一、介紹
約束條件與數據類型的寬度一樣，都是可選參數
作用：用於保證數據的完整性和一致性
主要分為：
PRIMARY KEY (PK) 標識該字段為該表的主鍵，可以唯一的標識記錄
FOREIGN KEY (FK) 標識該字段為該表的外鍵
NOT NULL 標識該字段不能為空
UNIQUE KEY (UK) 標識該字段的值是唯一的
AUTO_INCREMENT 標識該字段的值自動增長（整數類型，而且為主鍵）
DEFAULT 為該字段設置默認值
UNSIGNED 無符號
ZEROFILL 使用0填充
說明：
1. 是否允許為空，默認NULL，可設置NOT NULL，字段不允許為空，必須賦值 2. 字段是否有默認值，缺省的默認值是NULL，如果插入記錄時不給字段賦值，此字段使用默認值 sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male' age int unsigned NOT NULL default 20 必須為正值（無符號） 不允許為空 默認是20 3. 是否是key 主鍵 primary key 外鍵 foreign key 索引 (index,unique...)
二、not null與default
是否可空，null表示空，非字符串
not null - 不可空
null - 可空
默認值，創建列時可以指定默認值，當插入數據時如果未主動設置，則自動添加默認值
create table tb1(
nid int not null defalut 2,
num int not null
)
==================not null==================== mysql> create table t1(id int); #id字段默認可以插入空 mysql> desc t1; +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ mysql> insert into t1 values(); #可以插入空 mysql> create table t2(id int not null); #設置字段id不為空 mysql> desc t2; +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | | NULL | | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ mysql> insert into t2 values(); #不能插入空 ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field 'id' doesn't have a default value ==================default==================== #設置id字段有默認值后，則無論id字段是null還是not null，都可以插入空，插入空默認填入default指定的默認值 mysql> create table t3(id int default 1); mysql> alter table t3 modify id int not null default 1; ==================綜合練習==================== mysql> create table student( -> name varchar(20) not null, -> age int(3) unsigned not null default 18, -> sex enum('male','female') default 'male', -> hobby set('play','study','read','music') default 'play,music' -> ); mysql> desc student; +-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+ | name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | | | age | int(3) unsigned | NO | | 18 | | | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | male | | | hobby | set('play','study','read','music') | YES | | play,music | | +-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+ mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon'); mysql> select * from student; +------+-----+------+------------+ | name | age | sex | hobby | +------+-----+------+------------+ | egon | 18 | male | play,music | +------+-----+------+------------+
三、unique
============設置唯一約束 UNIQUE=============== 方法一： create table department1( id int, name varchar(20) unique, comment varchar(100) ); 方法二： create table department2( id int, name varchar(20), comment varchar(100), constraint uk_name unique(name) ); mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技術'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技術'); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'IT' for key 'name'
mysql> create table t1(id int not null unique); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> desc t1; +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
create table service( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), host varchar(15) not null, port int not null, unique(host,port) #聯合唯一 ); mysql> insert into service values -> (1,'nginx','192.168.0.10',80), -> (2,'haproxy','192.168.0.20',80), -> (3,'mysql','192.168.0.30',3306) -> ; Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec) Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> insert into service(name,host,port) values('nginx','192.168.0.10',80); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '192.168.0.10-80' for key 'host'
四、primary key
從約束角度看primary key字段的值不為空且唯一，那我們直接使用not null+unique不就可以了嗎，要它干什么？
主鍵primary key是innodb存儲引擎組織數據的依據，innodb稱之為索引組織表，一張表中必須有且只有一個主鍵。
一個表中可以：
單列做主鍵
多列做主鍵（復合主鍵）
============單列做主鍵=============== #方法一：not null+unique create table department1( id int not null unique, #主鍵 name varchar(20) not null unique, comment varchar(100) ); mysql> desc department1; +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | name | varchar(20) | NO | UNI | NULL | | | comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.01 sec) #方法二：在某一個字段后用primary key create table department2( id int primary key, #主鍵 name varchar(20), comment varchar(100) ); mysql> desc department2; +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) #方法三：在所有字段后單獨定義primary key create table department3( id int, name varchar(20), comment varchar(100), constraint pk_name primary key(id); #創建主鍵並為其命名pk_name mysql> desc department3; +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.01 sec)
==================多列做主鍵================ create table service( ip varchar(15), port char(5), service_name varchar(10) not null, primary key(ip,port) ); mysql> desc service; +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | ip | varchar(15) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | port | char(5) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | service_name | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | | +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into service values -> ('172.16.45.10','3306','mysqld'), -> ('172.16.45.11','3306','mariadb') -> ; Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec) Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> insert into service values ('172.16.45.10','3306','nginx'); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '172.16.45.10-3306' for key 'PRIMARY'
