lParam 和 wParam 是宏定義,一般在消息函數中帶這兩個類型的參數,通常用來存儲窗口消息的參數。
LRESULT CALLBACK WindowProc(HWND hwnd, UINT uMsg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam);
wParam 通常用來存儲小段信息,如,標志
lParam 通常用於存儲消息所需的對象
LRESULT CALLBACK WindowProc(HWND hwnd, UINT uMsg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam);
typedef unsigned int UINT;
typedef long LONG;
typedef UINT WPARAM;
typedef LONG LPARAM;
lParam 和 wParam 是 Win16 系統遺留下來的產物,在 Win16 API 中 WndProc 有兩個參數,一個 WORD 類型的 16 位整型變量,另一個是 LONG 類型的 32 位整型變量。根據匈牙利命名法(Hungarian notation),16 位的變量就被命名為 wParam,而 32 位的變量就被命名為 lParam。
到了 Win32 API 中,原來的 16 位變量也被擴展為 32 位,因此 lParam 和 wParam 的大小完全相同。在 Win32 API 的早期,為了保證和 Win16 API 的代碼兼容,MS 定義了 MPARAM 和 LPARAM 兩個宏。保留 w 前綴的原因一方面是由於 WPARAM 宏也以 W 開頭,另一方面是希望提醒程序員注意到可移植性。到了現在,Win16 早已退出歷史舞台,但是這個前綴仍然約定俗成的沿用了下來。
the history of WPARAM, LPARAM
Once upon a time, Windows was 16-bit. Each message could carry with it two pieces of data, called WPARAM and LPARAM. The first one was a 16-bit value (“word”), so it was called W. The second one was a 32-bit value (“long”), so it was called L.
You used the W parameter to pass things like handles and integers. You used the L parameter to pass pointers.
When Windows was converted to 32-bit, the WPARAM parameter grew to a 32-bit value as well. So even though the “W” stands for “word”, it isn’t a word any more. (And in 64-bit Windows, both parameters are 64-bit values!)
It is helpful to understand the origin of the terms. If you look at the design of window messages, you will see that if the message takes a pointer, the pointer is usually passed in the LPARAM, whereas if the message takes a handle or an integer, then it is passed in the WPARAM. (And if a message takes both, the integer goes in the WPARAM and the pointer goes in the LPARAM.)
“在Win 3.x中,WPARAM是16位的,而LPARAM是32位的,兩者有明顯的區別。因為地址通常是32位的,所以LPARAM 被用來傳遞地址,這個習慣在Win32 API中仍然能夠看到。在Win32 API中,WPARAM和LPARAM都是32位,所以沒有什么本質的區 別。Windows的消息必須參考幫助文件才能知道具體的含義。如果是你定義的消息,願意怎么使這兩個參數都行。但是習慣上,我們願意使用LPARAM傳 遞地址,而WPARAM傳遞其他參數。”
在 MSDN 網站中關於 Windows Data Types 中有如下定義:
LPARAM: A message parameter. This type is declared in WinDef.h as follows: typedef LONG_PTR LPARAM;
WPARAM: A message parameter. This type is declared in WinDef.h as follows: typedef UINT_PTR WPARAM;
LPARAM is a typedef for LONG_PTR which is a long (signed 32-bit) on win32 and __int64 (signed 64-bit) on x86_64.
WPARAM is a typedef for UINT_PTR which is an unsigned int (unsigned 32-bit) on win32 and unsigned __int64 (unsigned 64-bit) on x86_64
(x86_64 is how Microsoft now refer to amd64)
In c#, you should use IntPtr for LPARAM and UIntPtr for WPARAM.
在 C# 與 C++ 的互操作中,可以使用 IntPtr 來聲明 LPARAM 類型變量,使用 UIntPtr 來聲明 WPARAM 類型的變量。
當 WPARAM, LPARAM 和 LRESULT 在 32 位和 64 位 Windows 系統中傳遞的時候會發生什么?
如果是從 64 位 Windows 系統到 32 位系統,那么只有一個選擇:截斷 truncation。
如果是從 32 位到 64 位,那么對 WPARAM 采用補零擴展(zero-extended),對 LPARAM 和 LRESULT 采用符號擴展 (sign-extended)。
擴展方式不同的原因主要是因為 WPARAM 被定義為 “字 (WORD)” 也就是 “UINT_PTR”,而 LPARAM 和 LRESULT 被定義為 “LONG”,也就是 “LONG_PTR”。
What happens to WPARAM, LPARAM, and LRESULT when the travel between 32-bit and 64-bit windows?
The integral types WPARAM, LPARAM, and LRESULT are 32 bits wide on 32-bit systems and 64 bits on 64-bit systems. What happens when a 32-bit process sends a message to a 64-bit window or vice versa ?
There’s really only one choice when converting a 64-bit value to a 32-bit value: Truncation. When a 64-bit process sends a message to a 32-bit window, the 64-bit WPARAM and LPARAM values are truncated to 32 bits. Similarly, when a 64-bit window returns an LRESULT back to a 32-bit sender, the value is truncate.
