1- Setuptools簡介
通過Setuptools可以更方便的創建和發布Python包，特別是那些對其它包具有依賴性的狀況；
Python打包用戶指南（
Python Packaging User Guide）
- Home-page: https://github.com/pypa/setuptools
- Documentation：https://setuptools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
1.1 安裝Setuptools
- 目前官網新版本Python的安裝包已自帶pip（封裝了setuptools），並不需要手工安裝；
- 也可通過pip安裝新版本；
$ pip3 show setuptools Name: setuptools Version: 40.0.0 Summary: Easily download, build, install, upgrade, and uninstall Python packages Home-page: https://github.com/pypa/setuptools Author: Python Packaging Authority Author-email: distutils-sig@python.org License: UNKNOWN Location: c:\python36\lib\site-packages Requires: Required-by: PyInstaller, pipenv, kiwisolver, ipython, html5lib
1.2 簡單的安裝腳本
setup.py
# coding=utf-8 from setuptools import setup setup(name='Hello', version='1.0', description='A simple example', author='Anliven', author_email='anliven@yeah.net', url='www.cnblogs.com/anliven', py_modules=['hello'])
setup函數參數詳解
創建setup.py文件后，可通過執行“python setup.py --help”命令獲得幫助信息
setup函數各參數詳解：
>>python setup.py --help
--name 包名稱
--version (-V) 包版本
--author 程序的作者
--author_email 程序的作者的郵箱地址
--maintainer 維護者
--maintainer_email 維護者的郵箱地址
--url 程序的官網地址
--license 程序的授權信息
--description 程序的簡單描述
--long_description 程序的詳細描述
--platforms 程序適用的軟件平台列表
--classifiers 程序的所屬分類列表
--keywords 程序的關鍵字列表
--packages 需要打包的目錄列表
--py_modules 需要打包的python文件列表
--download_url 程序的下載地址
--cmdclass
--data_files 打包時需要打包的數據文件，如圖片，配置文件等
--scripts 安裝時需要執行的腳步列表
1.3 獲得幫助信息
usage: setup.py [global_opts] cmd1 [cmd1_opts] [cmd2 [cmd2_opts] ...] or: setup.py --help [cmd1 cmd2 ...] or: setup.py --help-commands or: setup.py cmd --help
“--help”
$ py -3 setup.py --help
“--help-commands”
$ py -3 setup.py --help-commands
命令sdist（Source distribution）
$ py -3 setup.py sdist --help
2- 構建模塊（執行build命令）
- 確保所在目錄有模塊文件hello.py；
- 執行后，將創建build目錄及子目錄lib，同時將模塊文件hello.py復制到子目錄中；
- 目錄build：setuptools在此目錄組裝包以及編譯擴展庫等；
$ ls -l total 2 -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 39 Oct 11 16:57 hello.py -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 251 Oct 11 17:00 setup.py $ cat -n hello.py 1 # coding=utf-8 2 print("This is a test!") $ cat -n setup.py 1 # coding=utf-8 2 from setuptools import setup 3 4 setup(name='Hello', 5 version='1.0', 6 description='A simple example', 7 author='Anliven', 8 author_email='anliven@yeah.net', 9 url='www.cnblogs.com/anliven', 10 py_modules=['hello']) $ py -3 setup.py build running build running build_py creating build creating build\lib copying hello.py -> build\lib $ ls -lR .: total 2 drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089 0 Oct 11 17:00 build/ -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 39 Oct 11 16:57 hello.py -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 251 Oct 11 17:00 setup.py ./build: total 0 drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089 0 Oct 11 17:00 lib/ ./build/lib: total 1 -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 39 Oct 11 16:57 hello.py $ cat -n build/lib/hello.py 1 # coding=utf-8 2 print("This is a test!") $
3- 安裝模塊（執行install命令）
- 執行insall命令時會根據需要自動運行build命令，不需要手工執行build命令；
- 安裝過程中，Setuptools將創建一個.egg文件（獨立的的Python包）；
- 可用pip命令來確認安裝結果；
特別注意：建議使用“--record log.txt”參數來記錄安裝Python包的安裝路徑，以便以后卸載；
$ pip3 show hello $ py -3 setup.py install --record log.txt running install running bdist_egg running egg_info creating Hello.egg-info writing Hello.egg-info\PKG-INFO writing dependency_links to Hello.egg-info\dependency_links.txt writing top-level names to Hello.egg-info\top_level.txt writing manifest file 'Hello.egg-info\SOURCES.txt' reading manifest file 'Hello.egg-info\SOURCES.txt' writing manifest file 'Hello.egg-info\SOURCES.txt' installing library code to build\bdist.win-amd64\egg running install_lib running build_py creating build\bdist.win-amd64 creating build\bdist.win-amd64\egg copying build\lib\hello.py -> build\bdist.win-amd64\egg byte-compiling build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\hello.py to hello.cpython-36.pyc creating build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\EGG-INFO copying Hello.egg-info\PKG-INFO -> build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\EGG-INFO copying Hello.egg-info\SOURCES.txt -> build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\EGG-INFO copying Hello.egg-info\dependency_links.txt -> build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\EGG-INFO copying Hello.egg-info\top_level.txt -> build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\EGG-INFO zip_safe flag not set; analyzing archive contents... creating dist creating 'dist\Hello-1.0-py3.6.egg' and adding 'build\bdist.win-amd64\egg' to it removing 'build\bdist.win-amd64\egg' (and everything under it) Processing Hello-1.0-py3.6.egg Copying Hello-1.0-py3.6.egg to c:\python36\lib\site-packages Adding Hello 1.0 to easy-install.pth file Installed c:\python36\lib\site-packages\hello-1.0-py3.6.egg Processing dependencies for Hello==1.0 Finished processing dependencies for Hello==1.0 writing list of installed files to 'log.txt' $ ls -lR .: total 3 drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089 0 Oct 11 17:03 build/ drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089 0 Oct 11 17:03 dist/ drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089 0 Oct 11 17:03 Hello.egg-info/ -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 39 Oct 11 16:57 hello.py -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 51 Oct 11 17:03 log.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 251 Oct 11 17:00 setup.py ./build: total 0 drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089 0 Oct 11 17:03 bdist.win-amd64/ drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089 0 Oct 11 17:00 lib/ ./build/bdist.win-amd64: total 0 ./build/lib: total 1 -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 39 Oct 11 16:57 hello.py ./dist: total 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 1259 Oct 11 17:03 Hello-1.0-py3.6.egg ./Hello.egg-info: total 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 1 Oct 11 17:03 dependency_links.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 221 Oct 11 17:03 PKG-INFO -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 133 Oct 11 17:03 SOURCES.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 6 Oct 11 17:03 top_level.txt $ cat log.txt c:\python36\lib\site-packages\Hello-1.0-py3.6.egg $ pip3 show hello Name: hello Version: 1.0 Summary: A simple example Home-page: www.cnblogs.com/anliven Author: Anliven Author-email: anliven@yeah.net License: UNKNOWN Location: c:\python36\lib\site-packages\hello-1.0-py3.6.egg Requires: Required-by: $
4- 安裝演示
執行install命令時，使用參數“-n”，將只進行演示，並不真正執行安裝；
--dry-run (-n) don't actually do anything
py -3 setup.py install -n
5- 卸載模塊
Setuptools沒有提供標准的uninstall命令，需要手工卸載安裝的模塊；
- 執行“python setup.py install --record log.txt”命令，安裝包的同時記錄Python包的安裝文件路徑；
- 卸載時，只需要刪除log.txt文件記錄的安裝文件路徑，即可卸載；
- 如在Linux環境下，可使用“cat log.txt | xargs rm –rf”命令刪除，即可卸載；
$ cat log.txt c:\python36\lib\site-packages\Hello-1.0-py3.6.egg
手工刪除
$ ls -l /c/Python36/Lib/site-packages/Hello-1.0-py3.6.egg -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 1246 Oct 10 16:49 /c/Python36/Lib/site-packages/Hello-1.0-py3.6.egg $ pip3 show hello Name: hello Version: 1.0 Summary: A simple example Home-page: UNKNOWN Author: Anliven Author-email: anliven@yeah.net License: UNKNOWN Location: c:\python36\lib\site-packages\hello-1.0-py3.6.egg Requires: Required-by: $ rm -rf /c/Python36/Lib/site-packages/Hello-1.0-py3.6.egg $ pip3 show hello
6- 程序打包（創建可分發的Python安裝包）
編寫安裝腳本setup.py后，就可以用來進行程序打包（創建歸檔文件）；
支持多種格式，主要分為sdist（Source distribution，源碼發布）和bdist（Built Distribution，可執行文件發布）兩類；
6.1 Source Distribution（執行sdist命令）
- 使用命令sdist（Source distribution）可以打包成源碼發布；
- 使用命令開關“--formats”可指定一種或多種壓縮格式（用逗號分隔）；
如果執行“py -3 setup.py sdist --formats=tar,zip”，那么將生成.tar和.zip兩個格式文件。
確認可使用的壓縮格式：
$ py -3 setup.py sdist --help-formats List of available source distribution formats: --formats=bztar bzip2'ed tar-file --formats=gztar gzip'ed tar-file --formats=tar uncompressed tar file --formats=xztar xz'ed tar-file --formats=zip ZIP file --formats=ztar compressed tar file
示例：默認壓縮格式.tar.gz
