Flask進階

 

 一、路由系統

1.路由

@app.route('/user/<username>')
@app.route('/post/<int:post_id>')
@app.route('/post/<float:post_id>')
@app.route('/post/<path:path>')
@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])

  以上五中都是可傳入參數的路由，也是常用路由，所有的路由都基於以下對應關系來處理

DEFAULT_CONVERTERS = {
    'default':          UnicodeConverter,
    'string':           UnicodeConverter,
    'any':              AnyConverter,
    'path':             PathConverter,
    'int':              IntegerConverter,
    'float':            FloatConverter,
    'uuid':             UUIDConverter,
}

 2，反向生成url 

在反向生成url的時候，必須導入url_for,即

from flask import Flask, url_for

endpoint("name")   #別名，相當於django中的name

@app.route('/index',endpoint="xxx")  #endpoint是別名
def index():
    v = url_for("xxx")
    print(v)
    return "index"

@app.route('/zzz/<int:nid>',endpoint="aaa")  #endpoint是別名
def zzz(nid):
    v = url_for("aaa",nid=nid)
    print(v)
    return "index2"

3、@app.route和app.add_url_rule參數

  rule,                       URL規則
            view_func,                  視圖函數名稱
            defaults=None,              默認值,當URL中無參數，函數需要參數時，使用defaults={'k':'v'}為函數提供參數
            endpoint=None,              名稱，用於反向生成URL，即： url_for('名稱')
            methods=None,               允許的請求方式，如：["GET","POST"]
            

            strict_slashes=None,        對URL最后的 / 符號是否嚴格要求，
                                        如：
                                            @app.route('/index',strict_slashes=False)，
                                                訪問 http://www.xx.com/index/ 或 http://www.xx.com/index均可
                                            @app.route('/index',strict_slashes=True)
                                                僅訪問 http://www.xx.com/index 
            redirect_to=None,           重定向到指定地址
                                        如：
                                            @app.route('/index/<int:nid>', redirect_to='/home/<nid>')
                                            或
                                            def func(adapter, nid):
                                                return "/home/888"
                                            @app.route('/index/<int:nid>', redirect_to=func)
            subdomain=None,             子域名訪問
                                                from flask import Flask, views, url_for

                                                app = Flask(import_name=__name__)
                                                app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'wupeiqi.com:5000'


                                                @app.route("/", subdomain="admin")
                                                def static_index():
                                                    """Flask supports static subdomains
                                                    This is available at static.your-domain.tld"""
                                                    return "static.your-domain.tld"


                                                @app.route("/dynamic", subdomain="<username>")
                                                def username_index(username):
                                                    """Dynamic subdomains are also supported
                                                    Try going to user1.your-domain.tld/dynamic"""
                                                    return username + ".your-domain.tld"


                                                if __name__ == '__main__':
                                                    app.run()

  練習

redirect_to：直接重定向，原url有參數時，跳轉是也得傳參，注意：不用加類型

#/old
@app.route('/old/<int:nid>',redirect_to="/new/<nid>")
def old(nid):
    return "old"
# /new
@app.route('/new/<int:nid>')
def new(nid):
    return "new"

 對url最后的/符號是否嚴格要求

@app.route('/test',strict_slashes=True)  #當為True時，url后面必須不加斜杠
def test():
    return "aaaaaaaa"
@app.route('/test',strict_slashes=False)  #當為False時，url上加不加斜杠都行
def test():
    return "aaaaaaaa" 

子域名訪問

@app.route("/static_index", subdomain="admin")
def static_index():
    return "admin.bjg.com"

動態生成子域名

@app.route("/index",subdomain='<xxxxx>')
def index(xxxxx):
    return "%s.bjg.com" %(xxxxx,)

Flask不支持正則，在擴展路由時，必須去繼承BaseConverter

from flask import Flask,url_for

    app = Flask(__name__)

