MySQL:記錄的增刪改查、單表查詢、約束條件、多表查詢、連表、子查詢、pymysql模塊、MySQL內置功能


數據操作

插入數據(記錄): 用insert;

補充:插入查詢結果: insert into 表名(字段1,字段2,...字段n) select (字段1,字段2,...字段n) where ...;

更新數據update

語法: update 表名 set 字段1=值1,字段2=值2 where condition;

刪除數據delete:delete from 表名 where condition;

 

查詢數據select:

單表查詢:

語法:

 select distinct 字段1,字段2... from 表名

            where 條件

            group by field

            having 篩選

            order by field

            limit 限制條數;

關鍵字的執行優先級:

from
where
group by
having
select
distinct
order by
limit

# 1.找到表:from
# 2.通過where指定的約束條件,去文件/表中取出一條條記錄
# 3.將取出的一條條記錄進程分組 group by,如果沒有group by,則整體作為一組
# 4.將分組的結果進行having過濾
# 5.執行 select
# 6.去重
# 7.將結果按順序排序:order by
# 8.限制結果的顯示條數

簡單查詢:

#創建表
create table employee(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
name varchar(20) not null,
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male',  # 大部分是男的
age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
hire_date date not null,
post varchar(50),
post_comment varchar(100),
salary double(15,2),
office int, 
depart_id int
);
#插入記錄
#三個部門:教學,銷售,運營
insert into employee(name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
('egon','male',18,'20170301','老男孩駐沙河辦事處外交大使',7300.33,401,1), 
('alex','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
('wupeiqi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
('liwenzhou','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
('成龍','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1),

('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),
('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2),

('張野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3),
('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
('程咬銀','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
('程咬銅','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
('程咬鐵','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3)
;

查詢操作:

# 避免重復 distinct
select distinct post from employee;

# 通過四則運算查詢 select name,salary*12 from employee;
select name,salary*12 as Annual_salary from employee;
select name,salary*12 Annual_salary from employee;  # as Annual_salary是給 salary*12 起了一個別名;as 可省略

# 定義顯示格式 (只是改變了顯示格式,不會改變數據在數據庫的保存格式)
   concat() 函數用於鏈接字符串 select concat("員工號:",id,",","姓名:",name) as info,concat("年薪:",salary*12) as annual_salary from employee;
   concat_ws() # 第一個參數可以作為分隔符 select concat_ws(":",name,salary*12) as annual_salary from employee;   
 

 

where約束:

where語句中可以使用:
    1. 比較運算符:><>=<=!=、( <>也表示不等於)
    2. between 10 and 20   # 值在10到20之間
    3. in(80,90,100)  # 值是80或90或100
    4. like "neo%"
            pattern可以是%或_,
            %表示任意個任意字符
            _表示一個任意字符
    5. 邏輯運算符:在多個條件直接可以使用邏輯運算符 and, or, not

主要用法:

where約束:

# 單條件查詢:
select name from employee where post="sale";
 # 多條件查詢: select name,salary from employee where post="teacher" and salary>10000;

# 關鍵字between and
select name,salary from employee where salary between 10000 and 20000;
select name,salary from employee where salary not between 10000 and 20000;

# 關鍵字 is Null:(判斷某個字段是否為NULL不能用等號,要用is)
select name,post_comment from employee where post_comment is Null;
select name,post_comment from employee where post_comment is not Null;
# MySQL中,空字符串不等於 NULL,NULL是單獨的數據類型;判斷Null的時候必須用 is,如: where id is Null;  # 關鍵字in集合查詢:
select name,salary from employee where salary in (3000,4000,9000); select name,salary from employee where salary not in (3000,4000,9000); # 關鍵字like模糊查詢: 通配符:% select * from employee where name like "eg%"; 通配符:_ select * from employee where name like "ale_";

分組查詢:group by

# 分組發生在where之后,即分組是基於where之后得到的記錄而進行的
# 分組指的是將所有記錄按照某個相同字段進行歸類,比如針對員工信息表的職位分組,或者按照性別進行分組等

 

ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY

# 查看MySQL 5.7默認的sql_mode如下:
mysql> select @@global.sql_mode;
#ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION

# 如果不設置ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,select的查詢結果默認值是組內的第一條記錄,這樣顯然是沒有意義的;

# 設置 ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY模式: set global sql_mode="ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY";

