在分布式系統中服務與服務之間的依賴錯綜復雜,一種不可避免的情況就是某些服務會出現故障,導致依賴於他們的其他服務出現遠程調度的線程阻塞。某個服務的單個點的請求故障會導致用戶的請求處於阻塞狀態,最終的結果是整個服務的線程資源消耗殆盡。由於服務的依賴性,會導致依賴於該故障服務的其他服務也處於線程阻塞狀態,最終導致這些服務的線程資源消耗殆盡,知道不可用,從而導致整個服務系統不可用,即雪崩效應。為了防止雪崩效應,產生了熔斷器模型。
Hystrix是Netflix公司開源的一個項目,提供了熔斷器功能,能阻止分布式系統中出現聯動故障。Hystrix是通過隔離服務的訪問點阻止聯動故障的,並提供了故障解決方案,從而提高了整個分布式系統的彈性。
當服務的某個API接口的失敗次數在一定時間內小於設定的閾值時,熔斷器處於關閉狀態,該API接口正常提供服務。當該API接口處理請求的失敗次數大於設定的閾值時,hystrix判定該API接口出現了故障,打開熔斷器,這時請求該API接口會執行快速失敗的邏輯(即fallback回退的邏輯),不執行業務邏輯,請求的線程不會處於阻塞狀態。處於打開狀態的熔斷器,一段時間后會處於半打開狀態,並將一定數量的請求執行正常邏輯,剩余的請求會執行快速失敗,若執行正常邏輯的請求失敗了,則熔斷器繼續打開,若成功了,則關閉熔斷器。這樣熔斷器就具有了自我修復的能力。
在RestTemplate和Ribbon上使用熔斷器
需要已經成功配置Ribbon,可參考:spring boot 2.0.3+spring cloud (Finchley)2、搭建負載均衡Ribbon (Eureka+Ribbon+RestTemplate)
在eureka-ribbon-client工程中,使用了RestTemplate調用了eureka-client的“/hi”API接口,並使用ribbon做了負載均衡,在此基礎上加入Hystrix熔斷器功能。在pom文件中加入Hystrix起步依賴spring-cloud-starter-netflix-hystrix
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> <groupId>com.cralor</groupId> <artifactId>eureka-ribbon-client</artifactId> <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version> <packaging>jar</packaging> <name>eureka-ribbon-client</name> <description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description> <parent> <groupId>com.cralor</groupId> <artifactId>chap8-hystrix</artifactId> <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version> <relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository --> </parent> <properties> <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding> <project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding> <java.version>1.8</java.version> </properties> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-hystrix</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId> <scope>test</scope> </dependency> </dependencies> <build> <plugins> <plugin> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId> </plugin> </plugins> </build> </project>
在項目啟動類加上@EnableHystrix注解,開啟hystrix熔斷器功能
@EnableHystrix @SpringBootApplication public class EurekaRibbonClientApplication { public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(EurekaRibbonClientApplication.class, args); } }
修改RibbonService代碼,在hi()方法上加上@HystrixCommand注解。有了該注解hi()方法就啟用了Hystrix熔斷器的功能,其中,fallbackMethod為處理回退(fallback)邏輯的方法。在本例子,直接返回了一個字符串。在熔斷器打開的狀態下,會執行fallback邏輯。fallback的邏輯最好是返回一些靜態的字符串,不需要處理復雜的邏輯,也不會遠程調用其他服務,這樣方便執行快速失敗,釋放線程資源。如果一定要在fallback邏輯中遠程調用其他服務,最好在遠程調用其他服務時,也加上熔斷器。
@Service public class RibbonService { @Autowired RestTemplate restTemplate; @HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod = "hiError") public String hi(String name){ return restTemplate.getForObject("http://eureka-client/hi?name="+name,String.class); } public String hiError(String name){ return "hi,"+name+",sorry,error!"; } }
RibbonConfig類
@Configuration public class RibbonConfig { @Bean @LoadBalanced RestTemplate restTemplate(){ return new RestTemplate(); } }
RibbonController類
@RestController public class RibbonController { @Autowired private RibbonService ribbonService; @GetMapping("/hi") public String hi(@RequestParam(required = false,defaultValue = "cralor") String name){ return ribbonService.hi(name); } }
依次啟動eureka-server、eureka-client和eureka-ribbon-client。在瀏覽器訪問http://localhost:8764/hi,會顯示
關閉eureka-client,使其處於不可以狀態,此時eureka-ribbon-client無法調用eureka-client的“/hi”接口,訪問http://localhost:8764/hi
