多態的實現原理分析
當類里有一個函數被聲明成虛函數后，創建這個類的對象的時候，就會自動加入一個__vfptr的指針，
__vfptr維護虛函數列表。如果有三個虛函數，則__vfptr指向的是第一個虛函數，
__vfptr+1指向的是第二個虛函數，__vfptr+2指向的是第三個虛函數。
當子類覆蓋了父類的虛函數后，__vfptr+n就不是指向父類的虛函數了，而是指向的子類的函數。
所以當我們用父類的指針或者引用去調用被覆蓋的虛函數時，才能夠調用到子類的函數。
1.成員函數加上virtual修飾后，sizeof（類）的數字變大，即使有多個成員函數聲明成虛函數，sizeof（類）的數字不會再變大。
加了virtual后，用GDB調試的時候，發現對象b下多了個_vptr
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base{
public:
Base() : x(0){
}
~Base(){
}
virtual void show(){
cout << "Base show" << endl;
}
private:
int x;
};
int main(){
cout << sizeof(Base) << endl;//16
Base b;
}
沒加virtual的效果：
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base{
public:
Base() : x(0){
}
~Base(){
}
void show(){
cout << "Base show" << endl;
}
private:
int x;
};
int main(){
cout << sizeof(Base) << endl;//4
Base b;
}
2.聲明了虛擬函數后，系統會自動維護一個指針_vptr，指向虛函數列表。
多態是通過虛函數列表實現的。
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base{
public:
Base() : x(0){
}
~Base(){
}
virtual void show(){
cout << "Base show" << endl;
}
virtual void print(){
cout << "Base print" << endl;
}
void fun(){
cout << "Base fun" << endl;
}
private:
int x;
};
class D : public Base{
public:
D() : y(0){
}
~D(){
}
void show(){
cout << "D show" << endl;
}
void fun(){
cout << "D fun" << endl;
}
virtual void list(){
cout << "D list" << endl;
}
private:
int y;
};
int main(){
D d;
d.fun();//調用子類的fun方法，父類的fun方法被隱藏了
Base *pb = &d;
pb->show();//調用子類的show方法，多態（覆蓋）
pb->fun();//調用父類的fun方法
Base &fb = d;
fb.show();//用子類的show方法，多態（覆蓋）
fb.fun();//調用父類的fun方法
}
3.虛函數表
3.1 單繼承，無覆蓋
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base{
public:
virtual void f(){}
virtual void g(){}
virtual void h(){}
};
class D : public Base{
virtual void f1(){}
virtual void g1(){}
virtual void h1(){}
};
int main(){
D d;
}
用GDB查看函數指針的方法：x/a 內存地址。查看下一個函數指針：x/a 內存地址+8
gdb的分析結果：
18 D d;
(gdb) n
(gdb) p d
$2 = {<Base> = {_vptr.Base = 0x555555755d48 <vtable for D+16>}, <No data fields>}
(gdb) x/a 0x555555755d48
$3 = (long *) 0x555555554a06 <Base::f()>//虛函數表第1個地址
(gdb) x/a 0x555555755d48+8
$4 = (long *) 0x555555554a12 <Base::g()>//虛函數表第2個地址
(gdb) x/a 0x555555755d48+16
$5 = (long *) 0x555555554a1e <Base::h()>//虛函數表第3個地址
(gdb) x/a 0x555555755d48+24
$6 = (long *) 0x555555554a2a <D::f1()>//虛函數表第4個地址
(gdb) x/a 0x555555755d48+32
$7 = (long *) 0x555555554a36 <D::g1()>//虛函數表第5個地址
(gdb) x/a 0x555555755d48+40
$8 = (long *) 0x555555554a42 <D::h1()>//虛函數表第6個地址
(gdb) x/a 0x555555755d48+48
$9 = (long *) 0x7ffff7dc7438 <vtable for __cxxabiv1::__si_class_type_info+16>
3.2 單繼承，覆蓋
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base{
public:
virtual void f(){}
virtual void g(){}
virtual void h(){}
};
class D : public Base{
virtual void f(){}
virtual void g1(){}
virtual void h1(){}
};
int main(){
D d;
}
gdb的分析結果：
18 D d;
(gdb) n
(gdb) p d
$1 = {<Base> = {_vptr.Base = 0x555555755d50 <vtable for D+16>}, <No data fields>}
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755d50)
$2 = (long *) 0x555555554a0e <D::f()>//虛函數表第1個地址(變成了子類的f())
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755d50+1)
$3 = (long *) 0x5555555549f6 <Base::g()>//虛函數表第2個地址
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755d50+2)
$4 = (long *) 0x555555554a02 <Base::h()>//虛函數表第3個地址
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755d50+3)
$5 = (long *) 0x555555554a1a <D::g1()>//虛函數表第4個地址
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755d50+4)
$6 = (long *) 0x555555554a26 <D::h1()>//虛函數表第5個地址
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755d50+5)
$7 = (long *) 0x7ffff7dc7438 <vtable for __cxxabiv1::__si_class_type_info+16>
3.3 多繼承，不覆蓋
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base{
public:
virtual void f(){}
virtual void g(){}
virtual void h(){}
};
class Base1{
public:
virtual void f(){}
virtual void g(){}
virtual void h(){}
};
class Base2{
public:
virtual void f(){}
virtual void g(){}
virtual void h(){}
};
class D : public Base,public Base1,public Base2{
virtual void f1(){}
virtual void g1(){}
virtual void h1(){}
};
int main(){
D d;
}
gdb的分析結果：
29 D d;
(gdb) n
(gdb) p d
$1 = {<Base> = {_vptr.Base = 0x555555755ca8 <vtable for D+16>}, <Base1> = {
_vptr.Base1 = 0x555555755ce8 <vtable for D+80>}, <Base2> = {
_vptr.Base2 = 0x555555755d10 <vtable for D+120>}, <No data fields>}
