上一篇文章介紹了以太坊私有鏈 geth節點的搭建，本篇介紹下企業級應用 聯盟鏈搭建，運用parity 錢包作為服務節點，實現多節點構建聯盟鏈。
一.parity的實現共識POA
了解區塊鏈的同學，應該都聽過pow,pos這些共識算法，那parity的poa是一種什么樣的工作原理呢？poa全稱 Proof of Authority ，工作權益證明。
poa的特點：
- 有別於PoW (Proof-of-Work)需要解數學難題來產生block，PoA是依靠預設好的Authority nodes，負責產生block。
- 可依照需求設定Authority node數量。
- 可指定產生block的時間，例如收到交易的5秒后產生block。
- 一般的Ethereum node也可以連接到PoA Chain，正常發起transactions, contracts等
- 可適用於企業內部，構建多企業的聯盟鏈
二.parity 下載安裝
parity github: https://github.com/paritytech/parity
parity 下載地址：https://github.com/paritytech/parity/releases
選擇穩定版 Parity 1.10.4-stable
根據自身linux 系統版本，下載對應的二進制文件
我這邊用的ubuntu 16.04 x64
1.wget https://d1h4xl4cr1h0mo.cloudfront.net/v1.10.4/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/parity #下載
2.chmod 775 parity #修改可執行文件
3. ./parity -v #檢查parity 版本
若顯示v1.10.4 版本信息，則已成功安裝
三.配置創世區塊 genesis-spec.json
>$ mkdir parity
>$ cd parity
>$vim genesis-spec.json
{ "name": "DemoPoA", "engine": { "authorityRound": { "params": { "stepDuration": "2", "validators" : { "list": [] } } } }, "params": { "gasLimitBoundDivisor": "0x400", "maximumExtraDataSize": "0x20", "minGasLimit": "0x1388", "networkID" : "0x2323" }, "genesis": { "seal": { "authorityRound": { "step": "0x0", "signature": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" } }, "difficulty": "0x10000", "gasLimit": "0x12a05f200" }, "accounts": { "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001": { "balance": "1", "builtin": { "name": "ecrecover", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 3000, "word": 0 } } } }, "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000002": { "balance": "1", "builtin": { "name": "sha256", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 60, "word": 12 } } } }, "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000003": { "balance": "1", "builtin": { "name": "ripemd160", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 600, "word": 120 } } } }, "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000004": { "balance": "1", "builtin": { "name": "identity", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 15, "word": 3 } } } }, "0x6a67f9275dfe3abac6fd5525dec804551cbb7f00": { "balance": "1000000000000000000000000" }, "0xd62de1cbcf85253b776305ab45fd85367187bc29": { "balance": "1000000000000000000000000" } } }
name:創世文件名稱
engine:節點引擎，這里先用寫死驗證人方式，在list 中添加驗證人地址
params: networkID 聯盟鏈節點ID
accounts:初始化賬戶
友情提示：更詳細配置可參考parity wiki : https://wiki.parity.io/Chain-specification
四.添加節點配置文件
>$ vim node1.toml
[parity]
chain = "genesis-spec.json" #創世區塊文件
base_path = "parity0" #創建parity0文件夾，代表第一個節點
[network]
port = 30300 #網絡端口
[rpc]
port = 8540 #rpc請求端口
apis = ["web3", "eth", "net", "personal", "parity", "parity_set", "traces", "rpc", "parity_accounts"] #支持的rpc請求方式
#interface = "192.168.1.175" #默認的rpc 請求地址
[ui]
port = 8180 #parity ui網頁端口
hosts = ["all"]
[account]
password = ["node.pwds"] #節點parity0密碼
[websockets]
port = 8456
[ipc]
disable = true #不支持ipc 訪問
[mining]
engine_signer = "0x005C6F320C425675bAE78BcF693AE2e6d63e9853" #礦工地址
reseal_on_txs = "none"
五.創建用戶名密碼存儲文件
>$ touch node.pwds （創建節點礦工密碼）
>$ vim node.pwds
123
六.創建節點關聯文件
>$ touch reservedPeers.enode (暫時創建，創建第一個節點時，在補充)
七.創建初始化用戶
>$ ./parity account new --config node0.toml
八.修改創世文件 genesis-spec.json 添加驗證人
{ "name": "DemoPoA", "engine": { "authorityRound": { "params": { "stepDuration": "2", "validators" : { "list": ["0x6a67f9275dfe3abac6fd5525dec804551cbb7f00"]
} } } }, "params": { "gasLimitBoundDivisor": "0x400", "maximumExtraDataSize": "0x20", "minGasLimit": "0x1388", "networkID" : "0x2323" }, "genesis": { "seal": { "authorityRound": { "step": "0x0", "signature": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" } }, "difficulty": "0x10000", "gasLimit": "0x12a05f200" }, "accounts": { "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001": { "balance": "1", "builtin": { "name": "ecrecover", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 3000, "word": 0 } } } }, "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000002": { "balance": "1", "builtin": { "name": "sha256", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 60, "word": 12 } } } }, "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000003": { "balance": "1", "builtin": { "name": "ripemd160", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 600, "word": 120 } } } }, "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000004": { "balance": "1", "builtin": { "name": "identity", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 15, "word": 3 } } } }, "0x6a67f9275dfe3abac6fd5525dec804551cbb7f00": { "balance": "1000000000000000000000000" }, "0x6a67f9275dfe3abac6fd5525dec804551cbb7f00": { "balance": "1000000000000000000000000" }
