一、英語句子成分和英語句子結構講解：
（一）句子成分
1.主語（subject）: 句子說明的人或事物。
主語可以由名詞、代詞、數詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、主語從句和短語等來擔任。
The sun rises in the east.（名詞） He likes dancing. （代詞） Twenty years is a short time in history. (數詞) Seeing is believing. （動名詞） To see is to believe. （不定式） What he needs is a book. （主語從句） It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主語，主語從句是真正主語）
不定式：
定式的全稱是“動詞不定式”，是一種非限定動詞，由不定式符號to+動詞原形構成。
不定式具有動詞的特征，同時也有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征。
動詞不定式是一種非限定性動詞，由to＋動詞原形構成，
但它還是屬於動詞，所以它本身可以帶賓語和狀語。
動詞不定式在句中可以作主語、賓語、表語、定語和狀語，還可用在復合結構中，而且有完成式、進行式、完成進行式和否定形式。
動詞不定式的被動形式除了一般形式外還有其完成式和進行式。
從句：
用代詞、副詞、連詞把一個簡單句作為另外一個簡單句的從屬成分的句子。
副詞：
副詞是一種用來修飾動詞,形容詞,全句的詞,說明時間,地點,程度,方式等概念的詞. 分為：地點副詞.方式副詞.程度副詞.疑問副詞.連接副詞. 副詞連用順序：程度副詞+方式副詞+地點副詞+時間副詞.
副詞在句中可作狀語,表語,補語.
狀語：
狀語(adverbial)是句子的重要修飾成分，是謂語里的另一個附加成分，
它一般附加在謂語中心語前面，從情況、時間、處所、方式、條件、對象、肯定、否定、范圍和程度等方面對謂語中心詞進行修飾、限制。
英語狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子；
狀語和副詞代表不同的概念：
狀語是句子成分。與之相對應的是定語、補語、表語等成分。
而副詞是詞性，與之相對應的是名詞、動詞、形容詞等詞性。副詞可以作狀語。
2.謂語（predicate）: 說明主語的動作、狀態和特征。
簡單謂語:由動詞或動詞詞組組成
I saw the flag on the top of the hill?
He looked after two orphans.
復合謂語：由情態動詞或助動詞+動詞;
He can speak English well.
She doesn’t seem to like dancing.
找出下列句中的謂語（注：只有動詞才可作謂語。）：
1. We love China.
2. We have finished reading this book.
3. He can speak English.
4. She seems tired.
3.表語（predicative）: 系動詞之后的成分，表示主語的性質、狀態和特征。
系動詞的功能主要是把表語（名詞、形容詞、某些副詞、非謂詞、介詞短語、從句）和它的主語聯系在一起，說明主語的性質、特征、品性或狀態。
它有自己的但不完全的詞義，不能在句中獨立作謂語，必須和后面的表語一起構成句子的謂語。
常見的系動詞有: be, sound（聽起來）, look（看起來）, feel(摸起來，smell（聞起來）, taste（嘗、吃起來）, remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感覺）
It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange.
Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.
The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.
The door remains open. Now I feel tired.
找出下列句中的表語。
1. I am a teacher.
2. They are on the playground.
3. My job is teaching English.
4. It gets cold.
5. It sounds interesting.
4.賓語：
1）動作的承受者-----及物動詞或介詞的賓語
I like China. （名詞）
He hates you. （代詞） How many do you need? We need two. （數詞） We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. （動名詞） I hope to see you again. （不定式）
Did you write down what he said? （賓語從句）
2） 介詞后的名詞、代詞和動名詞-----介賓
Are you afraid of the snake?
Under the snow, there are many rocks.
3） 雙賓語-----間賓（指人）和直賓（指物）
賓語分為直接賓語和間接賓語.(直接賓語指物或事,間接賓語指人或動物)
He gave me a book yesterday.
Give the poor man some money.
指出下面句子的間接賓語和直接賓語：
please pass me the book.
He bought his girlfriend some flowers.