# 注意: ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY 的語義就是確定 select target list中的多有的值都是明確語義,簡單來說,在ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY模式下,target list中的值要么來自聚合函數的結果,要么來自 group by list中的表達式的值(group_concat)

# 去掉ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY模式的設置方法:
mysql> set global sql_mode='STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION';

 

聚合函數

# 聚合函數聚合的是組的內容;如果沒有進行 group by分組,則默認所以記錄是一組,所以此時也能用聚合函數
max()
min()
avg()
sum()
count()

示例:

select post,count(id) from employee group by post; # 只能查看分組依據的字段和使用聚合函數
# 注意:我們按照post字段分組,那么select查詢的字段只能是post,想要獲取組內的其他相關信息,需要借助函數 
# group by關鍵字和 group_concat() 函數一起使用
select post,group_concat(name) as emp_members from employee group by post;  # 按照崗位分組,並查看組內成員名

# group by和聚合函數一起使用
select post,avg(salary) as average_salary from employee group by post; # 按照崗位分組,並查看每個組的平均工資

# 沒有分組的聚合函數: select count(*) from employee;
select avg(salary) from employee;

另外:如果我們用unique的字段作為分組的依據,則每條記錄自成一組,這種分組也就沒了意義;多條記錄之間的某個字段值相同,該字段通常用來作為分組的依據

 

having過濾:

# having和where不一樣的地方:
# 1. 執行優先級:where>group by >having
# 2. where 發生在分組 group by 之前,因而where中可以有任意字段,但是絕對不能使用聚合函數
# 3. having發生在分組group by之后,因而having中可以使用分組的字段,但卻無法直接取到其他字段,其他字段需要使用聚合函數

having中也可以用where中的邏輯,例如 and,or 等;having 跟where 用法一樣,只不過having是分組之后的過濾

錯誤用法示例:

mysql> select * from employee having salary > 100000;
ERROR 1463 (42000): Non-grouping field 'salary' is used in HAVING clause  # 報錯; having前面必須要有 group by

mysql> select post,group_concat(name) from employee group by post having salary > 10000; #錯誤,分組后無法直接取到salary字段
ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'salary' in 'having clause'

正確用法如下:

# 1. 查詢各崗位平均薪資大於10000的崗位名、平均工資
select post,avg(salary) as average_salary from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;

# 2. 查詢各崗位平均薪資大於10000且小於20000的崗位名、平均工資
select post,avg(salary) as average_salary from employee group by post having avg(salary) between 10000 and 20000;

# having的用法就是英語里面的定語從句

 

order by排序:

select * from employee order by 字段 asc;  #升序排;默認 select * from employee order by 字段 desc;  #降序排 order by 字段1 asc,字段2 desc;  # 先按照字段1升序排,如果字段1的值相同則按照字段2降序排
e.g. select * from employee order by age asc,id desc;

執行順序證明:

select distinct post,count(id) as emp_number from db1.employee
    where salary>1000
    group by post
    having count(id)>2  # having中的count(id)不能用 emp_number 來代替,因為是先執行 having后執行 distinct,所以此時還沒有 emp_number這個東西
    order by emp_number desc  # order by 中的count(id) 可以用 emp_number來代替,因為是先執行distinct后執行的order,執行完distinct之后就已經有了 emp_number
    ;

# 所以,優先級順序是: from > where > group by > having > distinct > order by

 

limit限制條數:不管是書寫順序還是執行順序,limit都是在最后

select * from employee limit 3;  # 3是限制條數;默認初始位置為0 select * from employee limit 0,3;  # 從0開始打印3個 (不包含0)

# 工資最高的那三個人的信息: select * from employee order by salary desc limit 3;

# 分頁打印: select * from employee limit 0,5;
select * from employee limit 5,5;
select * from employee limit 10,5;
select * from employee limit 15,5;

 

正則查詢regexp: (regexp應該是regular expressioin的縮寫吧)

# select * from employee where name regexp "^jin.*(g|n)$";   # jin開頭,並且 g或者n結尾

 

多表查詢:(本質就是連表,通過連表將多張有關系的表連接在一起,得到一張虛擬表)