    # 定義轉換的類
    from werkzeug.routing import BaseConverter
    class RegexConverter(BaseConverter):
        """
        自定義URL匹配正則表達式
        """

        def __init__(self, map, regex):
            super(RegexConverter, self).__init__(map)
            self.regex = regex

        def to_python(self, value):
            """
            路由匹配時，匹配成功后傳遞給視圖函數中參數的值
            :param value: 
            :return: 
            """
            return int(value)

        def to_url(self, value):
            """
            使用url_for反向生成URL時，傳遞的參數經過該方法處理，返回的值用於生成URL中的參數
            :param value: 
            :return: 
            """
            val = super(RegexConverter, self).to_url(value)
            return val

    # 添加到converts中
    app.url_map.converters['regex'] = RegexConverter

    # 進行使用
    @app.route('/index/<regex("\d+"):nid>',endpoint='xx')
    def index(nid):
        url_for('xx',nid=123)  #反向生成，就會去執行to_url方法
        return "Index"

    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()

二、視圖函數

1.Flask中的CBV模式

def auth(func):
            def inner(*args, **kwargs):
                result = func(*args, **kwargs)
                return result
            return inner

        class IndexView(views.MethodView):
            # methods = ['POST']  #只允許POST請求訪問
            decorators = [auth,]  #如果想給所有的get,post請求加裝飾器，就可以這樣來寫，也可以單個指定
  
            def get(self):   #如果是get請求需要執行的代碼
                v = url_for('index')
                print(v)
                return "GET"

            def post(self):  #如果是post請求執行的代碼
                return "POST"

        app.add_url_rule('/index', view_func=IndexView.as_view(name='index'))  #name指定的是別名，會當做endpoint使用

        if __name__ == '__main__':
            app.run()

 

2.Flask中的FBV模式

兩種方式：

方式一：
    @app.route('/index',endpoint='xx')
    def index(nid):
        url_for('xx',nid=123)
        return "Index"

    方式二：
    def index(nid):
        url_for('xx',nid=123)
        return "Index"

    app.add_url_rule('/index',index)

三、請求與響應

from flask import Flask
    from flask import request
    from flask import render_template
    from flask import redirect
    from flask import make_response

    app = Flask(__name__)


    @app.route('/login.html', methods=['GET', "POST"])
    def login():

        # 請求相關信息
        # request.method
        # request.args
        # request.form
        # request.values
        # request.cookies
        # request.headers
        # request.path
        # request.full_path
        # request.script_root
        # request.url
        # request.base_url
        # request.url_root
        # request.host_url
        # request.host
        # request.files
        # obj = request.files['the_file_name']
        # obj.save('/var/www/uploads/' + secure_filename(f.filename))

        # 響應相關信息
        # return "字符串"
        # return render_template('html模板路徑',**{})
        # return redirect('/index.html')

        # response = make_response(render_template('index.html'))
        # response是flask.wrappers.Response類型
        # response.delete_cookie('key')
        # response.set_cookie('key', 'value')
        # response.headers['X-Something'] = 'A value'
        # return response


        return "內容"

    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()

from flask import Flask,url_for,request,redirect,render_template,jsonify,make_response
from urllib.parse import urlencode,quote,unquote
app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/index',endpoint='xx')
def index():
    from werkzeug.datastructures import ImmutableMultiDict
　　=================
    # get_data = request.args
    # get_dict = get_data.to_dict()
    # get_dict['xx'] = '18'
    # url = urlencode(get_dict)
    # print(url)
　　====================
    # print(request.query_string)
    # print(request.args)
　　==========================
    # val = "%E6%8A%8A%E5%87%A0%E4%B8%AA"
    # print(unquote(val))   #吧上面這樣的數據轉換成中文
    #
    # return "Index"

    # return "Index"
    # return redirect()
    # return render_template()
    # return jsonify(name='alex',age='18')  #相當於JsonResponse
　　=======================
    response = make_response('xxxxx')   ##如果是返回更多的值，cookie，headers，或者其他的就可用它
    response.headers['xxx'] = '123123'
    return response


if __name__ == '__main__':
    # app.__call__
    app.run()

四、模板語法

1、模板的使用

Flask使用的是Jinja2模板，所以其語法和Django無差別

2、自定義模板方法

Flask中自定義模板方法的方式和Bottle相似，創建一個函數並通過參數的形式傳入render_template，如：

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>自定義函數</h1>
    {{ww()|safe}}

