並發是指一次處理多件事,而並行是指一次做多件事。二者不同,但互相有聯系。打個比方:像Python的多線程,就是並發,因為Python的解釋器GIL是線程不安全的,一次只允許執行一個線程的Python字節碼,我們在使用多線程時,看上去像很多個任務同時進行,但實際上但一個線程在執行的時候,其他線程是處於休眠狀態的。而在多CPU的服務器上,Java或Go的多線程,則是並行,因為他們的多線程會利用到服務器上的每個CPU,如果一個服務器上只有一個CPU,那么Java或者Go的多線程依舊是並發,而不是並行。
在上個章節,我們討論了Python的多線程,在這個章節,我們將通過asyncio包來實現並發,這個包使用事件循環驅動的協程來實現並發
下面,我們看一下asyncio包的簡單使用
import asyncio
from time import strftime
@asyncio.coroutine
def hello():
print(strftime('[%H:%M:%S]'), "Hello world!")
r = yield from asyncio.sleep(1)
print(strftime('[%H:%M:%S]'), "Hello again!")
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(hello())
loop.close()
運行結果:
[17:01:59] Hello world! [17:02:00] Hello again!
@asyncio.coroutine把一個生成器標記為協程類型,然后,我們就把這個協程扔到EventLoop中執行
現在,我們封裝兩個協程扔進EventLoop中執行
import threading
import asyncio
from time import strftime
@asyncio.coroutine
def hello(id):
print(strftime('[%H:%M:%S]'), 'coroutine_id:%s thread_id:%s' % (id, threading.currentThread()))
yield from asyncio.sleep(1)
print(strftime('[%H:%M:%S]'), 'coroutine_id:%s thread_id:%s' % (id, threading.currentThread()))
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
tasks = [hello(1), hello(2)]
loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait(tasks))
loop.close()
運行結果:
[17:10:51] coroutine_id:1 thread_id:<_MainThread(MainThread, started 5100)> [17:10:51] coroutine_id:2 thread_id:<_MainThread(MainThread, started 5100)> [17:10:52] coroutine_id:1 thread_id:<_MainThread(MainThread, started 5100)> [17:10:52] coroutine_id:2 thread_id:<_MainThread(MainThread, started 5100)>
由打印的當前線程名稱可以看出,兩個協程是由同一個線程並發執行的。
如果把asyncio.sleep()換成真正的IO操作,則多個協程就可以由一個線程並發執行。
async/await
我們可以用asyncio提供的@asyncio.coroutine可以把一個生成器標記為協程類型,然后在協程內部用yield from調用另一個協程實現異步操作。為了簡化並更好地標識異步IO,從Python3.5開始引入了新的語法async和await,可以讓協程的代碼更簡潔易讀。async和await是針對協程的新語法,要使用新的語法,只需要做兩步簡單的替換:
import asyncio
from time import strftime
async def hello():
print(strftime('[%H:%M:%S]'), "Hello world!")
r = await asyncio.sleep(1)
print(strftime('[%H:%M:%S]'), "Hello again!")
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(hello())
loop.close()
運行結果:
[17:19:55] Hello world! [17:19:56] Hello again!
