TCP、HTTP協議的RPC


TCP、HTTP協議的RPC

1.1 基於TCP協議的RPC

1.1.1 RPC名詞解釋

  RPC的全稱是Remote Process Call,即遠程過程調用,RPC的實現包括客戶端和服務端,即服務調用方和服務提供方。服務調用方發送RPC請求到服務提供方,服務提供方根據請求的參數執行請求方法,並將結果返回給服務調用方,一次RPC調用完成。

1.1.2 對象的序列化

  在網絡上傳輸的數據,無論何種類型,最終都需要轉化為二進制流。在面向對象的程序設計中,客戶端將對象轉化為二進制流發送給服務端,服務端接收數據后將二進制流轉化為對象,java中將這兩種轉化方式稱為對象的序列化和反序列化。下面介紹java內置的序列化方式和基於java的Hessian序列化方式:

java內置的序列化和反序列化關鍵代碼:

  

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1 //序列化操作
2 Person person = new Person();
3 ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
4 ObjectOutputStream out = new ObjectOutputStream(os);
5 out.writeObject(person);
6 byte[] byteArray = os.toByteArray();
7
8 //反序列化操作
9 ByteArrayInputStream is = new ByteArrayInputStream(byteArray);
10 ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream(is);
11 Person newPerson = new Person();
12 newPerson = (Person) in.readObject();
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基於java的Hessian序列化和反序列化關鍵代碼:

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1 //序列化操作
2 ByteArrayOutputStream osH = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
3 HessianOutput outH = new HessianOutput(osH);
4 outH.writeObject(person);
5 byte[] byteArrayH = osH.toByteArray();
6
7 //反序列化操作
8 ByteArrayInputStream isH = new ByteArrayInputStream(byteArrayH);
9 HessianInput inH = new HessianInput(isH);
10 newPerson = (Person) inH.readObject();
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1.1.3 基於TCP協議實現RPC

我們利用java的SocketAPI實現一個簡單的RPC調用,服務的接口和實現比較簡單,根據傳入的參數來判斷返回"hello" or "bye bye"。

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1 public interface SayHelloService {
2
3 public String sayHello(String arg);
4 }
5
6 public class SayHelloServiceImpl implements SayHelloService {
7
8 public String sayHello(String arg) {
9 return "hello".equals(arg) ? "hello" : "bye bye";
10 }
11
12 }
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服務消費者Consumer類:

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1 /**
2 * 基於TCP協議實現RPC -- 服務消費者
3 * @author admin
4 *
5 */
6 public class Consumer {
7
8 public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
9 //接口名稱
10 String interfaceName = SayHelloService.class.getName();
11 //需要執行遠程的方法
12 Method method = SayHelloService.class.getMethod("sayHello", String.class);
13 //傳遞到遠程的參數
14 Object [] arguments = {"hello"};
15 Socket socket = new Socket("127.0.0.1", 1234);
16 //將方法名和參數傳遞到遠端
17 ObjectOutputStream out = new ObjectOutputStream(socket.getOutputStream());
18 out.writeUTF(interfaceName);//接口名稱
19 out.writeUTF(method.getName());//方法名稱
20 out.writeObject(method.getParameterTypes());//方法參數類型
21 out.writeObject(arguments);//傳遞的參數
22 System.out.println("發送信息到服務端,發送的信息為:" + arguments[0]);
23 //從遠端讀取返回結果
24 ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream(socket.getInputStream());
25 String result = (String) in.readObject();
26 System.out.println("服務返回的結果為:" + result);
27 }
28 }
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服務提供者Provider類:

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1 /**
2 * 基於TCP協議實現RPC -- 服務提供者
3 * @author admin
4 *
5 */
6 public class Provider {
7
8 public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
9 ServerSocket server = new ServerSocket(1234);
10 Map<Object, Object> services = new HashMap<Object, Object>();
11 services.put(SayHelloService.class.getName(), new SayHelloServiceImpl());
12 while(true) {
13 System.out.println("服務提供者啟動,等待客戶端調用…………");
14 Socket socket = server.accept();
15 //讀取服務信息
16 ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream(socket.getInputStream());
17 String interfaceName = in.readUTF();
18 String methodName = in.readUTF();
19 Class [] parameterTypes = (Class []) in.readObject();
20 Object [] arguments = (Object[]) in.readObject();
21 System.out.println("客戶端調用服務端接口" + interfaceName + "的" + methodName + "方法");
22 //執行調用
23 Class serviceClass = Class.forName(interfaceName);//得到接口的class
24 Object service = services.get(interfaceName);//取得服務實現的對象
25 Method method = serviceClass.getMethod(methodName, parameterTypes);//獲得要調用的方法
26 Object result = method.invoke(service, arguments);
27 ObjectOutputStream out = new ObjectOutputStream(socket.getOutputStream());
28 out.writeObject(result);
29 System.out.println("服務端返回結果為:" + result);
30 }
31 }
32 }
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在真實的生產環境中往往是多個客戶端同時請求服務端,服務端則需要同時接收和處理多個客戶端請求消息,涉及並發處理、服務路由、負載均衡等現實問題,以上代碼顯然不能完成。