找出下列句子的賓語部分：
1. We often help him.
2. He likes to play basketball.
3. We enjoy listening to the music.
4. She said that he felt sick.
5. They are talking about the new student.
5.賓補：對賓語的補充，全稱為賓語補足語。
有些及物動詞除了有一個直接賓語以外，還要有一個賓語補足語，說明賓語的身份和狀態以補充其意義不足，使句子的意義完整。
這類常用的及物動詞有 ：
We elected him monitor. （名詞） We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. （名） We will make them happy. （形容詞） We found nobody in. ( 副詞 ) Please make yourself at home. 介詞短語） Don’t let him do that. （省to不定式） His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （帶to不定式） Don’t keep the lights burning. （現在分詞） I’ll have my bike repaired. （過去分詞）
6.主補：對主語的補充，全稱為主語補足語。
He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room. He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.
ps:主補是否都是被動句？
7.定語：修飾或限制名詞或代詞的詞、詞組或句子。
Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名詞） He is our friend. （代詞） We belong to the third world. （數詞） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容詞） The man over there is my old friend.(副詞) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介詞) The boys playing football are in Class 2. （現在分詞） The trees planted last year are growing well now. （過去分詞） I have an idea to do it well. （不定式） You should do everything that I do. （定語從句）
ps:如果修飾這個詞是賓語和主語是不是就是賓補和主補了？
定語后置：
如果定語是由一個單詞表示時，通常要前置。而由一個詞組或一個句子表示時，通常則后置
The girl in red is his sister.
We have a lot of work to do. The girl standing under the tree is his daughter. Do you know the man who spoke just now?
ps:主補/賓補和定語的區別是什么？
8.狀語：用來修飾v., adj., adv., 或句子。表示時間、地點、原因、結果、程度、條件、方式和讓步。
I will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meeting-room. The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well. He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam.
I like some of you very much. If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike. Though he is young, he can do it well.
ps：狀語和定語只是根據修飾的詞性判斷？
（二） 句子結構
簡單句的五個基本句型
1.主語 ＋不及物動詞 She came．/ My head aches. 2.主語 ＋及物動詞＋賓語 She likes English. 3.主語 ＋ 系動詞 ＋表語 She is happy． 4.主語 ＋ 雙賓動詞＋間接賓語 ＋直接賓語 She gave John a book. 5.主語 ＋ 賓補動詞 ＋ 賓語 ＋ 賓語補語 She makes her mother angry． The teacher asked me to read the passage.
https://wenku.baidu.com/view/a29a74f3650e52ea541898cd.html
1, 主謂結構 （ 主語 ＋ 不及物動詞 ）
1、你應該努力學習 You should study hard. 2、他昨天晚上很晚回家 She went home very late yesterday evening.
練習： 1、This box weighs five kilos. 這個盒子重五公斤。 2、I lived in Beijing five years ago. 五年前我住在北京。
2,主謂賓結構 （主語 ＋及物動詞 ＋賓語 ）
1、我昨晚寫了一封信 I wrote a letter last night. 2、我今天下午想和你談談 I want to talk with you this afternoon. 練習： 1、All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. 我們大家都相信Jack 是一個誠實男孩。 2、He did not know what to say. 他不知道說什麽好。
3,主系表結構 （主語 ＋系動詞＋表語 ）
1.我的弟弟都是大學生 My brothers are all college students. 2.在冬天，白天很短夜晚很長 In winter, the days are short and the nights are long.
3. 布朗女士看上去很健康 Mrs Brown looks very healthy. 4.在他15歲那年他成為了著名的畫家 At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist. 練習： 1、樹葉已經變黃了。 The leaves have turned yellow. 2、這個報告聽起來很有意思。The report sounds interesting.
ps:表語怎么感覺有點像主補？區別在哪？只是因為有系動詞？
4,雙賓語結構 （主語＋雙賓動詞＋間接賓語＋直接賓語）
1.強森先生去年叫我們德語 Mr Johnson taught us German last year. 2.祖父昨晚給我講了一個有趣的故事 Grandma told me an interesting story last night.
練習： 1、 請你給我弄一本新的，好嗎？ Will you please get me a new copy? 2、我替你叫輛出租汽車好嗎？ Shall I call you a taxi?
5,復合賓語結構 （主語 ＋動詞 ＋ 賓語 ＋ 賓語補足語 ）
1.我們叫她愛麗絲 We call her Alice. 2.他父母叫他約翰 His parents named him John. 練習： 1、學校定了一條規則，開始上課時學生要起立。 The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins. 2、我認為與那個人談話是無益的。 I thought it no use talking with that man
6,There be 句型
1.今晚不會開會 There isn’t going to be a meeting tonight. 2.這個村庄里只有一口井 There was only a well in the village. 練習： 1、鈴響了。There goes the bell 2、一周有七天。There are seven days a week