下面,讓我們用協程並發下載多張圖片,這里需要用到aiohttp包,asyncio包只支持TCP和UDP,如果想要使用HTTP協議,需要使用第三方的包,而aiohttp包,則是支持HTTP協議的
import asyncio
import time
import aiohttp
import sys
import os
from time import strftime, sleep
POP20_CC = ["pms_1508850965.67096774", "pms_1509723338.05097112", "pms_1508125822.19716710",
"pms_1512614327.2483640", "pms_1525853341.8312102", "pms_1511228654.33099308"]
BASE_URL = 'https://i1.mifile.cn/a1'
DEST_DIR = 'downloads/'
async def get_flag(cc): # <1>
url = '{}/{cc}.jpg'.format(BASE_URL, cc=cc.lower())
async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
async with session.get(url) as resp:
image = await resp.read()
return image
def save_flag(img, filename):
path = os.path.join(DEST_DIR, filename)
with open(path, 'wb') as fp:
fp.write(img)
async def download_one(cc): # <2>
image = await get_flag(cc)
sys.stdout.flush()
save_flag(image, cc.lower() + '.jpg')
return cc
def download_many(cc_list): # <3>
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
to_do = [download_one(cc) for cc in sorted(cc_list)]
wait_coro = asyncio.wait(to_do)
res, _ = loop.run_until_complete(wait_coro)
loop.close()
return len(res)
def main(download_many):
path = os.path.join(DEST_DIR)
if not os.path.exists(path):
os.mkdir(path)
t0 = time.time()
count = download_many(POP20_CC)
elapsed = time.time() - t0
msg = '\n{} flags downloaded in {:.2f}s'
print(msg.format(count, elapsed))
if __name__ == '__main__':
main(download_many)
運行結果:
6 flags downloaded in 0.25s
<1>處,我們通過async/await將這個生成器聲明為協程類型,我們用aiohttp獲取遠程的圖片資源,當發生網絡請求的時候,主線程會切換到其他的協程執行
<2>處,當<1>處的網絡請求發回響應時,將返回的圖片存入本地
<3>處,我們在這個方法里生成多個協程,並提交到EventLoop中運行
上面的程序,還有幾處值的修改的地方:
第一處是IO問題,程序員往往忽略一個事實,就是訪問本地文件系統會阻塞,想當然的認為這種操作不會受網絡訪問高延遲的影響,而在上述示例中,save_flag()函數會阻塞客戶端代碼和asyncio事件循環共用的唯一線程,因此保存圖片時,整個應用程序都會被凍結,而一旦受到I/O阻塞,則會浪費掉幾百萬個CPU周期,所以,就算是本地文件系統的訪問,我們也應該把他提到另一個線程去執行,避免造成CPU周期的浪費。
第二處是管理協程的並發數,假設我們這里抓取的不再是僅僅幾張圖片,而是成千上百,可能我們的鏈接會斷掉,甚至對方的網絡因為我們的頻繁訪問禁止了我們的IP。
所以,我們還要對我們的圖片下載代碼進行修改
import asyncio
import collections
import contextlib
import time
import aiohttp
from aiohttp import web
import os
from collections import namedtuple
from enum import Enum
POP20_CC = ["pms_1508850965.67096774", "pms_1509723338.05097112", "pms_1508125822.19716710",
"pms_1512614327.2483640", "pms_1525853341.8312102", "pms_1511228654.33099308", "error"]
BASE_URL = 'https://i1.mifile.cn/a1'
DEST_DIR = 'downloads/'
DEFAULT_CONCUR_REQ = 3
VERBOSE = True
Result = namedtuple('Result', 'status data')
HTTPStatus = Enum('Status', 'ok not_found error')
class FetchError(Exception):
def __init__(self, country_code):
self.country_code = country_code
def save_flag(img, filename):
path = os.path.join(DEST_DIR, filename)
with open(path, 'wb') as fp:
fp.write(img)
async def get_flag(base_url, cc):
url = '{}/{cc}.jpg'.format(base_url, cc=cc.lower())
async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
async with session.get(url) as resp:
with contextlib.closing(resp): # <1>
if resp.status == 200:
image = await resp.read()
return image
elif resp.status == 404:
raise web.HTTPNotFound()
else:
raise aiohttp.HttpProcessingError(
code=resp.status, message=resp.reason,
headers=resp.headers)
async def download_one(cc, base_url, semaphore, verbose):
try:
with (await semaphore): # <2>
image = await get_flag(base_url, cc)