$ ls -l total 2 -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 39 Oct 10 16:34 hello.py -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 214 Oct 10 16:40 setup.py $ cat -n hello.py 1 # coding=utf-8 2 print("This is a test!") $ cat -n setup.py 1 # coding=utf-8 2 from setuptools import setup 3 4 setup(name='Hello', 5 version='1.0', 6 description='A simple example', 7 author='Anliven', 8 author_email='anliven@yeah.net', 9 py_modules=['hello']) $ py -3 setup.py sdist running sdist running egg_info creating Hello.egg-info writing Hello.egg-info\PKG-INFO writing dependency_links to Hello.egg-info\dependency_links.txt writing top-level names to Hello.egg-info\top_level.txt writing manifest file 'Hello.egg-info\SOURCES.txt' reading manifest file 'Hello.egg-info\SOURCES.txt' writing manifest file 'Hello.egg-info\SOURCES.txt' warning: sdist: standard file not found: should have one of README, README.rst, README.txt, README.md running check warning: check: missing required meta-data: url creating Hello-1.0 creating Hello-1.0\Hello.egg-info copying files to Hello-1.0... copying hello.py -> Hello-1.0 copying setup.py -> Hello-1.0 copying Hello.egg-info\PKG-INFO -> Hello-1.0\Hello.egg-info copying Hello.egg-info\SOURCES.txt -> Hello-1.0\Hello.egg-info copying Hello.egg-info\dependency_links.txt -> Hello-1.0\Hello.egg-info copying Hello.egg-info\top_level.txt -> Hello-1.0\Hello.egg-info Writing Hello-1.0\setup.cfg creating dist Creating tar archive removing 'Hello-1.0' (and everything under it) $ ls -l total 2 drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089 0 Oct 11 15:05 dist/ drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089 0 Oct 11 15:05 Hello.egg-info/ -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 39 Oct 10 16:34 hello.py -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 214 Oct 10 16:40 setup.py $ ls -lR .: total 2 drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089 0 Oct 11 15:05 dist/ drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089 0 Oct 11 15:05 Hello.egg-info/ -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 39 Oct 10 16:34 hello.py -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 214 Oct 10 16:40 setup.py ./dist: total 1 -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 673 Oct 11 15:05 ./Hello.egg-info: total 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 1 Oct 11 15:05 dependency_links.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 205 Oct 11 15:05 PKG-INFO -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 133 Oct 11 15:05 SOURCES.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 6 Oct 11 15:05 top_level.txt $
告警提示
可能會出現一些告警提示缺少某些信息，不影響創建歸檔文件，可以忽略。
如果想去除告警，可以在setup.py所在目錄添加相應文件或信息。
warning: sdist: standard file not found: should have one of README, README.rst, README.txt, README.md warning: check: missing required meta-data: url
分發與安裝
生成的dist目錄里的Hello-1.0.tar.gz文件就是歸檔文件，可將此文件分發給他人，然后對方可將其解壓縮，再使用腳本setup.py進行安裝。
6-2 Built Distribution（執行bdist命令）
和源碼包相比，由於是預先構建好的可執行文件，所以安裝更快。
確認可使用的壓縮格式：
$ py -3 setup.py bdist --help-formats List of available distribution formats: --formats=rpm RPM distribution --formats=gztar gzip'ed tar file --formats=bztar bzip2'ed tar file --formats=xztar xz'ed tar file --formats=ztar compressed tar file --formats=tar tar file --formats=wininst Windows executable installer --formats=zip ZIP file --formats=msi Microsoft Installer
同時為了簡化操作，Setuptools 提供了如下命令（執行“py -3 setup.py --help-commands”獲得詳細信息）；
例如：執行“py -3 setup.py bdist_wininst”
bdist_dumb create a "dumb" built distribution bdist_rpm create an RPM distribution bdist_wininst create an executable installer for MS Windows
示例：wininst格式（Windows executable installer）