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755ca8)
$3 = (long *) 0x555555554b6c <Base::f()>//虛函數表(Base)第1個地址
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755ca8+1)
$4 = (long *) 0x555555554b78 <Base::g()>//虛函數表(Base)第2個地址
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755ca8+2)
$5 = (long *) 0x555555554b84 <Base::h()>//虛函數表(Base)第3個地址
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755ca8+3)
$6 = (long *) 0x555555554bd8 <D::f1()>//虛函數表(Base)第4個地址
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755ca8+4)
$7 = (long *) 0x555555554be4 <D::g1()>//虛函數表(Base)第5個地址
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755ca8+5)
$8 = (long *) 0x555555554bf0 <D::h1()>//虛函數表(Base)第6個地址
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755ca8+6)
$9 = (long *) 0xfffffffffffffff8
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755ce8)
$10 = (long *) 0x555555554b90 <Base1::f()>//虛函數表(Base1)第1個地址
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755ce8+1)
$11 = (long *) 0x555555554b9c <Base1::g()>//虛函數表(Base1)第2個地址
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755ce8+2)
$12 = (long *) 0x555555554ba8 <Base1::h()>//虛函數表(Base1)第3個地址
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755ce8+3)
$13 = (long *) 0xfffffffffffffff0
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755d10)
$14 = (long *) 0x555555554bb4 <Base2::f()>//虛函數表(Base2)第1個地址
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755d10+1)
$15 = (long *) 0x555555554bc0 <Base2::g()>//虛函數表(Base2)第2個地址
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755d10+2)
$16 = (long *) 0x555555554bcc <Base2::h()>//虛函數表(Base2)第3個地址
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755d10+3)
$17 = (long *) 0x7ffff7dc74f8 <vtable for __cxxabiv1::__vmi_class_type_info+16>
3.4 多繼承，覆蓋
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base{
public:
virtual void f(){}
virtual void g(){}
virtual void h(){}
};
class Base1{
public:
virtual void f(){}
virtual void g(){}
virtual void h(){}
};
class Base2{
public:
virtual void f(){}
virtual void g(){}
virtual void h(){}
};
class D : public Base,public Base1,public Base2{
virtual void f(){}
virtual void g1(){}
virtual void h1(){}
};
int main(){
D d;
}
gdb的分析結果：
29 D d;
(gdb) n
(gdb) p d
$1 = {<Base> = {_vptr.Base = 0x555555755cb0 <vtable for D+16>}, <Base1> = {
_vptr.Base1 = 0x555555755ce8 <vtable for D+72>}, <Base2> = {
_vptr.Base2 = 0x555555755d10 <vtable for D+112>}, <No data fields>}
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755cb0)
$2 = (long *) 0x555555554ba4 <D::f()>//虛函數表(Base)第1個地址(變成了子類的f())
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755cb0+1)
$3 = (long *) 0x555555554b5c <Base::g()>//虛函數表(Base)第2個地址
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755cb0+2)
$4 = (long *) 0x555555554b68 <Base::h()>//虛函數表(Base)第3個地址
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755cb0+3)
$5 = (long *) 0x555555554bbc <D::g1()>//虛函數表(Base)第4個地址
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755cb0+4)
$6 = (long *) 0x555555554bc8 <D::h1()>//虛函數表(Base)第5個地址
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755cb0+5)
$7 = (long *) 0xfffffffffffffff8
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755ce8)
$8 = (long *) 0x555555554bb5 <non-virtual thunk to D::f()>//虛函數表(Base1)第1個地址(變成了子類的f())
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755ce8+1)
$9 = (long *) 0x555555554b74 <Base1::g()>//虛函數表(Base1)第2個地址
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755ce8+2)
$10 = (long *) 0x555555554b80 <Base1::h()>//虛函數表(Base1)第3個地址
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755ce8+3)
$11 = (long *) 0xfffffffffffffff0
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755d10)
$12 = (long *) 0x555555554baf <non-virtual thunk to D::f()>//虛函數表(Base2)第1個地址(變成了子類的f())
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755d10+1)
$13 = (long *) 0x555555554b8c <Base2::g()>//虛函數表(Base2)第2個地址
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755d10+2)
$14 = (long *) 0x555555554b98 <Base2::h()>//虛函數表(Base2)第3個地址
(gdb) p (long*)*((long*)0x555555755d10+3)
$15 = (long *) 0x7ffff7dc74f8 <vtable for __cxxabiv1::__vmi_class_type_info+16>