except web.HTTPNotFound:
status = HTTPStatus.not_found
msg = 'is not found'
except Exception as exc:
raise FetchError(cc) from exc
else:
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_in_executor(None, save_flag, image, cc.lower() + '.jpg') # <3>
status = HTTPStatus.ok
msg = 'is OK'
if verbose and msg:
print(cc, msg)
return Result(status, cc)
async def downloader_coro(cc_list, base_url, verbose, concur_req):
counter = collections.Counter()
semaphore = asyncio.Semaphore(concur_req)
to_do = [download_one(cc, base_url, semaphore, verbose)
for cc in sorted(cc_list)]
to_do_iter = asyncio.as_completed(to_do)
for future in to_do_iter:
try:
res = await future
except FetchError as exc:
country_code = exc.country_code
try:
error_msg = exc.__cause__.args[0]
except IndexError:
error_msg = exc.__cause__.__class__.__name__
if verbose and error_msg:
msg = '*** Error for {}: {}'
print(msg.format(country_code, error_msg))
status = HTTPStatus.error
else:
status = res.status
counter[status] += 1
return counter
def download_many(cc_list, base_url, verbose, concur_req):
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
coro = downloader_coro(cc_list, base_url, verbose, concur_req)
counts = loop.run_until_complete(coro)
return counts
def main(download_many):
path = os.path.join(DEST_DIR)
if not os.path.exists(path):
os.mkdir(path)
t0 = time.time()
counter = download_many(POP20_CC, BASE_URL, VERBOSE, DEFAULT_CONCUR_REQ)
elapsed = time.time() - t0
msg = '\n{} flags downloaded in {:.2f}s'
print(msg.format(counter, elapsed))
if __name__ == '__main__':
main(download_many)
運行結果:
error is not found
pms_1511228654.33099308 is OK
pms_1512614327.2483640 is OK
pms_1509723338.05097112 is OK
pms_1525853341.8312102 is OK
pms_1508125822.19716710 is OK
pms_1508850965.67096774 is OK
Counter({<Status.ok: 1>: 6, <Status.not_found: 2>: 1}) flags downloaded in 0.41s
<1>處,在網絡請求完畢,我們要關閉網絡,避免因為網絡請求過多最后造成鏈接中斷
<2>處,我們用asyncio.Semaphore(concur_req)設置協程最大並發數,這里我們設置是3,然后再用with (await semaphore)執行協程
<3>處,loop.run_in_executor()方法是用來傳入需要執行的對象,以及執行參數,這個方法會維護一個ThreadPoolExecutor()線程池,如果我們第一個參數是None,run_in_executor()就會把我們的執行對象和參數提交給背后維護的ThreadPoolExecutor()執行,如果我們傳入自己定義的一個線程池,則把執行對象和參數傳給我們定義的線程池執行
使用aiohttp編寫web服務器
asyncio可以實現單線程並發IO操作,但asyncio只實現了TCP、UDP、SSL等協議,而aiohttp則是基於asyncio上實現了HTTP協議,所以,我們可以基於這asyncio和aiohttp兩個框架實現自己的一個web服務器,代碼如下:
import asyncio
from aiohttp import web, web_runner
CONTENT_TYPE = "text/html;"
async def index(request):
await asyncio.sleep(0.5)
return web.Response(body=b"<h1>Index</h1>", content_type=CONTENT_TYPE)
async def hello(request):
await asyncio.sleep(0.5)
text = "<h1>hello, %s!</h1>" % request.match_info["name"]
return web.Response(body=text, content_type=CONTENT_TYPE)
async def init(loop):
app = web.Application(loop=loop)
app = web_runner.AppRunner(app=app).app()
app.router.add_route("GET", "/", index)
app.router.add_route("GET", "/hello/{name}", hello)
srv = await loop.create_server(app.make_handler(), "127.0.0.1", 8000)
print("Server started at http://127.0.0.1:8000...")
return srv
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(init(loop))
loop.run_forever()
運行腳本后,在瀏覽器輸入:
http://127.0.0.1:8000/

如果輸入:http://127.0.0.1:8000/hello/Lily,就可以看見如下頁面,/hello/后面的name可以替換