$ ls -l total 2 -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 39 Oct 11 16:57 hello.py -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 251 Oct 11 17:00 setup.py $ py -3 setup.py bdist --formats=wininst running bdist running bdist_wininst running build running build_py creating build creating build\lib copying hello.py -> build\lib installing to build\bdist.win-amd64\wininst running install_lib creating build\bdist.win-amd64 creating build\bdist.win-amd64\wininst creating build\bdist.win-amd64\wininst\PURELIB copying build\lib\hello.py -> build\bdist.win-amd64\wininst\PURELIB running install_egg_info running egg_info creating Hello.egg-info writing Hello.egg-info\PKG-INFO writing dependency_links to Hello.egg-info\dependency_links.txt writing top-level names to Hello.egg-info\top_level.txt writing manifest file 'Hello.egg-info\SOURCES.txt' reading manifest file 'Hello.egg-info\SOURCES.txt' writing manifest file 'Hello.egg-info\SOURCES.txt' Copying Hello.egg-info to build\bdist.win-amd64\wininst\PURELIB\Hello-1.0-py3.6.egg-info running install_scripts creating 'C:\Users\guowli\AppData\Local\Temp\tmppdxufr2q.zip' and adding '.' to it adding 'PURELIB\hello.py' adding 'PURELIB\Hello-1.0-py3.6.egg-info\dependency_links.txt' adding 'PURELIB\Hello-1.0-py3.6.egg-info\PKG-INFO' adding 'PURELIB\Hello-1.0-py3.6.egg-info\SOURCES.txt' adding 'PURELIB\Hello-1.0-py3.6.egg-info\top_level.txt' creating dist removing 'build\bdist.win-amd64\wininst' (and everything under it) $ ls -lR .: total 2 drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089 0 Oct 12 14:43 build/ drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089 0 Oct 12 14:43 dist/ drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089 0 Oct 12 14:43 Hello.egg-info/ -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 39 Oct 11 16:57 hello.py -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 251 Oct 11 17:00 setup.py ./build: total 0 drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089 0 Oct 12 14:43 bdist.win-amd64/ drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089 0 Oct 12 14:43 lib/ ./build/bdist.win-amd64: total 0 ./build/lib: total 1 -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 39 Oct 11 16:57 hello.py ./dist: total 580 -rwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089 591354 Oct 12 14:43 Hello-1.0.win-amd64.exe* ./Hello.egg-info: total 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 1 Oct 12 14:43 dependency_links.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 221 Oct 12 14:43 PKG-INFO -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 133 Oct 12 14:43 SOURCES.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 6 Oct 12 14:43 top_level.txt $
7- wheel與egg格式
Wheel格式包其實也是一種 built 包，是官方推薦的打包方式，用來替換egg格式包；
- 創建egg包：“python setup.py bdist_egg”
- 創建wheel包：“python setup.py bdist_wheel”
執行“py -3 setup.py --help-commands”獲得詳細信息；
bdist_wheel create a wheel distribution bdist_egg create an "egg" distribution
7-1 示例：生成Wheel格式包
使用 wheel 打包，首先要安裝 wheel：“pip install wheel”
$ ls -l total 2 -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 39 Oct 11 16:57 hello.py -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 251 Oct 11 17:00 setup.py $ py -3 setup.py bdist_wheel running bdist_wheel running build running build_py creating build creating build\lib copying hello.py -> build\lib installing to build\bdist.win-amd64\wheel running install running install_lib creating build\bdist.win-amd64 creating build\bdist.win-amd64\wheel copying build\lib\hello.py -> build\bdist.win-amd64\wheel\. running install_egg_info running egg_info creating Hello.egg-info writing Hello.egg-info\PKG-INFO writing dependency_links to Hello.egg-info\dependency_links.txt writing top-level names to Hello.egg-info\top_level.txt writing manifest file 'Hello.egg-info\SOURCES.txt' reading manifest file 'Hello.egg-info\SOURCES.txt' writing manifest file 'Hello.egg-info\SOURCES.txt' Copying Hello.egg-info to build\bdist.win-amd64\wheel\.