先建兩個表,用於下面所有的操作測試

# 建表
create table department(
id int,
name varchar(20) 
);

create table employee(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male',
age int,
dep_id int
);

#插入數據
insert into department values
(200,'技術'),
(201,'人力資源'),
(202,'銷售'),
(203,'運營');

insert into employee(name,sex,age,dep_id) values
('egon','male',18,200),
('alex','female',48,201),
('wupeiqi','male',38,201),
('yuanhao','female',28,202),
('liwenzhou','male',18,200),
('jingliyang','female',18,204)
;

 連接方式:

# 1. 內連接: 只取兩張表的共同部分
select * from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id = department.id;  # 表employee內連接到表department,按照表employee中dep_id字段等於表department中id字段的方式連接

# 2. 左鏈接:在內鏈接的基礎上保留左表的記錄
select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id;

# 3. 右鏈接:在內鏈接的基礎上保留右表的記錄
select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id;

# 4. 全外鏈接: 在內連接的基礎上左右兩表的記錄都保存
select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id union select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id;

內連接:

左連接:

右連接:

全外連接:

 

多表查詢示例:

笛卡爾積:

select * from employee,department;

 

多表查詢原理:

select * from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id = department.id;

# 通過這種方式能得到一個整合了表employee和表department的虛擬表

# 再對上面得到的虛擬表進行操作
select department.name,avg(age) from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id = department.id group by department.name having avg(age) > 30;  

# 多表查詢:把有關系的表通過連接的方式拼成一個整體(虛擬表),進而進行相應的關聯查詢(因為此時已經是一長表了)

 

SQL邏輯查詢語句執行順序:

一、SELECT語句關鍵字的定義順序:

select distinct <select_list>
    from <left_table>
    <join type> join <right_table> 
    on <join_condition>
    where <where_condition>
    group by <group_by_list>
    having <having_condition>
    order by <order_by_condition>
    limit <limit_number>;

二、SELECT語句關鍵字的執行順序:

第一步: from <left_table>
第二步: on <join_condition>
第三步: <join_type> join  <right_table>
第四步: where <where_condition>
第五步: group by <group_by_list>
第六步: having <having_condition>
第七步: select
第八步: distinct <select_list>
第九步: order by <order_by_condition> 第十步: limit <limit_number>

具體可參考: http://www.cnblogs.com/linhaifeng/articles/7372774.html

 

子查詢:

1. 帶 in 關鍵字的查詢:

# 查詢平均年齡在25歲以上的部門名
select name from department where id in
(select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25);
# (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25)會有一個返回值,符合過濾條件的 dep_id;where id in (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25) 就類似於 where id in (1,2,3)

# 查看技術部員工姓名 select name from employee where dep_id =
(select id from department where name="技術");

# 查看不足一人的部門名 # 分析:不足1人就是沒有人 select name from department where id not in
(select distinct dep_id from employee) ;
# (select distinct dep_id from employee) 通過去重得到有人的部門id, where id not in ...取反,即 department的id沒有在有人的部門id里面

2. 帶比較運算符的子查詢

# 查詢大於所有人平均年齡的員工名和年齡
select name,age from employee where age >
(select avg(age) from employee);
# where后面不能直接寫成 where age > avg(age),因為where里面不能使用聚合函數;所以先通過 (select avg(age) from employee)拿到 avg(age)

3. 帶exists關鍵字的子查詢 (exists是用於判斷是否存在的,返回的類似於bool值)

select * from employee where exists
(select id from department where name="技術");  # 如果(select id from department where name="技術")成立(存在,此時where exists語句返回True),就執行 select * from employee; 如果不存在,就不執行select * 語句
# exists也可以not 取反

 

select 查詢語句可以用括號括起來,再用 as 起一個別名,就能當作一張表(臨時表)來使用,如下:

select * from (select name,age,sex from employee) as t1;

以另外一張employee表為例說明:

# 查詢每個部門最新入職的那名員工

報錯:
select * from employee as t1 inner join (select post,max(hire_date) from employee group by post) as t2 on t1.post=t2.post where t1.hire_date=t2.max(hire_date); # 報錯原因:where中不能有聚合函數
正確:
select * from employee as t1 inner join (select post,max(hire_date) as new_hire from employee group by post) as t2 on t1.post = t2.post where t1.hire_date = t2.new_hire; # 取別名后就是單純的調用了

