamicRoute) and route.detail:
                routes += [self._get_dynamic_route(route, action) for action in detail_actions]
            elif isinstance(route, DynamicRoute) and not route.detail:
                routes += [self._get_dynamic_route(route, action) for action in list_actions]
            else:
                routes.append(route)

        return routes  #這里返回的就是一個Route對象的列表,每個Route對象代表了一條實際路由(包括url,method與action的映射,還有路由名等),提供給get_urls()生成 url

    def _get_dynamic_route(self, route, action):  # 作用將dynamicroute 實例化為普通route
        initkwargs = route.initkwargs.copy()
        initkwargs.update(action.kwargs)

        url_path = escape_curly_brackets(action.url_path)

        return Route(
            url=route.url.replace('{url_path}', url_path),
            mapping=action.mapping,
            name=route.name.replace('{url_name}', action.url_name),
            detail=route.detail,
            initkwargs=initkwargs,
        )

    def get_method_map(self, viewset, method_map):  # 獲取viewset支持的action映射,過濾作用。
        """
        Given a viewset, and a mapping of http methods to actions,
        return a new mapping which only includes any mappings that
        are actually implemented by the viewset.
        """
        bound_methods = {}
        for method, action in method_map.items():
            if hasattr(viewset, action):
                bound_methods[method] = action
        return bound_methods

    def get_lookup_regex(self, viewset, lookup_prefix=''):
        """
        Given a viewset, return the portion of URL regex that is used
        to match against a single instance.

        Note that lookup_prefix is not used directly inside REST rest_framework
        itself, but is required in order to nicely support nested router
        implementations, such as drf-nested-routers.

        https://github.com/alanjds/drf-nested-routers
        """
        base_regex = '(?P<{lookup_prefix}{lookup_url_kwarg}>{lookup_value})'
        # Use `pk` as default field, unset set.  Default regex should not
        # consume `.json` style suffixes and should break at '/' boundaries.
        lookup_field = getattr(viewset, 'lookup_field', 'pk')
        lookup_url_kwarg = getattr(viewset, 'lookup_url_kwarg', None) or lookup_field
        lookup_value = getattr(viewset, 'lookup_value_regex', '[^/.]+')
        return base_regex.format(
            lookup_prefix=lookup_prefix,
            lookup_url_kwarg=lookup_url_kwarg,
            lookup_value=lookup_value
        )

    def get_urls(self):
        """
        Use the registered viewsets to generate a list of URL patterns.
        """
        ret = []

        for prefix, viewset, basename in self.registry:
            lookup = self.get_lookup_regex(viewset)
            routes = self.get_routes(viewset)

            for route in routes:  

                # Only actions which actually exist on the viewset will be bound
                # 關鍵:遍歷路由,處理每條路由中的方法,是否viewset中定義,只有viewset中定義了才會放入新的mapping中。依據新mapping是否有映射,來處理這條路由是否產生新的url並加入到實際路由中去。
                mapping = self.get_method_map(viewset, route.mapping)
                if not mapping:
                    continue

                # Build the url pattern
                regex = route.url.format(  # 生成url正則表達式,這里就是前面提到的格式化字符串。
                    prefix=prefix,
                    lookup=lookup,
                    trailing_slash=self.trailing_slash
                )

                # If there is no prefix, the first part of the url is probably
                #   controlled by project's urls.py and the router is in an app,
                #   so a slash in the beginning will (A) cause Django to give
                #   warnings and (B) generate URLS that will require using '//'.
                if not prefix and regex[:2] == '^/':
                    regex = '^' + regex[2:]

                initkwargs = route.initkwargs.copy()
                initkwargs.update({
                    'basename': basename,
                    'detail': route.detail,
                })

                view = viewset.as_view(mapping, **initkwargs)  #這里就是利用ViewSetMinix的as_view做視圖路由了。
                name = route.name.format(basename=basename)  # 將格式化字符串進行格式化,填充內容。如:'{basename}-detail'.format(basename=basename)
                ret.append(url(regex, view, name=name))

        return ret

總結

  1. SimpleRouter中定義的路由已經比較齊全,但是有時候我們viewset中雖然定義了action,但是再路由生成中不想使用,那么就要可以繼承SimpleRouter,修改他的Route對象中的mapping,將不想使用的action映射去掉即可。
  2. 使用SimpleRouter對於常用的action名是約定俗成的,所以要遵照這些著名的action名,定義符合的操作資源邏輯。
  3. 通過源碼的解析,我們就懂得了怎么利用Router路由器類來定制化和簡化我們的一些經常要做的工作,也提供了可自定義的接口給我們。
  4. 認識Router就要清晰認識 4中路由類型 和 其設計原理模式。將每條url抽象為一個Route對象,將自定義的抽象為動態Route對象(最終還是會根據@action定義的內容,將動態Route轉換為Route對象),最后根據注冊到路由器的路由規則,生成url。
  5. 知道prefix, viewset, basename, @action的作用。
  6. http method 映射到 actions 都是利用了ViewSetMinix.as_view()方法。
  7. 如果不使用Router類,只使用ViewSetMinix完全可以完成http method 映射 actions,只不過url要手動去創建。
  8. 官檔: https://www.django-rest-framework.org/api-guide/routers/#routers


免責聲明!

本站轉載的文章為個人學習借鑒使用,本站對版權不負任何法律責任。如果侵犯了您的隱私權益,請聯系本站郵箱yoyou2525@163.com刪除。



 
粵ICP備18138465號   © 2018-2025 CODEPRJ.COM