1,基於文件的單例模式：
import pymysql
import threading
from DBUtils.PooledDB import PooledDB
class SingletonDBPool(object):
_instance_lock = threading.Lock()
def __init__(self):
self.pool = PooledDB(
creator=pymysql, # 使用鏈接數據庫的模塊
maxconnections=6, # 連接池允許的最大連接數，0和None表示不限制連接數
mincached=2, # 初始化時，鏈接池中至少創建的空閑的鏈接，0表示不創建
maxcached=5, # 鏈接池中最多閑置的鏈接，0和None不限制
maxshared=3,
# 鏈接池中最多共享的鏈接數量，0和None表示全部共享。PS: 無用，因為pymysql和MySQLdb等模塊的 threadsafety都為1，所有值無論設置為多少，_maxcached永遠為0，所以永遠是所有鏈接都共享。
blocking=True, # 連接池中如果沒有可用連接后，是否阻塞等待。True，等待；False，不等待然后報錯
maxusage=None, # 一個鏈接最多被重復使用的次數，None表示無限制
setsession=[], # 開始會話前執行的命令列表。如：["set datestyle to ...", "set time zone ..."]
ping=0,
# ping MySQL服務端，檢查是否服務可用。# 如：0 = None = never, 1 = default = whenever it is requested, 2 = when a cursor is created, 4 = when a query is executed, 7 = always
host='127.0.0.1',
port=3306,
user='root',
password='123456',
database='pooldb',
charset='utf8'
)
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
if not hasattr(SingletonDBPool, "_instance"):
with SingletonDBPool._instance_lock:
if not hasattr(SingletonDBPool, "_instance"):
SingletonDBPool._instance = object.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
return SingletonDBPool._instance
def connect(self):
return self.pool.connection()
from pool import SingletonDBPool
def run():
pool = SingletonDBPool()
con = pool.connect()
# xxxxxx
con.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
run()
# 單例模式：無法支持多線程情況
"""
class Singleton(object):
def __init__(self):
import time
time.sleep(1)
@classmethod
def instance(cls, *args, **kwargs):
if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
Singleton._instance = Singleton(*args, **kwargs)
return Singleton._instance
import threading
def task(arg):
obj = Singleton.instance()
print(obj)
for i in range(10):
t = threading.Thread(target=task,args=[i,])
t.start()
"""
# # 單例模式：支持多線程情況
"""
import time
import threading
class Singleton(object):
_instance_lock = threading.Lock()
def __init__(self):
time.sleep(1)
@classmethod
def instance(cls, *args, **kwargs):
if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
with Singleton._instance_lock:
if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
Singleton._instance = Singleton(*args, **kwargs)
return Singleton._instance
def task(arg):
obj = Singleton.instance()
print(obj)
for i in range(10):
t = threading.Thread(target=task,args=[i,])
t.start()
time.sleep(20)
obj = Singleton.instance()
print(obj)
"""
基於__new__方法實現單例模式
# class Singleton(object):
# def __init__(self):
# print('init',self)
#
#
# def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
# o = object.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
# print('new',o)
# return o
#
# obj = Singleton()
#
# print('xxx',obj)
import time
import threading
class Singleton(object):
_instance_lock = threading.Lock()
def __init__(self):
pass
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
with Singleton._instance_lock:
if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
Singleton._instance = object.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
return Singleton._instance
obj1 = Singleton()
obj2 = Singleton()
print(obj1,obj2)
# def task(arg):
# obj = Singleton()
# print(obj)
#
# for i in range(10):
# t = threading.Thread(target=task,args=[i,])
# t.start()
基於metaclass
"""
1.對象是類創建，創建對象時候類的__init__方法自動執行，對象()執行類的 __call__ 方法
2.類是type創建，創建類時候type的__init__方法自動執行，類() 執行type的 __call__方法(類的__new__方法,類的__init__方法)
# 第0步: 執行type的 __init__ 方法【類是type的對象】
class Foo:
def __init__(self):
pass
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
pass
# 第1步: 執行type的 __call__ 方法
# 1.1 調用 Foo類（是type的對象）的 __new__方法，用於創建對象。
# 1.2 調用 Foo類（是type的對象）的 __init__方法，用於對對象初始化。
obj = Foo()
# 第2步：執行Foodef __call__ 方法
obj()
"""
"""
class SingletonType(type):
def __init__(self,*args,**kwargs):
super(SingletonType,self).__init__(*args,**kwargs)
def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
obj = cls.__new__(cls,*args, **kwargs)
cls.__init__(obj,*args, **kwargs) # Foo.__init__(obj)
return obj
class Foo(metaclass=SingletonType):
def __init__(self,name):
self.name = name
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
return object.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
obj = Foo('name')
"""
import threading
class SingletonType(type):
_instance_lock = threading.Lock()
def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
if not hasattr(cls, "_instance"):
with SingletonType._instance_lock:
if not hasattr(cls, "_instance"):
cls._instance = super(SingletonType,cls).__call__(*args, **kwargs)
return cls._instance
class Foo(metaclass=SingletonType):
def __init__(self,name):
self.name = name
obj1 = Foo('name')
obj2 = Foo('name')
print(obj1,obj2)
# ######################## 基於 類方法實現 ######################### """ import time import threading class Singleton(object): _instance_lock = threading.Lock() def __init__(self): time.sleep(1) @classmethod def instance(cls, *args, **kwargs): if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"): with Singleton._instance_lock: if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"): Singleton._instance = Singleton(*args, **kwargs) return Singleton._instance # 使用先說明，以后用單例模式，obj = Singleton.instance() # 示例： # obj1 = Singleton.instance() # obj2 = Singleton.instance() # print(obj1,obj2) # 錯誤示例 # obj1 = Singleton() # obj2 = Singleton() # print(obj1,obj2) """ # ######################### 基於__new__方式實現 ######################### """ import time import threading class Singleton(object): _instance_lock = threading.Lock() def __init__(self): pass def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"): with Singleton._instance_lock: if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"): Singleton._instance = object.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs) return Singleton._instance # 使用先說明，以后用單例模式，obj = Singleton() # 示例 # obj1 = Singleton() # obj2 = Singleton() # print(obj1,obj2) """ # ######################### 基於metaclass方式實現 ################### """ import threading class SingletonType(type): _instance_lock = threading.Lock() def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs): if not hasattr(cls, "_instance"): with SingletonType._instance_lock: if not hasattr(cls, "_instance"): cls._instance = super(SingletonType,cls).__call__(*args, **kwargs) return cls._instance class Foo(metaclass=SingletonType): def __init__(self,name): self.name = name obj1 = Foo('name') obj2 = Foo('name') print(obj1,obj2) """ # PS: 為了保證線程安全在內部加入鎖
# 裝飾器實現的單例模式 # def wrapper(cls): instance = {} def inner(*args,**kwargs): if cls not in instance: instance[cls] = cls(*args,**kwargs) return instance[cls] return inner @wrapper class Singleton(object): def __init__(self,name,age): self.name = name self.age = age obj1 = Singleton('haiyan',22) obj2 = Singleton('xx',22) print(obj1) print(obj2)