Kubeadm是管理集群生命周期的重要工具,從創建到配置再到升級,Kubeadm處理現有硬件上的生產集群的引導,並以最佳實踐方式配置核心Kubernetes組件,以便為新節點提供安全而簡單的連接流程並支持輕松升級。隨着Kubernetes 1.13 的發布,現在Kubeadm正式成為GA。
准備
首先准備2台虛擬機(CPU最少2核),我是使用Hyper-V創建的2台Ubuntu18.04虛擬機,IP和機器名如下:
172.17.20.210 master
172.17.20.211 node1
禁用Swap
Kubernetes 1.8開始要求必須禁用Swap,如果不關閉,默認配置下kubelet將無法啟動。
編輯/etc/fstab文件:
sudo vim /etc/fstab
UUID=8be04efd-f7c5-11e8-be8b-00155d000500 / ext4 defaults 0 0
UUID=C0E3-6A72 /boot/efi vfat defaults 0 0
#/swap.img none swap sw 0 0
如上,將/swap.img所在的行注釋掉,然后運行:
sudo swapoff -a
(可選)DNS配置
在Ubuntu18.04+版本中,DNS由systemd全面接管,接口監聽在127.0.0.53:53,配置文件在/etc/systemd/resolved.conf中。
有時候會導致無法解析域名的問題,可使用如下2種方式來解決:
1.最簡單的就是關閉systemd-resolvd服務
sudo systemctl stop systemd-resolved
sudo systemctl disable systemd-resolved
然后手動修改/etc/resolv.conf文件就可以了。
2.更加推薦的做法是修改systemd-resolv的設置:
sudo vim /etc/systemd/resolved.conf
# 修改為如下
[Resolve]
DNS=1.1.1.1 1.0.0.1
#FallbackDNS=
#Domains=
LLMNR=no
#MulticastDNS=no
#DNSSEC=no
#Cache=yes
#DNSStubListener=yes
DNS=設置的是域名解析服務器的IP地址,這里分別設為1.1.1.1和1.0.0.1
LLMNR=設置的是禁止運行LLMNR(Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution),否則systemd-resolve會監聽5535端口。
安裝Docker
Kubernetes從1.6開始使用CRI(Container Runtime Interface)容器運行時接口。默認的容器運行時仍然是Docker,是使用kubelet中內置dockershim CRI來實現的。
Docker的安裝可以參考之前的博客:Docker初體驗。
需要注意的是,Kubernetes 1.13已經針對Docker的1.11.1, 1.12.1, 1.13.1, 17.03, 17.06, 17.09, 18.06等版本做了驗證,最低支持的Docker版本是1.11.1,最高支持是18.06,而Docker最新版本已經是
18.09了,故我們安裝時需要指定版本為18.06.1-ce:sudo apt install docker-ce=18.06.1~ce~3-0~ubuntu
安裝kubeadm, kubelet 和 kubectl
部署之前,我們需要安裝三個包:
-
kubeadm: 引導啟動k8s集群的命令行工具。
-
kubelet: 在群集中所有節點上運行的核心組件, 用來執行如啟動pods和containers等操作。
-
kubectl: 操作集群的命令行工具。
首先添加apt-key:
sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y apt-transport-https curl
curl -s https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/apt/doc/apt-key.gpg | sudo apt-key add -
添加kubernetes源:
sudo vim /etc/apt/sources.list.d/kubernetes.list
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/apt/ kubernetes-xenial main
安裝:
sudo apt update
sudo apt install -y kubelet kubeadm kubectl
sudo apt-mark hold kubelet kubeadm kubectl
使用kubeadm創建一個單Master集群
初始化Master節點
K8s的控制面板組件運行在Master節點上,包括etcd和API server(Kubectl便是通過API server與k8s通信)。
在執行初始化之前,我們還有一下3點需要注意:
1.選擇一個網絡插件,並檢查它是否需要在初始化Master時指定一些參數,比如我們可能需要根據選擇的插件來設置--pod-network-cidr參數。參考:Installing a pod network add-on。
2.kubeadm使用eth0的默認網絡接口(通常是內網IP)做為Master節點的advertise address,如果我們想使用不同的網絡接口,可以使用--apiserver-advertise-address=<ip-address>參數來設置。如果適應IPv6,則必須使用IPv6d的地址,如:--apiserver-advertise-address=fd00::101。
3.使用kubeadm config images pull來預先拉取初始化需要用到的鏡像,用來檢查是否能連接到Kubenetes的Registries。
Kubenetes默認Registries地址是k8s.gcr.io,很明顯,在國內並不能訪問gcr.io,因此在kubeadm v1.13之前的版本,安裝起來非常麻煩,但是在1.13版本中終於解決了國內的痛點,其增加了一個--image-repository參數,默認值是k8s.gcr.io,我們將其指定為國內鏡像地址:registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers,其它的就可以完全按照官方文檔來愉快的玩耍了。
其次,我們還需要指定--kubernetes-version參數,因為它的默認值是stable-1,會導致從https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable-1.txt下載最新的版本號,我們可以將其指定為固定版本(最新版:v1.13.1)來跳過網絡請求。
現在,我們就來試一下:
# 使用calico網絡 --pod-network-cidr=192.168.0.0/16
sudo kubeadm init --image-repository registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers --kubernetes-version v1.13.1 --pod-network-cidr=192.168.0.0/16
# 輸出
[init] Using Kubernetes version: v1.13.1
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
[preflight] Pulling images required for setting up a Kubernetes cluster
[preflight] This might take a minute or two, depending on the speed of your internet connection
[preflight] You can also perform this action in beforehand using 'kubeadm config images pull'
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"
[kubelet-start] Activating the kubelet service
[certs] Using certificateDir folder "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