</body>
</html>

html

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from flask import Flask,render_template
app = Flask(__name__)
 
 
def wupeiqi():
    return '<h1>Wupeiqi</h1>'
 
@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def login():
    return render_template('login.html', ww=wupeiqi)
 
app.run()

run.py

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>


    {% macro input(name, type='text', value='') %}
        <input type="{{ type }}" name="{{ name }}" value="{{ value }}">
    {% endmacro %}

    {{ input('n1') }}

    {% include 'tp.html' %}

    <h1>asdf{{ v.k1}}</h1>
</body>
</html>

其他

五、session

除請求對象之外，還有一個 session 對象。它允許你在不同請求間存儲特定用戶的信息。它是在 Cookies 的基礎上實現的，並且對 Cookies 進行密鑰簽名要使用會話，你需要設置一個密鑰。

• 設置：session['username'] ＝ 'xxx'

• 刪除：session.pop('username', None)

from flask import Flask, session, redirect, url_for, escape, request
 
app = Flask(__name__)
 
@app.route('/')
def index():
    if 'username' in session:
        return 'Logged in as %s' % escape(session['username'])
    return 'You are not logged in'
 
@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def login():
    if request.method == 'POST':
        session['username'] = request.form['username']
        return redirect(url_for('index'))
    return '''
        <form action="" method="post">
            <p><input type=text name=username>
            <p><input type=submit value=Login>
        </form>
    '''
 
@app.route('/logout')
def logout():
    # remove the username from the session if it's there
    session.pop('username', None)
    return redirect(url_for('index'))
 
# set the secret key.  keep this really secret:
app.secret_key = 'A0Zr98j/3yX R~XHH!jmN]LWX/,?RT'

pip3 install Flask-Session
        
        run.py
            from flask import Flask
            from flask import session
            from pro_flask.utils.session import MySessionInterface
            app = Flask(__name__)

            app.secret_key = 'A0Zr98j/3yX R~XHH!jmN]LWX/,?RT'
            app.session_interface = MySessionInterface()

            @app.route('/login.html', methods=['GET', "POST"])
            def login():
                print(session)
                session['user1'] = 'alex'
                session['user2'] = 'alex'
                del session['user2']

                return "內容"

            if __name__ == '__main__':
                app.run()

        session.py
            #!/usr/bin/env python
            # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
            import uuid
            import json
            from flask.sessions import SessionInterface
            from flask.sessions import SessionMixin
            from itsdangerous import Signer, BadSignature, want_bytes


            class MySession(dict, SessionMixin):
                def __init__(self, initial=None, sid=None):
                    self.sid = sid
                    self.initial = initial
                    super(MySession, self).__init__(initial or ())


                def __setitem__(self, key, value):
                    super(MySession, self).__setitem__(key, value)

                def __getitem__(self, item):
                    return super(MySession, self).__getitem__(item)

                def __delitem__(self, key):
                    super(MySession, self).__delitem__(key)



            class MySessionInterface(SessionInterface):
                session_class = MySession
                container = {}

                def __init__(self):
                    import redis
                    self.redis = redis.Redis()

                def _generate_sid(self):
                    return str(uuid.uuid4())

                def _get_signer(self, app):
                    if not app.secret_key:
                        return None
                    return Signer(app.secret_key, salt='flask-session',
                                  key_derivation='hmac')

                def open_session(self, app, request):
                    """
                    程序剛啟動時執行，需要返回一個session對象
                    """
                    sid = request.cookies.get(app.session_cookie_name)
                    if not sid:
                        sid = self._generate_sid()
                        return self.session_class(sid=sid)

                    signer = self._get_signer(app)
                    try:
                        sid_as_bytes = signer.unsign(sid)
                        sid = sid_as_bytes.decode()
                    except BadSignature:
                        sid = self._generate_sid()
                        return self.session_class(sid=sid)