\Hello-1.0-py3.6.egg-info running install_scripts creating build\bdist.win-amd64\wheel\Hello-1.0.dist-info\WHEEL creating 'D:\Anliven-Running\Zen\PycharmProjects\TestPackage\dist\Hello-1.0-py3-none-any.whl' and adding '.' to it adding 'hello.py' adding 'Hello-1.0.dist-info\top_level.txt' adding 'Hello-1.0.dist-info\WHEEL' adding 'Hello-1.0.dist-info\METADATA' adding 'Hello-1.0.dist-info\RECORD' removing build\bdist.win-amd64\wheel $ ls -lR .: total 2 drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089 0 Oct 12 15:36 build/ drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089 0 Oct 12 15:36 dist/ drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089 0 Oct 12 15:36 Hello.egg-info/ -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 39 Oct 11 16:57 hello.py -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 251 Oct 11 17:00 setup.py ./build: total 0 drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089 0 Oct 12 15:36 bdist.win-amd64/ drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089 0 Oct 12 15:36 lib/ ./build/bdist.win-amd64: total 0 ./build/lib: total 1 -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 39 Oct 11 16:57 hello.py ./dist: total 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 1178 Oct 12 15:36 Hello-1.0-py3-none-any.whl ./Hello.egg-info: total 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 1 Oct 12 15:36 dependency_links.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 221 Oct 12 15:36 PKG-INFO -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 133 Oct 12 15:36 SOURCES.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 6 Oct 12 15:36 top_level.txt $
7-2 示例：安裝Wheel格式包
可以使用pip直接安裝和卸載wheel格式包
$ pip3 show hello $ ls -l dist/ total 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 1178 Oct 12 15:36 Hello-1.0-py3-none-any.whl $ pip3 install dist/Hello-1.0-py3-none-any.whl Processing d:\anliven-running\zen\pycharmprojects\testpackage\dist\hello-1.0-py3-none-any.whl Installing collected packages: Hello Successfully installed Hello-1.0 $ pip3 show hello Name: Hello Version: 1.0 Summary: A simple example Home-page: www.cnblogs.com/anliven Author: Anliven Author-email: anliven@yeah.net License: UNKNOWN Location: c:\python36\lib\site-packages Requires: Required-by: $ pip3 uninstall hello Uninstalling Hello-1.0: Would remove: c:\python36\lib\site-packages\hello-1.0.dist-info\* c:\python36\lib\site-packages\hello.py Proceed (y/n)? y Successfully uninstalled Hello-1.0 $ pip3 show hello $
8- 向PyPI注冊包
PyPI(Python Package Index)：
https://pypi.org/
- 執行命令“python setup.py register”向標准庫注冊，將顯示菜單；
- 根據提示，注冊包；
- 執行命令“python setup.py sdist upload”上傳源碼分發包到PyPI；
$ py -3 setup.py register running register running check warning: check: missing required meta-data: name, version, url warning: check: missing meta-data: either (author and author_email) or (maintainer and maintainer_email) must be supplied We need to know who you are, so please choose either: 1. use your existing login, 2. register as a new user, 3. have the server generate a new password for you (and email it to you), or 4. quit Your selection [default 1]:
9- 拾遺
9.1 PYTHONPATH
PYTHONPATH是Python搜索路徑，默認import的模塊都會從PYTHONPATH里面尋找；
目前安裝新Python版本時，有“Add Python to Path”選項，選中則會自動完成環境變量配置；
以在Windows系統中設置PYTHONPATH為例：
To set environment variable for Python, open environment variables setting, new a system variable named PYTHONPATH, set its value to the Python installation path and append PYTHONPATH to path.
C:\Python36\;C:\Python36\Lib\site-packages;C:\Python36\Scripts
打印PYTHONPATH：
>>> import sys >>> print(sys.path) ['', 'C:\\Python36\\python36.zip', 'C:\\Python36\\DLLs', 'C:\\Python36\\lib', 'C:\\Python36', 'C:\\Python36\\lib\\site-packages', 'C:\\Python36\\lib\\site-packages\\win32', 'C:\\Python36\\lib\\site-packages\\win32\\lib', 'C:\\Python36\\lib\\site-packages\\Pythonwin'] >>>
9-2 對比egg與wheel
一句話總結：wheel文件格式將最終取代egg文件格式，建議使用wheel文件來發布Python包。
Wheel和Egg都是打包的格式，都可用於Python模塊的分發與安裝；
Egg格式是由Setuptools在2004年引入，通過Setuptools可以識別Egg格式並解析安裝；
Wheel格式是由PEP427在2012年定義，本質是zip包格式，最終將替代Egg格式；
Wheel現在被認為是構建和二進制包的標准格式，推薦使用wheel格式發布Python包，目前pip也可直接安裝wheel格式包；
Wheel和Egg的主要的不同點：
- Wheel有一個官方的PEP427來定義，而Egg沒有PEP定義；
- Wheel是一種分發格式，即打包格式。而Egg既是一種分發格式，也是一種運行時安裝的格式，並且是可以被import的；
- Wheel文件不會包含.pyc文件；
- Wheel使用和PEP376兼容的.dist-info目錄，而Egg使用.egg-info目錄；
- Wheel有着更豐富的命名規則；
- Wheel是有版本的。每個Wheel文件都包含wheel規格的版本和打包它的實現；
- Wheel在內部被sysconfig path type管理，因此轉向其他格式也更容易；
9-3 Python的包管理工具
- 包管理工具解惑：https://blog.zengrong.net/post/2169.html
- Python打包分發工具setuptools：https://blog.csdn.net/chenfeidi1/article/details/80873979