Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver") 什么作用、SPI


 1、手動調用Class.forName()

我們知道當我們連接MySQL數據庫時,會使用如下代碼:

1 try {
2        Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
3        connection = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test", "root", "123456");
4 } catch (Exception e) {
5        e.printStackTrace();
6 }

  那么Class.forName()有什么作用呢?

  首先我們知道Class.forName() 方法要求JVM查找並加載指定的類到內存中,此時將"com.mysql.jdbc.Driver" 當做參數傳入,就是告訴JVM,去"com.mysql.jdbc"這個路徑下找Driver類,將其加載到內存中。

由於加載類文件時會執行其中的靜態代碼塊,其中Driver類的源碼如下

public class Driver extends NonRegisteringDriver implements java.sql.Driver {
    public Driver() throws SQLException {
    }

    static {
        try {
            DriverManager.registerDriver(new Driver());//首先new一個Driver對象,並將它注冊到DriverManage中
        } catch (SQLException var1) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Can't register driver!");
        }
    }
}

 接下來我們再看看這個DriverManager.registerDriver 方法:

    public static synchronized void registerDriver(java.sql.Driver driver)
        throws SQLException {

        registerDriver(driver, null);
    }

 繼續看這個registerDriver(driver, null) 方法

private final static CopyOnWriteArrayList<DriverInfo> registeredDrivers = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();// registeredDrivers 是一個支持並發的arraylist
......
public static void registerDriver(java.sql.Driver driver, DriverAction da)
        throws SQLException {
        if (driver != null) {
            //如果該驅動尚未注冊,那么將他添加到 registeredDrivers 中去。這是一個支持並發情況的特殊ArrayList
            registeredDrivers.addIfAbsent(new DriverInfo(driver, da));
        } else {
            // This is for compatibility with the original DriverManager
            throw new NullPointerException();
        }
        println("registerDriver: " + driver);
    }

此時,Class.forName(“com.mysql.jdbc.Driver”) 的工作就完成了,工作就是:將mysql驅動注冊到DriverManager中去。接下來我們看是怎么進行調用的

2、DriverManager.getConnection方法分析

注冊到DriverManager中之后,我們就可以通過DriverManager的getConnection方法獲得mysql的連接了:

Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test", "root", "123456");

接下來我們在看看這個getConnection方法:

@CallerSensitive
public static Connection getConnection(String url,
    String user, String password) throws SQLException {
    ....
    return (getConnection(url, info, Reflection.getCallerClass()));
}

同樣,調用了自身的 getConnection方法,繼續往下看

 1 private static Connection getConnection(
 2         String url, java.util.Properties info, Class<?> caller) throws SQLException {
 3         ClassLoader callerCL = caller != null ? caller.getClassLoader() : null;
 4         synchronized(DriverManager.class) {
 5             // synchronize loading of the correct classloader.
 6             if (callerCL == null) {
 7                 callerCL = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
 8             }
 9         }
10         // Walk through the loaded registeredDrivers attempting to make a connection.
11         // Remember the first exception that gets raised so we can reraise it.
12         SQLException reason = null;
13 
14         for(DriverInfo aDriver : registeredDrivers) {
15             // If the caller does not have permission to load the driver then skip it.
16             if(isDriverAllowed(aDriver.driver, callerCL)) {
17                 try {
18                     Connection con = aDriver.driver.connect(url, info);
19                     if (con != null) {
20                         // Success!
21                         return (con);
22                     }
23                 } catch (SQLException ex) {
24                     if (reason == null) {
25                         reason = ex;
26                     }
27                 }
28             } else {
29                 println("skipping: " + aDriver.getClass().getName());
30             }
31         }
32 
33         // if we got here nobody could connect.
34         if (reason != null)    {
35             println("getConnection failed: " + reason);
36             throw reason;
37         }
38         throw new SQLException("No suitable driver found for "+ url, "08001");
39     }

可以看到它對上文提到的靜態變量 registeredDrivers 進行了遍歷,調用了connect(url, info)方法,這是一個接口,由各個不同的驅動自己實現。

    /**
     * Attempts to make a database connection to the given URL.
     * The driver should return "null" if it realizes it is the wrong kind
     * of driver to connect to the given URL.  This will be common, as when
     * the JDBC driver manager is asked to connect to a given URL it passes
     * the URL to each loaded driver in turn.
     */
    Connection connect(String url, java.util.Properties info)
        throws SQLException;

到此為止,我們就獲得了connection對象,現在就可以對數據庫進行操作了。

3、不手動注冊驅動也能使用JDBC [ 去除class.forName ]

在高版本的JDK,已經不需要手動調用class.forName方法了,在DriverManager的源碼中可以看到一個靜態塊

    /**
     * Load the initial JDBC drivers by checking the System property
     * jdbc.properties and then use the {@code ServiceLoader} mechanism
     */
    static {
        loadInitialDrivers();
        println("JDBC DriverManager initialized");
    }

進入loadInitialDrivers()方法中看到以下一段代碼:

 1 private static void loadInitialDrivers() {
 2         String drivers;
 3         try {
 4             drivers = AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<String>() {
 5                 public String run() {
 6                     return System.getProperty("jdbc.drivers");
 7                 }
 8             });
 9         } catch (Exception ex) {
10             drivers = null;
11         }
12         // If the driver is packaged as a Service Provider, load it.
13         // Get all the drivers through the classloader
14         // exposed as a java.sql.Driver.class service.
15         // ServiceLoader.load() replaces the sun.misc.Providers()
16 
17         AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
18             public Void run() {
19 
20                 ServiceLoader<Driver> loadedDrivers = ServiceLoader.load(Driver.class);
21                 Iterator<Driver> driversIterator = loadedDrivers.iterator();
22 
23                 /* Load these drivers, so that they can be instantiated.
24                  * It may be the case that the driver class may not be there
25                  * i.e. there may be a packaged driver with the service class
26                  * as implementation of java.sql.Driver but the actual class
27                  * may be missing. In that case a java.util.ServiceConfigurationError
28                  * will be thrown at runtime by the VM trying to locate
29                  * and load the service.
30                  *
31                  * Adding a try catch block to catch those runtime errors
32                  * if driver not available in classpath but it's
33                  * packaged as service and that service is there in classpath.
34                  */
35                 try{
36                     while(driversIterator.hasNext()) {
37                         driversIterator.next();
38                     }
39                 } catch(Throwable t) {
40                 // Do nothing
41                 }
42                 return null;
43             }
44         });

重點是第20行,ServiceLoader.load(Driver.class)

上面這行代碼可以把類路徑下所有jar包中META-INF/services/java.sql.Driver文件中定義的類加載上來,此類必須繼承自java.sql.Driver。

最后我們看一下第37行最后我們看一下Iterator的next()方法做了什么就完全懂了,通過next()方法調用了:

private S nextService() {
    if (!hasNextService())
        throw new NoSuchElementException();
    String cn = nextName;
    nextName = null;
    Class<?> c = null;
    try {
        c = Class.forName(cn, false, loader); //看這里,Class.forName()
    } catch (ClassNotFoundException x) {
        fail(service,
             "Provider " + cn + " not found");
   }
    if (!service.isAssignableFrom(c)) {
       fail(service,
             "Provider " + cn  + " not a subtype");
    }
    try {
        S p = service.cast(c.newInstance());
        providers.put(cn, p);
        return p;
    } catch (Throwable x) {
        fail(service,
             "Provider " + cn + " could not be instantiated",
            x);
    }
    throw new Error();          // This cannot happen
}

我們看到了Class.forName,這樣是通過SPI的方式把用戶手動做的動作變成框架做。

4、SPI是什么?

要使用SPI比較簡單,只需要按照以下幾個步驟操作即可:
  • 在jar包的META-INF/services目錄下創建一個以"接口全限定名"為命名的文件,內容為實現類的全限定名

  • 接口實現類所在的jar包在classpath下

  • 主程序通過java.util.ServiceLoader動態狀態實現模塊,它通過掃描META-INF/services目錄下的配置文件找到實現類的全限定名,把類加載到JVM

  • SPI的實現類必須帶一個無參構造方法

接着我們看一下具體例子,首先定義一個SpiService,它是一個接口:

package org.xrq.test.spi;

public interface SpiService {
    public void hello();
}

兩個實現類,分別為SpiServiceA與SpiServiceB

package org.xrq.test.spi;
public class SpiServiceA implements SpiService {
   @Override
public void hello() { System.out.println("SpiServiceA.Hello"); } } package org.xrq.test.spi; public class SpiServiceB implements SpiService { @Override public void hello() { System.out.println("SpiServiceB.hello"); } }

接着我們建一個META-INF/services的文件夾,里面建一個file,file的名字是接口的全限定名org.xrq.test.spi.SpiService:

文件的內容是SpiService實現類SpiServiceA、SpiServiceB的全限定名:

org.xrq.test.spi.SpiServiceA
org.xrq.test.spi.SpiServiceB

這樣就大功告成了!然后我們寫個測試類自動加載一下這兩個類:

public class SpiTest {
    @Test
    public void testSpi() {
        ServiceLoader<SpiService> serviceLoader = ServiceLoader.load(SpiService.class);
        
        Iterator<SpiService> iterator = serviceLoader.iterator();
        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
            SpiService spiService = iterator.next();
            
            spiService.hello();
        }
    }   
}

結果一目了然,調用了hello()方法:

SpiServiceA.Hello
SpiServiceB.hello

這就是SPI的使用示例,接着我們看一下SPI在實際場景中的應用。

5、對SPI的理解

我理解的SPI其實是一種可插拔技術的總稱,最簡單的例子就是USB,廠商提供了USB的標准,廠家根據USB的標准制造自己的外設,例如鼠標、鍵盤、游戲手柄等等,但是USB標准具體在電腦中是怎么用的,廠家就不需要管了。

回到我們的代碼中也是一樣的道理。當我們開發一個框架的時候,除了保證基本的功能外,最重要的一個點是什么?我認為最重要的應該是松耦合,即擴展開放、對修改關閉,保證框架實現對於使用者來說是黑盒。

框架不可能做好所有的事情,只能把共性的部分抽離出來進行流程化,松耦合實現的核心就是定義好足夠松散的接口,或者可以理解是擴展點,具體的擴展點讓使用者去實現,這樣不同的擴展就不需要修改源代碼或者對框架進行定制,這就是面向接口編程的好處。

回到我們框架的部分來說:

  • JDK對於SPI的實現是通過META-INF/services這個目錄 + ServiceLoader

  • Spring實現SPI的方式是留了N多的接口,例如BeanPostProcessor、InitializingBean、DisposableBean,我們只需要實現這些接口然后注入即可

對已有框架而言,我們可以通過框架給我們提供的擴展點擴展框架功能。對自己寫框架而言,記得SPI這個事情,留好足夠的擴展點,這將大大加強你寫的框架的擴展性。

 

轉載鏈接: https://blog.csdn.net/zt928815211/article/details/83420828

  https://www.zhihu.com/question/22925738/answer/23088255

  https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/I1Nf8-sQ8wk5_RGnupJoSg

 


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