五、auto_increment
約束字段為自動增長，被約束的字段必須同時被key約束
#不指定id，則自動增長 create table student( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), sex enum('male','female') default 'male' ); mysql> desc student; +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | male | | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ mysql> insert into student(name) values -> ('aaa'), -> ('bbb') -> ; mysql> select * from student; +----+------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+------+ | 1 | aaa | male | | 2 | bbb | male | +----+------+------+ #也可以指定id mysql> insert into student values(4,'axx','female'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into student values(7,'wxx','female'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from student; +----+------+--------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+--------+ | 1 | aaa | male | | 2 | bbb | male | | 4 | axx | female | | 7 | wxx | female | +----+------+--------+ #對於自增的字段，在用delete刪除后，再插入值，該字段仍按照刪除前的位置繼續增長 mysql> delete from student; Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from student; Empty set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into student(name) values('yxx'); mysql> select * from student; +----+------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+------+ | 8 | yxx | male | +----+------+------+ #應該用truncate清空表，比起delete一條一條地刪除記錄，truncate是直接清空表，在刪除大表時用它 mysql> truncate student; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> insert into student(name) values('aaa'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> select * from student; +----+------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+------+ | 1 | aaa | male | +----+------+------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
了解知識
#在創建完表后，修改自增字段的起始值 mysql> create table student( -> id int primary key auto_increment, -> name varchar(20), -> sex enum('male','female') default 'male' -> ); mysql> alter table student auto_increment=3; mysql> show create table student; ....... ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 mysql> insert into student(name) values('aaa'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> select * from student; +----+------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+------+ | 3 | aaa | male | +----+------+------+ row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> show create table student; ....... ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 #也可以創建表時指定auto_increment的初始值，注意初始值的設置為表選項，應該放到括號外 create table student( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), sex enum('male','female') default 'male' )auto_increment=3; #設置步長 sqlserver：自增步長 基於表級別 create table t1（ id int。。。 ）engine=innodb,auto_increment=2 步長=2 default charset=utf8 mysql自增的步長： show session variables like 'auto_inc%'; #基於會話級別 set session auth_increment_increment=2 #修改會話級別的步長 #基於全局級別的 set global auth_increment_increment=2 #修改全局級別的步長（所有會話都生效） #！！！注意了注意了注意了！！！ If the value of auto_increment_offset is greater than that of auto_increment_increment, the value of auto_increment_offset is ignored. 翻譯：如果auto_increment_offset的值大於auto_increment_increment的值，則auto_increment_offset的值會被忽略 ，這相當於第一步步子就邁大了，扯着了蛋 比如：設置auto_increment_offset=3，auto_increment_increment=2 mysql> set global auto_increment_increment=5; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> set global auto_increment_offset=3; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show variables like 'auto_incre%'; #需要退出重新登錄 +--------------------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +--------------------------+-------+ | auto_increment_increment | 1 | | auto_increment_offset | 1 | +--------------------------+-------+ create table student( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), sex enum('male','female') default 'male' ); mysql> insert into student(name) values('aaa1'),('aaa2'),('aaa3'); mysql> select * from student; +----+-------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+-------+------+ | 3 | aaa1 | male | | 8 | aaa2 | male | | 13 | aaa3 | male | +----+-------+------+
六、foreign key
一、快速理解foreign key
員工信息表有三個字段：工號 姓名 部門
公司有3個部門，但是有1個億的員工，那意味着部門這個字段需要重復存儲，部門名字越長，越浪費
解決方法：
我們完全可以定義一個部門表
然后讓員工信息表關聯該表，如何關聯，即foreign key