But converting a 32-bit value to a 64-bit value includes a choice: Do you zero-extend or sign-extend?
The answer is obvious if you remember the history of WPARAM, LPARAM, and LRESULT or if you just look at the header file.
The WPARAM is zero-extend, while LPARAM and LRESULT are sign-extended.
If you remember that WPARAM used to be a WORD and LPARAM and LRESULT used to be LONG, then this follows from the fact that WORD is an unsigned type (therefore zero-extended) and LONG is a signed type (therefore sign-extend).
Even if you didn’t know that, you could look it up in the header file.
typedef UINT_PTR WPARAM;
typedef LONG_PTR LPARAM;
typedef LONG_PTR LRESULT;
UINT_PTR is an unsigned type (therefore zero-extended) and LONG_PTR is a signed type (therefore sign-extended).
具體的消息表示
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WM_PAINT消息,LOWORD(lParam)是客戶區的寬,HIWORD(lParam)是客戶區的高
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滾動條WM_VSCROLL或WM_HSCROLL消息,LOWORD(wParam)指出了鼠標對滾動條的操作。比如上、下、左、右、翻頁、移動等。
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擊鍵消息,有WM_SYSKEYDOWN、WM_SYSKEYUP、WM_KEYUP、WM_KEYDOWN,其中wParam是虛擬鍵代碼,lParam是包含屬於擊鍵的其他信息。lParam消息參數分為6個域,有重復計數、環境代碼、鍵的先前狀態等。4. 字符消息WM_CHAR、WM_DEADCHAR、WM_SYSCHAR、WM_SYSDEADCHAR,lParam消息參數跟擊鍵消息的lParam 消息參數內容相同,wParam參數是ANSI或Unicode字符代碼
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客戶區鼠標消息WM_LBUTTONDOWN、WM_LBUTTONUP、WM_RBUTTONDOWN、WM_RBUTTONUP、 WM_MBUTTONDOWN、WM_MBUTTONUP,lParam參數的低位是鼠標的客戶區x坐標,高位是客戶區y坐標。wParam參數是指示鼠標鍵及Shift和Ctrl鍵的狀態。wParam&MK_SHIFT或MK_CTRL,如果返回TRUE就意味着有按下Shift或Ctrl 鍵。
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非客戶區消息,wParam參數指明移動或者單擊鼠標鍵的非客戶區位置,以HT開頭,lParam參數低位指出了鼠標所在屏幕坐標的x坐標,高位指出了鼠標所在屏幕坐標的y坐標。
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鼠標輪滾動消息,WM_MOUSEWHEEL消息,lParam將獲得鼠標的屏幕位置(坐標),wParam參數的低位表明鼠標鍵和Shift與Ctrl 鍵的狀態。wParam高位有一個“delta”值,該值可正可負,指出了滾輪導致屏幕滾動幾行,120表示向上3行。
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計時器消息WM_TIMER,wParam參數等於計時器的ID值,lParam為0
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按鈕子窗口的WM_COMMAND消息,wParam參數的低位是子窗口ID,高位是通知碼, lParam參數是接收消息的子窗口的句柄。
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焦點消息,對於正在失去焦點的窗口,會收到WM_KILLFOCUS消息,其wParam參數是即將接收輸入焦點的窗口的句柄。對於即將獲取焦點的窗口,會收到WM_SETFOCUS消息,其wParam參數是正在失去焦點的窗口的句柄。11. 編輯控制的WM_COMMAND消息,wParam參數的低位是子窗口ID,高位是通知碼, lParam參數是子窗口句柄。12. 列表框的WM_COMMAND消息,wParam參數的低位是子窗口ID,高位是通知碼, lParam參數是子窗口句柄。13. 菜單消息1,WM_INITMENU,wParam是主菜單句柄,lParam是0.
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菜單消息2,WM_MENUSELECT,菜單跟蹤消息,指針移到菜單的某一些,就會發送這個消息給窗口過程,其wParam參數的低位是選中項菜單的 ID或者彈出式菜單的句柄,高位是選擇標識,lParam參數是包含選中項的菜單句柄。
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菜單消息3,WM_INITMENUPOPUP,准備顯示一個彈出式菜單時產生的消息,wParam參數是彈出式菜單的句柄,lParam的低位是彈出式菜單的索引,如果該菜單是系統菜單,那么高位是1,否則為0.
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菜單消息4,WM_COMMAND,選中菜單后產生,wParam低位是擊中菜單的ID,高位是0,lParam參數也是0
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菜單消息5,WM_SYSCOMMAND,表示用戶從系統菜單中選擇一個啟用的菜單項,其wParam參數是菜單的ID, lParam為0.如果該消息是由按鼠標產生的,那么lParam參數是鼠標的屏幕坐標。
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加速鍵消息,WM_COMMAND消息,wParam低位是加速鍵ID,高位是1, lParam是0.
19.控制項着色消息,WM_CTLCOLORBTN消息,wParam是按鈕的設備描述表句柄,lParam是按鈕的窗口句柄。