 

權限管理:略

 

Navicat工具:

批量加注釋:ctrl+?鍵

批量去注釋:ctrl+shift+?鍵

 

pymysql模塊

pymysql基本使用:

通過pymysql模塊能夠在python程序中操作MySQL數據庫;pymysql模塊本質就是一個套接字客戶端軟件

import pymysql

username = input("username>>>:").strip()
password = input("password>>>:").strip()


# 建鏈接 
conn = pymysql.connect(host="192.168.18.2",port=3306,user="root",password="123",db="db4",charset="utf8")  # 得到一個鏈接對象; # charset中的utf8不能加 - ,因為mysql中沒加

# 拿到一個游標(cursor)
cursor = conn.cursor()  # 得到一個游標對象

# 給游標提交命令,執行sql語句
sql = "select * from userinfo where username='%s' and password='%s' " %(username,password)  # sql語句中的username和password要和db4.userinfo這張表中的字段一樣
print(sql)
rows = cursor.execute(sql) # 把sql語句提交給cursor去執行; # execute() 不是執行的結果,而是受影響的行數(rows) cursor.close() conn.close() # 把資源回收 # 進行判斷 if rows: print("登錄成功") else: print("登錄失敗")

但上面的程序有一個漏洞:

# 在MySQL中, --空格 后面的內容都會被注釋掉(兩個橫杠后面跟一個空格),所以在你的python程序中輸入:
username>>>:neo' -- xxxx
不輸密碼,也能夠成功登錄

並且

# 輸入:
username>>>:xxx' or 1=1 -- hahahaah
不輸密碼,也可以登錄 

解決辦法:利用pymysql模塊的sql注入

 

pymysql模塊之sql注入:

import pymysql

username = input("username>>>:").strip()
password = input("password>>>:").strip()


# 建鏈接 
conn = pymysql.connect(host="192.168.18.2",port=3306,user="root",password="123",db="db4",charset="utf8")  

# 拿到一個游標(cursor)
cursor = conn.cursor()  # 得到一個游標對象

# 給游標提交命令,執行sql語句
sql = select * from userinfo where username=%s and password=%s  # 不要自己拼接字符串,利用 pymysql的execute拼接字符串; # 占位符也不要再加引號
rows = cursor.execute(sql,(username,password))  # 第一個參數還是傳入要執行的sql語句;第二個參數傳入一個元組,元組里面放入sql語句里面的占位符,通過這種方式拼接字符串,能把其中的特殊字符處理掉

cursor.close()
conn.close()  


# 進行判斷
if rows:
    print("登錄成功")
else:
    print("登錄失敗")

 

pymysql模塊之增刪改:

import pymysql

# 建鏈接
conn = pymysql.connect(host="192.168.18.2",port=3306,user="root",password="123",db="db4",charset="utf8")

# 拿到游標
cursor = conn.cursor()

# 執行sql語句
# 增刪改
sql = "insert userinfo(username,password) values(%s,%s)"
print(sql)
rows = cursor.execute(sql,("abc","123"))

conn.commit()  # 修改的數據要生效,必須在cursor.conn關閉之前 conn.commit()

# 關閉
cursor.close()
conn.close()

插入多條記錄:

# 插入多條記錄
rows = cursor.executemany(sql,[("egon1","456"),("egon2","123"),("egon3","789")])   # 利用executemany(),列表中放入多個元組

lastrowid用法:查詢你即將插入的數據是從第幾行開始的

import pymysql

# 建鏈接
conn = pymysql.connect(host="192.168.18.2",port=3306,user="root",password="123",db="db4",charset="utf8")

# 拿到游標
cursor = conn.cursor()

# 執行sql語句
sql = "insert userinfo(username,password) values(%s,%s)"


# 插入多條記錄
rows = cursor.executemany(sql,[("egon7","456"),("egon8","123"),("egon9","789")])   # 利用executemany(),列表中放入多個元組
print(cursor.lastrowid)  # cursor.lastrowid 是你上面代碼插入的時候,是從第幾行開始插入的

conn.commit()  # 修改的數據要生效,必須在cursor,conn關閉之前 conn.commit()