由此可見,當eureka-client不可用時,調用eureka-ribbon-client的”/hi“接口會進入RibbonSerivce類的”/hi“方法。由於eureka-client沒有響應,判定不可用,開啟了熔斷器,最后進入了fallbackMethod的邏輯。之后的請求會直接執行fallbackMethod的邏輯。
在Feign上使用熔斷器
Feign的起步依賴中已經引入了Hystrix的依賴,只需要在eureka-feign-client工程的配置文件中開啟hystrix功能即可,
server: port: 8765 spring: application: name: eureka-feign-client eureka: client: serviceUrl: defaultZone: http://localhost:8761/eureka/ feign: hystrix: enabled: true
修改EurekaClientFeign代碼,在@FeignClient注解的fallback配置加上快速失敗的處理類。該處理類是作為geign熔斷器的邏輯處理類,必須實現被@FeignClient修飾的接口。
EurekaClientFeign類
@Component @FeignClient(value = "eureka-client",configuration = FeignConfig.class,fallback = HiHystrix.class) public interface EurekaClientFeign { @GetMapping(value = "/hi") String sayHiFromClientEureka(@RequestParam(value = "name")String name); }
HiHystrix 類
@Component public class HiHystrix implements EurekaClientFeign { @Override public String sayHiFromClientEureka(String name) { return "hi,"+name+",sorry.error!"; } }
FeignConfig類
@Configuration public class FeignConfig { @Bean public Retryer feignRetryer(){ return new Retryer.Default(100,TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(1),5); } }
HiService 類
@Service public class HiService { @Autowired EurekaClientFeign eurekaClientFeign; public String sayHi(String name){ return eurekaClientFeign.sayHiFromClientEureka(name); } }
HiController 類
@RestController public class HiController { @Autowired HiService hiService; @GetMapping("/hi") public String sayHi(@RequestParam(defaultValue = "cralor",required = false)String name){ return hiService.sayHi(name); } }
啟動工程eureka-server、eureka-client和eureka-feign-client,瀏覽器訪問http://localhost:8765/hi
關閉eureka-client
由此可見,當eureka-client不可以時,eureka-feign-client進入了fallback的邏輯處理類HiHystrix,由這個類來執行熔斷器打開時的處理邏輯。
使用Hystrix Dashboard監控熔斷器的狀態
Hystrix Dashboard時監控Hystrix的熔斷器的一個組件,提供了數據監控和友好的展示界面。
在Rest Template中使用Hystrix Dashboard
在eureka-ribbon-client工程的pom文件加上Actuator、Hystrix 和Hystrix Dashboard的起步依賴,這三個依賴是必需的。
<dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-hystrix</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-hystrix-dashboard</artifactId> </dependency>
修改配置文件,啟動actuator監控
server:
port: 8764
spring:
application:
name: eureka-ribbon-client
eureka:
client:
serviceUrl:
defaultZone: http://localhost:8761/eureka/
#springboot2.0. 的配置項為:
#actuator端口
management:
server:
port: 9001
endpoints:
web:
# base-path: / #修改訪問路徑 2.0之前默認是/ 2.0默認是 /actuator 可以通過這個屬性值修改
exposure:
include: '*' #開放所有頁面節點 默認只開啟了health、info兩個節點
在程序啟動類加上@EnableHystrixDashboard注解,
@EnableHystrixDashboard @EnableHystrix @SpringBootApplication public class EurekaRibbonClientApplication { public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(EurekaRibbonClientApplication.class, args); } }
依次啟動eureka-server、eureka-client和eureka-ribbon-client。在瀏覽器訪問先訪問http://localhost:8764/hi,然后再訪問http://localhost:9001/actuator/hystrix.stream,瀏覽器會顯示熔斷器的數據指標
在瀏覽器訪問http://localhost:8764/hystrix,注意:端口號為具體服務對應的端口號而不是Eureka Server的端口號
依次填寫http://localhost:9001/actuator/hystrix.stream、2000、cralor(隨意填寫),點擊 moniter
該頁面顯示了熔斷器的谷中數據指標,這些數據指標含義如圖,該圖來自於Hystrix官方文檔,文檔地址:https://github.com/Netflix/Hystrix/wiki
在Feign中使用Hystrix Dashboard
在eureka-feign-client的pom文件加上Actuator、Hystrix和Dashboard的起步依賴,(Feign自帶的Hystrix依賴不是起步依賴,還需要加上起步依賴)
<dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-openfeign</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-hystrix</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-hystrix-dashboard</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId> </dependency>
啟動類加上注解@EnableHystrixDashboard,@EnableHystrix
@EnableHystrixDashboard @EnableHystrix @EnableFeignClients @SpringBootApplication public class EurekaFeignClientApplication { public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(EurekaFeignClientApplication.class, args); } }
啟動即可,其他步驟跟ribbon一樣。
使用Turbine聚合監控
在使用Hystrix Dashboard組件監控服務的熔斷器狀況時,每個服務都有一個Hystrix Dashboard主頁,服務數量過多時,監控非常不方便。Netflix開源了另一個組件Turbine,用於聚合多個Hystrix Dashboard,將數據顯示在一個頁面上,集中監控。
新建一個module工程eureka-monitor-client,作為Turbine聚合監控的工程。pom文件引入相關actuator、hystrix dashboard和turbine的起步依賴
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> <groupId>com.cralor</groupId> <artifactId>eureka-monitor-client</artifactId> <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version> <packaging>jar</packaging> <name>eureka-monitor-client</name> <description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description> <parent> <groupId>com.cralor</groupId> <artifactId>chap8-hystrix</artifactId> <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version> <relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository --> </parent> <properties> <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding> <project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding> <java.version>1.8</java.version> </properties> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-hystrix-dashboard</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-turbine</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId> <scope>test</scope> </dependency> </dependencies> <build> <plugins> <plugin> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId> </plugin> </plugins> </build> </project>
修改配置文件
server: port: 8769 spring: application: name: service-turbine eureka: client: serviceUrl: defaultZone: http://localhost:8761/eureka/ #springboot2.0. 的配置項為: #actuator端口 management: # server: # port: 9007 endpoints: web: # base-path: /monitor #修改訪問路徑 2.0之前默認是/ 2.0默認是 /actuator 可以通過這個屬性值修改 exposure: include: '*' #開放所有頁面節點 默認只開啟了health、info兩個節點 turbine: aggregator: cluster-config: default #需要監控的服務集群名 app-config: eureka-ribbon-client,eureka-feign-client #需要監控的服務名 cluster-name-expression: new String("default") # instanceUrlSuffix: # default: actuator/hystrix.stream #key是clusterConfig集群的名字,value是hystrix監控的后綴,springboot2.0為actuator/hystrix.stream
在啟動類加上注解
@EnableTurbine @EnableHystrixDashboard @SpringBootApplication public class EurekaMonitorClientApplication { public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(EurekaMonitorClientApplication.class, args); } }
啟動工程eureka-server、eureka-client、eureka-ribbon-client、eureka-feign-client和eureka-monitor-client,在瀏覽器訪問http://localhost:8764/hi,http://localhost:8765/hi,在瀏覽器打開http://localhost:8764/hystrix(端口號8764、8765、8769都可以),依次填入http://localhost:8769/turbine.stream,2000,cralor,點擊”monitor“,
可以看到這個頁面聚合了eureka-ribbon-client和eureka-feign-client的Hystrix Dashboard數據。
參考:https://windmt.com/2018/04/15/spring-cloud-4-hystrix/
https://windmt.com/2018/04/16/spring-cloud-5-hystrix-dashboard/
https://windmt.com/2018/04/17/spring-cloud-6-turbine/
案例代碼地址:https://github.com/cralor7/springcloud