[certs] Generating "ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "apiserver" certificate and key
[certs] apiserver serving cert is signed for DNS names [master kubernetes kubernetes.default kubernetes.default.svc kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local] and IPs [10.96.0.1 172.17.20.210]
[certs] Generating "apiserver-kubelet-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "front-proxy-ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "front-proxy-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "etcd/ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "etcd/peer" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/peer serving cert is signed for DNS names [master localhost] and IPs [172.17.20.210 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating "etcd/server" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/server serving cert is signed for DNS names [master localhost] and IPs [172.17.20.210 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating "etcd/healthcheck-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "apiserver-etcd-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "sa" key and public key
[kubeconfig] Using kubeconfig folder "/etc/kubernetes"
[kubeconfig] Writing "admin.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "kubelet.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "controller-manager.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "scheduler.conf" kubeconfig file
[control-plane] Using manifest folder "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-apiserver"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-controller-manager"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-scheduler"
[etcd] Creating static Pod manifest for local etcd in "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[wait-control-plane] Waiting for the kubelet to boot up the control plane as static Pods from directory "/etc/kubernetes/manifests". This can take up to 4m0s
[kubelet-check] Initial timeout of 40s passed.
[apiclient] All control plane components are healthy after 42.003645 seconds
[uploadconfig] storing the configuration used in ConfigMap "kubeadm-config" in the "kube-system" Namespace
[kubelet] Creating a ConfigMap "kubelet-config-1.13" in namespace kube-system with the configuration for the kubelets in the cluster
[patchnode] Uploading the CRI Socket information "/var/run/dockershim.sock" to the Node API object "master" as an annotation
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node master as control-plane by adding the label "node-role.kubernetes.io/master=''"
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node master as control-plane by adding the taints [node-role.kubernetes.io/master:NoSchedule]
[bootstrap-token] Using token: 6pkrlg.8glf2fqpuf3i489m
[bootstrap-token] Configuring bootstrap tokens, cluster-info ConfigMap, RBAC Roles
[bootstraptoken] configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to post CSRs in order for nodes to get long term certificate credentials
[bootstraptoken] configured RBAC rules to allow the csrapprover controller automatically approve CSRs from a Node Bootstrap Token
[bootstraptoken] configured RBAC rules to allow certificate rotation for all node client certificates in the cluster
[bootstraptoken] creating the "cluster-info" ConfigMap in the "kube-public" namespace
[addons] Applied essential addon: CoreDNS
[addons] Applied essential addon: kube-proxy
Your Kubernetes master has initialized successfully!
To start using your cluster, you need to run the following as a regular user:
mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config
You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster.
Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the options listed at:
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/
You can now join any number of machines by running the following on each node
as root:
kubeadm join 172.17.20.210:6443 --token 6pkrlg.8glf2fqpuf3i489m --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:eebfe256113bee397b218ba832f412273ae734bd4686241fb910885d26efd222
這次非常順利的就部署成功了,如果我們想使用非root用戶操作kubectl,可以使用以下命令,這也是kubeadm init輸出的一部分:
mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config
安裝網絡插件
為了讓Pods間可以相互通信,我們必須安裝一個網絡插件,並且必須在部署任何應用之前安裝,CoreDNS也是在網絡插件安裝之后才會啟動的。
網絡的插件完整列表,請參考 Networking and Network Policy。
在安裝之前,我們先查看一下當前Pods的狀態:
kubectl get pods --all-namespaces
# 輸出
NAMESPACE NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
kube-system coredns-78d4cf999f-6pgfr 0/1 Pending 0 87s
kube-system coredns-78d4cf999f-m9kgs 0/1 Pending 0 87s
kube-system etcd-master 1/1 Running 0 47s
kube-system kube-apiserver-master 1/1 Running 0 38s
kube-system kube-controller-manager-master 1/1 Running 0 55s
kube-system kube-proxy-mkg24 1/1 Running 0 87s
kube-system kube-scheduler-master 1/1 Running 0 41s
如上,可以看到CoreDND的狀態是Pending,這是因為我們還沒有安裝網絡插件。
Calico是一個純三層的虛擬網絡方案,Calico 為每個容器分配一個 IP,每個 host 都是 router,把不同 host 的容器連接起來。與 VxLAN 不同的是,Calico 不對數據包做額外封裝,不需要 NAT 和端口映射,擴展性和性能都很好。
默認情況下,Calico網絡插件使用的的網段是192.168.0.0/16,在init的時候,我們已經通過--pod-network-cidr=192.168.0.0/16來適配Calico,當然你也可以修改calico.yml文件來指定不同的網段。
可以使用如下命令命令來安裝Canal插件:
kubectl apply -f https://docs.projectcalico.org/v3.3/getting-started/kubernetes/installation/hosted/rbac-kdd.yaml
kubectl apply -f https://docs.projectcalico.org/v3.3/getting-started/kubernetes/installation/hosted/kubernetes-datastore/calico-networking/1.7/calico.yaml
# 上面的calico.yaml會去quay.io拉取鏡像,如果無法拉取,可使用下面的國內鏡像
kubectl apply -f http://mirror.faasx.com/k8s/calico/v3.3.2/rbac-kdd.yaml
kubectl apply -f http://mirror.faasx.com/k8s/calico/v3.3.2/calico.yaml
關於更多Canal的信息可以查看Calico官方文檔:kubeadm quickstart。
稍等片刻,再使用kubectl get pods --all-namespaces命令來查看網絡插件的安裝情況:
kubectl get pods --all-namespaces
# 輸出
NAMESPACE NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
kube-system calico-node-x96gn 2/2 Running 0 47s
kube-system coredns-78d4cf999f-6pgfr 1/1 Running 0 54m
kube-system coredns-78d4cf999f-m9kgs 1/1 Running 0 54m
kube-system etcd-master 1/1 Running 3 53m
kube-system kube-apiserver-master 1/1 Running 3 53m
kube-system kube-controller-manager-master 1/1 Running 3 53m
kube-system kube-proxy-mkg24 1/1 Running 2 54m
kube-system kube-scheduler-master 1/1 Running 3 53m
如上,STATUS全部變為了Running,表示安裝成功,接下來就可以加入其他節點以及部署應用了。
Master隔離
默認情況下,由於安全原因,集群並不會將pods部署在Master節點上。但是在開發環境下,我們可能就只有一個Master節點,這時可以使用下面的命令來解除這個限制:
kubectl taint nodes --all node-role.kubernetes.io/master-
## 輸出
node/master untainted
加入工作節點
要為群集添加工作節點,需要為每台計算機執行以下操作:
- SSH到機器
- 成為root用戶,(如: sudo su -)
- 運行上面的
kubeadm init命令輸出的:kubeadm join --token <token> <master-ip>:<master-port> --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:<hash>
如果我們忘記了Master節點的加入token,可以使用如下命令來查看:
kubeadm token list
# 輸出
TOKEN TTL EXPIRES USAGES DESCRIPTION EXTRA GROUPS
6pkrlg.8glf2fqpuf3i489m 22h 2018-12-07T13:46:33Z authentication,signing The default bootstrap token generated by 'kubeadm init'. system:bootstrappers:kubeadm:default-node-token
默認情況下,token的有效期是24小時,如果我們的token已經過期的話,可以使用以下命令重新生成:
kubeadm token create
# 輸出
u2mt59.tyqpo0v5wf05lx2q
如果我們也沒有--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash的值,可以使用以下命令生成:
openssl x509 -pubkey -in /etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt | openssl rsa -pubin -outform der 2>/dev/null | openssl dgst -sha256 -hex | sed 's/^.* //'
# 輸出
eebfe256113bee397b218ba832f412273ae734bd4686241fb910885d26efd222
現在,我們登錄到工作節點服務器,然后運行如下命令加入集群(這也是上面init輸出的一部分):
sudo kubeadm join 172.17.20.210:6443 --token 6pkrlg.8glf2fqpuf3i489m --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:eebfe256113bee397b218ba832f412273ae734bd4686241fb910885d26efd222
# 輸出
[sudo] password for raining:
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
[discovery] Trying to connect to API Server "172.17.20.210:6443"
[discovery] Created cluster-info discovery client, requesting info from "https://172.17.20.210:6443"
[discovery] Requesting info from "https://172.17.20.210:6443" again to validate TLS against the pinned public key
[discovery] Cluster info signature and contents are valid and TLS certificate validates against pinned roots, will use API Server "172.17.20.210:6443"
[discovery] Successfully established connection with API Server "172.17.20.210:6443"
[join] Reading configuration from the cluster...