# 關閉
cursor.close()
conn.close()

刪改就是把上述例子中的sql語句改成刪改的sql語句就行了

 

pymysql模塊之查詢

import pymysql

conn = pymysql.connect(host="192.168.18.2",port=3306,user="root",password="123",db="db4",charset="utf8")

cursor = conn.cursor(pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)  # cursor()中如果什么都不寫,查詢出來的數據是元組的形式;如果指明了 pymysql.cursors.DictCursor,查詢結果是字典的形式,字典的key是表的字段

rows = cursor.execute("select * from userinfo")
print(cursor.fetchone())
print(cursor.fetchone())
print(cursor.fetchone())
print(cursor.fetchone())
print(cursor.fetchone())
print(cursor.fetchone())
print(cursor.fetchone())
print(cursor.fetchone())
# 運行過程分析: cursor.execute("select * from userinfo")給MySQL服務端發送了查詢語句,服務端查完之后把查詢結果返回給服務端,服務端收到后把全部結果放到了管道里面,fetchone()一次就取出一條結果;取完之后再去就是None


# fetch還有兩種用法:
# 1. cursor.fetchmany(3)  # 一次取3條;取出來的結果放到一個列表中,由於已經指定了 pymysql.cursors.DictCursor,所以列表中是一個個字典
# 2. cursor.fetchall()  # 一次全部取完,結果放到一個列表中;取完之后再fetchall會得到一個空列表

cursor.close()
conn.close()

fetchone:

fetchmany:

fetchall:

cursor.scroll用法:移動管道中的光標

import pymysql

conn = pymysql.connect(host="192.168.18.2",port=3306,user="root",password="123",db="db4",charset="utf8")

cursor = conn.cursor(pymysql.cursors.DictCursor) 

rows = cursor.execute("select * from userinfo")


# cursor.scroll(3,mode="absolute")  # 相對絕對位置移動:從管道最開始的位置跳過去3條
# cursor.scroll(3,mode="relative")  # 相對當前位置移動:從光標所在管道的當前位置跳過去3條

cursor.scroll(3,mode="absolute")
print(cursor.fetchone())  # 跳過前三條,直接從第四條開始取


cursor.close()
conn.close()

相對絕對位置移動

相對當前位置移動

print(cursor.fetchone())
cursor.scroll(3,mode="relative")
print(cursor.fetchone())   # 從第二條開始跳過取3個開始取

 

MySQL內置功能:

視圖:

視圖一個虛擬表(非真實存在),其本質是【根據SQL語句獲取動態的數據集,並為其命名】,用戶使用時只需使用【名稱】即可獲取結果集,可以將結果當作表來使用;但是不推薦使用視圖,因為擴展SQL極不方便

創建視圖:

# 語法: create view 視圖名稱 as sql語句
create view teacher_view as select tid from teacher where tname='李平老師';

#於是查詢李平老師教授的課程名的sql可以改寫為
mysql> select cname from course where teacher_id = (select tid from teacher_view);

 

 修改視圖(往視圖中插入數據),原始表也跟着改

修改視圖:

語法:ALTER VIEW 視圖名稱 AS SQL語句
mysql> alter view teacher_view as select * from course where cid>3;

刪除視圖:

# 語法:DROP VIEW 視圖名稱

DROP VIEW teacher_view

 

函數:

date_format(date相關字段,date格式)  # 第一個參數寫date的相關字段,第二個參數寫所需要的date格式,如:"%Y-%m-%d";

datediff(current_date,sale_date)   #  current_date和sale_date之間的天數間隔

示例:

select item_id,count(distinct date_format(sale_date,"%Y-%m-%d")) as day_num from txn 
where datediff(current_date,sale_date) <=10
group by item_id 
having day_num >=5 
order by day_num desc;

# current_date也是一個函數,表示當天的日期

 

 

控制流函數: 

1、case when condition1 then result1 ... else default end

# 如果 conditionN是真,則返回 resultN,否則返回default

2、case test when value1 then result1... else default end

# 如果test 和valueN相等,則返回 resultN,否則返回default

如下:

查詢班級信息,包括班級id、班級名稱、年級、年級級別(1為低年級,2為中年級,3為高年級)

select cid as 班級id,caption as 班級名稱,gname as 年級,
(case grade_id when 1 then "低" when 2 then "中" else "高" end) as "年級級別" from class inner join 
class_grade on class.grade_id=class_grade.gid;

 


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