#表類型必須是innodb存儲引擎，且被關聯的字段，即references指定的另外一個表的字段，必須保證唯一 create table department( id int primary key, name varchar(20) not null )engine=innodb; #dpt_id外鍵，關聯父表（department主鍵id），同步更新，同步刪除 create table employee( id int primary key, name varchar(20) not null, dpt_id int, constraint fk_name foreign key(dpt_id) references department(id) on delete cascade on update cascade )engine=innodb; #先往父表department中插入記錄 insert into department values (1,'歐德博愛技術有限事業部'), (2,'艾利克斯人力資源部'), (3,'銷售部'); #再往子表employee中插入記錄 insert into employee values (1,'egon',1), (2,'alex1',2), (3,'alex2',2), (4,'alex3',2), (5,'李坦克',3), (6,'劉飛機',3), (7,'張火箭',3), (8,'林子彈',3), (9,'加特林',3) ; #刪父表department，子表employee中對應的記錄跟着刪 mysql> delete from department where id=3; mysql> select * from employee; +----+-------+--------+ | id | name | dpt_id | +----+-------+--------+ | 1 | egon | 1 | | 2 | alex1 | 2 | | 3 | alex2 | 2 | | 4 | alex3 | 2 | +----+-------+--------+ #更新父表department，子表employee中對應的記錄跟着改 mysql> update department set id=22222 where id=2; mysql> select * from employee; +----+-------+--------+ | id | name | dpt_id | +----+-------+--------+ | 1 | egon | 1 | | 3 | alex2 | 22222 | | 4 | alex3 | 22222 | | 5 | alex1 | 22222 | +----+-------+--------+
二、如何找出兩張表之間的關系
分析步驟： #1、先站在左表的角度去找 是否左表的多條記錄可以對應右表的一條記錄，如果是，則證明左表的一個字段foreign key 右表一個字段（通常是id） #2、再站在右表的角度去找 是否右表的多條記錄可以對應左表的一條記錄，如果是，則證明右表的一個字段foreign key 左表一個字段（通常是id） #3、總結： #多對一： 如果只有步驟1成立，則是左表多對一右表 如果只有步驟2成立，則是右表多對一左表 #多對多 如果步驟1和2同時成立，則證明這兩張表時一個雙向的多對一，即多對多,需要定義一個這兩張表的關系表來專門存放二者的關系 #一對一: 如果1和2都不成立，而是左表的一條記錄唯一對應右表的一條記錄，反之亦然。這種情況很簡單，就是在左表foreign key右表的基礎上，將左表的外鍵字段設置成unique即可
三、建立表之間的關系
#一對多或稱為多對一
三張表：出版社，作者信息，書
一對多（或多對一）：一個出版社可以出版多本書
關聯方式：foreign key
=====================多對一===================== create table press( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20) ); create table book( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), press_id int not null, foreign key(press_id) references press(id) on delete cascade on update cascade ); insert into press(name) values ('北京工業地雷出版社'), ('人民音樂不好聽出版社'), ('知識產權沒有用出版社') ; insert into book(name,press_id) values ('九陽神功',1), ('九陰真經',2), ('九陰白骨爪',2), ('獨孤九劍',3), ('降龍十巴掌',2), ('葵花寶典',3) ;
#一對一
兩張表：學生表和客戶表
一對一：一個學生是一個客戶，一個客戶有可能變成一個學校，即一對一的關系
關聯方式：foreign key+unique
#一定是student來foreign key表customer，這樣就保證了： #1 學生一定是一個客戶， #2 客戶不一定是學生，但有可能成為一個學生 create table customer( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20) not null, qq varchar(10) not null, phone char(16) not null ); create table student( id int primary key auto_increment, class_name varchar(20) not null, customer_id int unique, #該字段一定要是唯一的 foreign key(customer_id) references customer(id) #外鍵的字段一定要保證unique on delete cascade on update cascade ); #增加客戶 insert into customer(name,qq,phone) values ('李飛機','31811231',13811341220), ('王大炮','123123123',15213146809), ('守榴彈','283818181',1867141331), ('吳坦克','283818181',1851143312), ('贏火箭','888818181',1861243314), ('戰地雷','112312312',18811431230) ; #增加學生 insert into student(class_name,customer_id) values ('脫產3班',3), ('周末19期',4), ('周末19期',5)
七、練習
練習：賬號信息表，用戶組，主機表，主機組
#用戶表 create table user( id int not null unique auto_increment, username varchar(20) not null, password varchar(50) not null, primary key(username,password) ); insert into user(username,password) values ('root','123'), ('egon','456'), ('alex','alex3714') ; #用戶組表 create table usergroup( id int primary key auto_increment, groupname varchar(20) not null unique ); insert into usergroup(groupname) values ('IT'), ('Sale'), ('Finance'), ('boss') ; #主機表 create table host( id int primary key auto_increment, ip char(15) not null unique default '127.0.0.1' ); insert into host(ip) values ('172.16.45.2'), ('172.16.31.10'), ('172.16.45.3'), ('172.16.31.11'), ('172.10.45.3'), ('172.10.45.4'), ('172.10.45.5'), ('192.168.1.20'), ('192.168.1.21'), ('192.168.1.22'), ('192.168.2.23'), ('192.168.2.223'), ('192.168.2.24'), ('192.168.3.22'), ('192.168.3.23'), ('192.168.3.24') ; #業務線表 create table business( id int primary key auto_increment, business varchar(20) not null unique ); insert into business(business) values ('輕松貸'), ('隨便花'), ('大富翁'), ('窮一生') ; #建關系：user與usergroup create table user2usergroup( id int not null unique auto_increment, user_id int not null, group_id int not null, primary key(user_id,group_id), foreign key(user_id) references user(id), foreign key(group_id) references usergroup(id) ); insert into user2usergroup(user_id,group_id) values (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,3), (2,4), (3,4) ; #建關系：host與business create table host2business( id int not null unique auto_increment, host_id int not null, business_id int not null, primary key(host_id,business_id), foreign key(host_id) references host(id), foreign key(business_id) references business(id) ); insert into host2business(host_id,business_id) values (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,2), (2,3), (3,4) ; #建關系：user與host create table user2host( id int not null unique auto_increment, user_id int not null, host_id int not null, primary key(user_id,host_id), foreign key(user_id) references user(id), foreign key(host_id) references host(id) ); insert into user2host(user_id,host_id) values (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (1,7), (1,8), (1,9), (1,10), (1,11), (1,12), (1,13), (1,14), (1,15), (1,16), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (3,10), (3,11), (3,12) ;