[join] FYI: You can look at this config file with 'kubectl -n kube-system get cm kubeadm-config -oyaml'
[kubelet] Downloading configuration for the kubelet from the "kubelet-config-1.13" ConfigMap in the kube-system namespace
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"
[kubelet-start] Activating the kubelet service
[tlsbootstrap] Waiting for the kubelet to perform the TLS Bootstrap...
[patchnode] Uploading the CRI Socket information "/var/run/dockershim.sock" to the Node API object "node1" as an annotation
This node has joined the cluster:
* Certificate signing request was sent to apiserver and a response was received.
* The Kubelet was informed of the new secure connection details.
Run 'kubectl get nodes' on the master to see this node join the cluster.
等待一會,我們可以在Master節點上使用kubectl get nodes命令來查看節點的狀態:
kubectl get nodes
# 輸出
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
master Ready master 17m v1.13.1
node1 Ready <none> 15m v1.13.1
如上全部Ready,大功告成,我們可以運行一些命令來測試一下集群是否正常。
測試
首先驗證kube-apiserver, kube-controller-manager, kube-scheduler, pod network 是否正常:
# 部署一個 Nginx Deployment,包含兩個Pod
# https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment/
kubectl create deployment nginx --image=nginx:alpine
kubectl scale deployment nginx --replicas=2
# 驗證Nginx Pod是否正確運行,並且會分配192.168.開頭的集群IP
kubectl get pods -l app=nginx -o wide
# 輸出如下:
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
nginx-54458cd494-p8jzs 1/1 Running 0 31s 192.168.1.2 node1 <none> <none>
nginx-54458cd494-v2m4b 1/1 Running 0 24s 192.168.1.3 node1 <none> <none>
再驗證一下kube-proxy是否正常:
# 以 NodePort 方式對外提供服務 https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/connect-applications-service/
kubectl expose deployment nginx --port=80 --type=NodePort
# 查看集群外可訪問的Port
kubectl get services nginx
# 輸出
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
nginx NodePort 10.110.49.49 <none> 80:31899/TCP 4s
# 可以通過任意 NodeIP:Port 在集群外部訪問這個服務,本示例中部署的2台集群IP分別是172.17.20.210和172.17.20.211
curl http://172.17.20.210:31899
curl http://172.17.20.211:31899
最后驗證一下dns, pod network是否正常:
# 運行Busybox並進入交互模式
kubectl run -it curl --image=radial/busyboxplus:curl
# 輸入`nslookup nginx`查看是否可以正確解析出集群內的IP,已驗證DNS是否正常
[ root@curl-66959f6557-6sfqh:/ ]$ nslookup nginx
# 輸出
Server: 10.96.0.10
Address 1: 10.96.0.10 kube-dns.kube-system.svc.cluster.local
Name: nginx
Address 1: 10.110.49.49 nginx.default.svc.cluster.local
# 通過服務名進行訪問,驗證kube-proxy是否正常
[ root@curl-66959f6557-6sfqh:/ ]$ curl http://nginx/
# 輸出如下:
# <!DOCTYPE html> ---省略
# 分別訪問一下2個Pod的內網IP,驗證跨Node的網絡通信是否正常
[ root@curl-66959f6557-6sfqh:/ ]$ curl http://192.168.1.2/
[ root@curl-66959f6557-6sfqh:/ ]$ curl http://192.168.1.3/
驗證通過,集群搭建成功,接下來我們就可以參考官方文檔來部署其他服務,愉快的玩耍了。
卸載集群
想要撤銷kubeadm執行的操作,首先要排除節點,並確保該節點為空, 然后再將其關閉。
在Master節點上運行:
kubectl drain <node name> --delete-local-data --force --ignore-daemonsets
kubectl delete node <node name>
然后在需要移除的節點上,重置kubeadm的安裝狀態:
sudo kubeadm reset
如果你想重新配置集群,使用新的參數重新運行kubeadm init或者kubeadm join即可。
