R語言學習筆記（二十一）：字符串處理中的元字符（代碼展示）

元字符有自己的特殊含義

• [ ]內的任意字符將被匹配

grep(pattern = "[wW]", x = states, value = T)
grep(pattern = "w", ignore.case = T, x = states, value = T)

• \對元字符進行轉義

strsplit("strsplit.also.uses", split = ".")
strsplit("strsplit.also.uses", split = "\\.")
str_extract_all("me credit card: 334", pattern = "\\d")

• ^匹配字符串的開頭，將^置於character class 的首位表達的意思是取反義。如[ˆ5] 表示匹配除了“5” 以外的所有字符。

test_vector <- c("123","456","321")
str_extract_all(test_vector, "3")
str_extract_all(test_vector, "^3")
str_extract_all(test_vector, "[^3]")

• $匹配字符串的結尾。但將它置於character class 內則消除了它的特殊含義。如 [akm$]將匹配 a , k , m 或者 $ 。

str_extract_all(test_vector, "3$")
str_extract_all(test_vector, "[3$]")

• .匹配除換行符以外的任意字符。

str_extract_all(string = c("regular.exp\n","\n"), pattern =".")

• | 或者

str_extract_all(string = "we23", pattern ="b|w|3")

• ?此符號前的字符(組) 是可有可無的，並且最多被匹配一次

str_extract_all(string = c("abc","bc","ac"),pattern = "ab?c")

• ( )表示一個字符組，括號內的字符串將作為一個整體被匹配

str_extract_all(string = c("abc","ac","cde"),pattern = "(ab)c")

• *此符號前的字符(組) 將被匹配零次或多次

str_extract_all(string = c("abab","abc","ac"),pattern = "(ab)*")

• +前面的字符(組) 將被匹配一次或多次

str_extract_all(string = c("abbab","abc","ac"),pattern = "ab+")

• {n,m} 重復n次到m次

str_extract_all(string = c("abababab","ababc","abc"),pattern = "(ab){2}")
str_extract_all(string = c("abababab","ababc","abc"),pattern = "(ab){2,}")
str_extract_all(string = c("abababab","ababc","abc"),pattern = "(ab){2,3}")