1.2 基於HTTP協議的RPC

1.2.1 HTTP協議棧

HTTP的全稱是HyperText Transfer Protocol,即超文本傳輸協議,當今普遍采用的版本是HTTP1.1。HTTP協議屬於應用層協議,它構建在TCP和IP協議之上,處於TCP/IP架構的頂端,為了更好的理解HTTP協議,我們基於java的SocketAPI設計一個簡單的應用層通信協議,來窺探協議實現的一些過程與細節。

客戶端向服務端發送一條命令,服務端接收到命令后,會判斷命令是否為"HELLO",若是則返回客戶端"hello!",否則返回客戶端"bye bye"。

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1 /**
2 * 協議請求
3 *
4 * @author admin
5 *
6 /
7 public class Request {
8
9 /
*
10 * 協議編碼 0:GBK;1:UTF-8
11 /
12 private byte encode;
13 /
*
14 * 命令
15 /
16 private String command;
17 /
*
18 * 命令長度
19 /
20 private int commandLength;
21
22 public byte getEncode() {
23 return encode;
24 }
25
26 public void setEncode(byte encode) {
27 this.encode = encode;
28 }
29
30 public String getCommand() {
31 return command;
32 }
33
34 public void setCommand(String command) {
35 this.command = command;
36 }
37
38 public int getCommandLength() {
39 return commandLength;
40 }
41
42 public void setCommandLength(int commandLength) {
43 this.commandLength = commandLength;
44 }
45
46 }
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1 /
*
2 * 協議響應
3 *
4 * @author admin
5 *
6 /
7 public class Response {
8 /
*
9 * 編碼
10 /
11 private byte encode;
12 /
*
13 * 響應
14 /
15 private String response;
16 /
*
17 * 響應長度
18 */
19 private int responseLength;
20
21 public byte getEncode() {
22 return encode;
23 }
24
25 public void setEncode(byte encode) {
26 this.encode = encode;
27 }
28
29 public String getResponse() {
30 return response;
31 }
32
33 public void setResponse(String response) {
34 this.response = response;
35 }
36
37 public int getResponseLength() {
38 return responseLength;
39 }
40
41 public void setResponseLength(int responseLength) {
42 this.responseLength = responseLength;
43 }
44
45 @Override
46 public String toString() {
47 return "Response [encode=" + encode + ", response=" + response + ", responseLength=" + responseLength + "]";
48 }
49
50 }
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客戶端發送以及服務端響應處理代碼:

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1 /**
2 * 服務端
3 * @author admin
4 *
5 /
6 public class Server {
7
8 public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
9 ServerSocket server = new ServerSocket(1234);
10 while(true) {
11 Socket client = server.accept();
12 //讀取請求數據
13 Request request = ProtocolUtil.readRequest(client.getInputStream());
14 //封裝響應數據
15 Response response = new Response();
16 response.setEncode(Encode.UTF8.getValue());
17 response.setResponse(request.getCommand().equals("HELLO") ? "hello!" : "bye bye");
18 response.setResponseLength(response.getResponse().length());
19 //響應到客戶端
20 ProtocolUtil.writeResponse(client.getOutputStream(), response);
21 }
22 }
23 }
24
25 /
*
26 * 客戶端
27 * @author admin
28 *
29 */
30 public class Client {
31
32 public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
33 //組裝請求數據
34 Request request = new Request();
35 request.setCommand("HELLO");
36 request.setCommandLength(request.getCommand().length());
37 request.setEncode(Encode.UTF8.getValue());
38 Socket client = new Socket("127.0.0.1", 1234);
39 //發送請求
40 ProtocolUtil.writeRequest(client.getOutputStream(), request);
41 //讀取相應
42 Response response = ProtocolUtil.readResponse(client.getInputStream());
43 System.out.println(response);
44 }
45 }
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ProtocolUtil 類:

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1 public class ProtocolUtil {
2
3 public static void writeRequest(OutputStream out, Request request) {
4 try {
5 out.write(request.getEncode());
6 //write一個int值會截取其低8位傳輸,丟棄其高24位,因此需要將基本類型轉化為字節流
7 //java采用Big Endian字節序,而所有的網絡協議也都是以Big Endian字節序來進行傳輸,所以再進行數據的傳輸和接收時,需要先將數據轉化成Big Endian字節序
8 //out.write(request.getCommandLength());
9 out.write(int2ByteArray(request.getCommandLength()));
10 out.write(Encode.GBK.getValue() == request.getEncode() ? request.getCommand().getBytes("GBK") : request.getCommand().getBytes("UTF8"));
11 out.flush();
12 } catch (Exception e) {
13 System.err.println(e.getMessage());
14 }
15 }
16
17 /**
18 * 將響應輸出到客戶端
19 * @param os
20 * @param response
21 */
22 public static void writeResponse(OutputStream out, Response response) {
23 try {
24 out.write(response.getEncode());
25 out.write(int2ByteArray(response.getResponseLength()));
26 out.write(Encode.GBK.getValue() == response.getEncode() ? response.getResponse().getBytes("GBK") : response.getResponse().getBytes("UTF8"));
27 out.flush();
28 } catch (Exception e) {
29 System.err.println(e.getMessage());
30 }
31 }
32
33 public static Request readRequest(InputStream is) {
34 Request request = new Request();
35 try {
36 //讀取編碼
37 byte [] encodeByte = new byte[1];
38 is.read(encodeByte);
39 byte encode = encodeByte[0];
40 //讀取命令長度
41 byte [] commandLengthByte = new byte[4];//緩沖區
42 is.read(commandLengthByte);
43 int commandLength = byte2Int(commandLengthByte);
44 //讀取命令
45 byte [] commandByte = new byte[commandLength];
46 is.read(commandByte);
47 String command = Encode.GBK.getValue() == encode ? new String(commandByte, "GBK") : new String(commandByte, "UTF8");
48 //組裝請求返回
49 request.setEncode(encode);
50 request.setCommand(command);
51 request.setCommandLength(commandLength);
52 } catch (Exception e) {
53 System.err.println(e.getMessage());
54 }
55 return request;
56 }
57
58 public static Response readResponse(InputStream is) {
59 Response response = new Response();
60 try {
61 byte [] encodeByte = new byte[1];
62 is.read(encodeByte);
63 byte encode = encodeByte[0];
64 byte [] responseLengthByte = new byte[4];
65 is.read(responseLengthByte);
66 int commandLength = byte2Int(responseLengthByte);
67 byte [] responseByte = new byte[commandLength];
68 is.read(responseByte);
69 String resContent = Encode.GBK.getValue() == encode ? new String(responseByte, "GBK") : new String(responseByte, "UTF8");
70 response.setEncode(encode);
71 response.setResponse(resContent);
72 response.setResponseLength(commandLength);
73 } catch (Exception e) {
74 System.err.println(e.getMessage());
75 }
76 return response;
77 }
78
79 public static int byte2Int(byte [] bytes) {
80 int num = bytes[3] & 0xFF;
81 num |= ((bytes[2] << 8) & 0xFF00);
82 num |= ((bytes[1] << 16) & 0xFF0000);
83 num |= ((bytes[0] << 24) & 0xFF000000);
84 return num;
85 }
86
87 public static byte[] int2ByteArray(int i) {
88 byte [] result = new byte[4];
89 result[0] = (byte) ((i >> 24) & 0xFF);
90 result[1] = (byte) ((i >> 16) & 0xFF);
91 result[2] = (byte) ((i >> 8) & 0xFF);
92 result[3] = (byte) (i & 0xFF);
93 return result;
94 }
95
96 }
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1.2.2 HTTP請求與響應

下圖是HTTP請求與響應的過程步驟,在此不詳細贅述。

1.2.3 通過HttpClient發送HTTP請求

HttpClient對HTTP協議通信的過程進行了封裝,下面是簡單的通過HttpClient發送HTTP GET請求,並獲取服務端響應的代碼:

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1      //url前加上http協議頭,標明該請求為http請求
2 String url = "https://www.baidu.com";
3 //組裝請求
4 HttpClient httpClient = new DefaultHttpClient();
5 HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(url);
6 //接收響應
7 HttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(httpGet);
8 HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
9 byte[] byteArray = EntityUtils.toByteArray(entity);
10 String result = new String(byteArray, "utf8");
11 System.out.println(result);
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1.2.4 使用HTTP協議的優勢

  隨着請求規模的擴展,基於TCP協議的RPC的實現,需要考慮多線程並發、鎖、I/O等復雜的底層細節,在大流量高並發的壓力下,任何一個小的錯誤都可能被無限放大,最終導致程序宕機。而對於基於HTTP協議的實現來說,很多成熟的開源web容易已經幫其處理好了這些事情,如Apache,Tomcat,Jboss等,開發人員可將更多的精力集中在業務實現上,而非處理底層細節。

標簽: 分布式架構


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