                    # session保存在redis中
                    # val = self.redis.get(sid)
                    # session保存在內存中
                    val = self.container.get(sid)

                    if val is not None:
                        try:
                            data = json.loads(val)
                            return self.session_class(data, sid=sid)
                        except:
                            return self.session_class(sid=sid)
                    return self.session_class(sid=sid)

                def save_session(self, app, session, response):
                    """
                    程序結束前執行，可以保存session中所有的值
                    如：
                        保存到resit
                        寫入到用戶cookie
                    """
                    domain = self.get_cookie_domain(app)
                    path = self.get_cookie_path(app)
                    httponly = self.get_cookie_httponly(app)
                    secure = self.get_cookie_secure(app)
                    expires = self.get_expiration_time(app, session)

                    val = json.dumps(dict(session))

                    # session保存在redis中
                    # self.redis.setex(name=session.sid, value=val, time=app.permanent_session_lifetime)
                    # session保存在內存中
                    self.container.setdefault(session.sid, val)

                    session_id = self._get_signer(app).sign(want_bytes(session.sid))

                    response.set_cookie(app.session_cookie_name, session_id,
                                        expires=expires, httponly=httponly,
                                        domain=domain, path=path, secure=secure)

自定義Session

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
"""
pip3 install redis
pip3 install flask-session

"""


from flask import Flask, session, redirect
from flask.ext.session import Session


app = Flask(__name__)
app.debug = True
app.secret_key = 'asdfasdfasd'


app.config['SESSION_TYPE'] = 'redis'
from redis import Redis
app.config['SESSION_REDIS'] = Redis(host='192.168.0.94',port='6379')
Session(app)


@app.route('/login')
def login():
    session['username'] = 'alex'
    return redirect('/index')


@app.route('/index')
def index():
    name = session['username']
    return name


if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run()

第三方session

關於session的配置

 app.config['SESSION_COOKIE_NAME'] = 'session_lvning'

- session超時時間如何設置？      'PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME':           timedelta(days=31)

 以下是跟session相關的配置文件

"""
            'SESSION_COOKIE_NAME':                  'session',
            'SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN':                None,
            'SESSION_COOKIE_PATH':                  None,
            'SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY':              True,
            'SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE':                False,
            'SESSION_REFRESH_EACH_REQUEST':         True,  #是否每次都跟新
            'PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME':           timedelta(days=31)

六、閃現

Flask中閃現是基於session來實現的，而session存在於服務器端的一個字典里，把session保存起來，取一次值，里面還是有數據，直到你完全刪除后才沒有值了。

閃現的使用

from flask import Flask,session,Session,flash,get_flashed_messages,redirect,render_template,request
app = Flask(__name__)
app.secret_key ='sdfsdfsdf'

@app.route('/users')
def users():
    # msg = request.args.get('msg','')
    # msg = session.get('msg')
    # if msg:
    #     del session['msg']

    v = get_flashed_messages()
    print(v)
    msg = ''
    return render_template('users.html',msg=msg)

@app.route('/useradd')
def user_add():
    # 在數據庫中添加一條數據
    # 假設添加成功，在跳轉到列表頁面時，顯示添加成功
    # 方式一
    # return redirect('/users?msg=添加成功')
    # 方式二
    # session['msg'] = '添加成功'
    # 方式三
    flash('添加成功')
    return redirect('/users')


if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(port=5001)

六、擴展

注：

  1.Flask中的擴展相當於django中的中間件

  2.Flask中是不支持正則的，通過擴展Flask的路由系統，用到了BaseConverter來擴展路由。

  [e-mail]_first_request：表示，當程序運行起來，第一個請求來的時候就只執行一次，下次再來就不會在執行了

具體使用

from flask import Flask,session,Session,flash,get_flashed_messages,redirect,render_template,request
app = Flask(__name__)
app.secret_key ='sdfsdfsdf'

@app.before_request
def process_request1():
    print('process_request1')

@app.after_request
def process_response1(response):
    print('process_response1')
    return response


@app.before_request
def process_request2():
    print('process_request2')

@app.after_request
def process_response2(response):   #參數也得有
    print('process_response2')
    return response   #必須有返回值


@app.route('/index')
def index():
    print('index')
    return 'Index'

@app.route('/order')
def order():
    print('order')
    return 'order'

@app.route('/test')
def test():
    print('test')
    return 'test'

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run()

運行結果如下：