}
}
九.修改配置節點
十.啟動parity
>$ ./parity --config node1.toml
目前一個parity節點已經搭建完畢。
十一.采用合約管理節點驗證人（可通過合約動態管理）
以下是完整 genesis-spec.json 文件配置
{ "name": "DemoPoA", "engine": { "authorityRound": { "params": { "stepDuration": "5", "validators": { "safeContract":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000005" } } } }, "params": { "gasLimitBoundDivisor": "0x0400", "maximumExtraDataSize": "0x20", "minGasLimit": "0x1388", "networkID": "0x2323" }, "genesis": { "seal": { "authorityRound": { "step": "0x0", "signature": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" } }, "difficulty": "0x20000", "gasLimit": "0x5B8D80" }, "accounts": { "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001": { "balance": "1", "builtin": { "name": "ecrecover", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 3000, "word": 0 } } } }, "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000002": { "balance": "1", "builtin": { "name": "sha256", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 60, "word": 12 } } } }, "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000003": { "balance": "1", "builtin": { "name": "ripemd160", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 600, "word": 120 } } } }, "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000004": { "balance": "1", "builtin": { "name": "identity", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 15, "word": 3 } } } }, "0x00A7135cf451B2463517D11e0cE88013042e0a28": { "balance": "80000000000000000000000" }, "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000005":{ "balance": "1", "constructor":"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" } } }
下面是動態管理驗證人的合約
pragma solidity ^0.4.15; contract ValidatorSet { event InitiateChange(bytes32 indexed _parent_hash, address[] _new_set); function getValidators() public constant returns (address[] _validators); function finalizeChange() public; } contract MajorityList is ValidatorSet { event ChangeFinalized(address[] current_set); struct ValidatorStatus { bool isValidator; uint index; } address SYSTEM_ADDRESS = 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000; address[] public validatorsList; address[] pendingList; bool finalized; mapping(address => ValidatorStatus) validatorsStatus; bool private initialized; function MajorityList() public { pendingList = [0x005C6F320C425675bAE78BcF693AE2e6d63e9853]; initializeValidators(); } modifier uninitialized() { if (initialized) { revert();} _; } modifier when_finalized() { if (!finalized) { revert();} _; } modifier only_system_and_not_finalized() { if (msg.sender != SYSTEM_ADDRESS || finalized) { revert(); } _; } modifier is_validator(address someone) { if (validatorsStatus[someone].isValidator) { _; } } modifier is_not_validator(address someone) { if (!validatorsStatus[someone].isValidator) { _; } } function initializeValidators() public uninitialized { for (uint j = 0; j < pendingList.length; j++) { address validator = pendingList[j]; validatorsStatus[validator] = ValidatorStatus({ isValidator: true, index: j }); } initialized = true; validatorsList = pendingList; finalized = false; } function initiateChange() private when_finalized { finalized = false; emit InitiateChange(block.blockhash(block.number - 1), pendingList); } function finalizeChange() public only_system_and_not_finalized { validatorsList = pendingList; finalized = true; emit ChangeFinalized(validatorsList); } function addValidator(address validator) public is_not_validator(validator){ validatorsStatus[validator].index = pendingList.length; pendingList.push(validator); validatorsStatus[validator].isValidator = true; initiateChange(); } function removeValidator(address validator) public is_validator(validator){ uint removedIndex = validatorsStatus[validator].index; uint lastIndex = pendingList.length-1; address lastValidator = pendingList[lastIndex]; pendingList[removedIndex] = lastValidator; validatorsStatus[lastValidator].index = removedIndex; delete pendingList[lastIndex]; pendingList.length--; validatorsStatus[validator].index = 0; validatorsStatus[validator].isValidator = false; initiateChange(); } function getValidators() public constant returns (address[]) { return validatorsList; } }
這部分代碼有過更改，為了適應parity 部署。
獲取合約 二進制文件 bytecode 的幾種方式
1.如果parity 已經能啟動UI界面, 部署合約（有可能parity錢包不能編譯）
2.使用上一篇文章 geth 搭建的mist錢包編譯 可獲得二進制文件 : https://www.cnblogs.com/sumingk/articles/9030469.html
我這里是使用Mist 錢包編譯的合約，parity 節點部署的合約有時一直加載不出來
十二.編輯 reservedPeers.enode 文件，添加節點信息
要是添加多個parity 需要在reservedPeers.enode 添加對方enode
啟動節點 ./parity --config node1.toml
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參考parity wiki： https://wiki.parity.io