我是從這里學的：https://www.cnblogs.com/picaso/archive/2012/07/02/2573748.html
軟件的安裝時操作系統管理的基礎，與Windows不同，Linux的軟件管理有很多種方式，Redhat的最常用的是RPM方式，安裝集成在光盤中的RPM包。這種方式比Windows平台的軟件管理更加便捷（個人感覺，總體感覺Windows程序安裝於卸載有點復雜），使用起來也更加的心用手。
1、Redhat中的rpm包的位置—— 光盤目錄中的 Package 目錄全部都是。
2、RPM常用命令解讀：
a、安裝程序： rpm -ivh <軟件包的絕對路徑> #i為install；v，verbose；h，hash
[root@asdf /]# rpm -ivh /media/RHEL_6.1\ i386\ Disc\ 1/Packages/vsftpd-2.2.2-6.el6_0.1.i686.rpm
b、卸載程序： rpm -e <軟件名>
[root@asdf /]# rpm -e vsftpd # e => erase 、uninstall [root@asdf /]# rpm -q vsftpd #檢測一下是否已卸載 package vsftpd is not installed
rpm -aq|grep yum|xargs rpm -e --nodeps #卸載所有yum相關包
c、查詢指定軟件是否已安裝： rpm -q <軟件名> / rpm -qa <軟件名> / rpm -qa | grep <軟件名>
[root@asdf /]# rpm -q yum # q，query yum-3.2.29-17.el6.noarch [root@peano /]# rpm -qa yum #這個命令沒有上一個命令快 yum-3.2.29-17.el6.noarch [root@peano /]# rpm -qa | grep yum #該命令使用管道進行正則匹配 yum-metadata-parser-1.1.2-16.el6.i686 PackageKit-yum-0.5.8-19.el6.i686 yum-utils-1.1.30-6.el6.noarch yum-rhn-plugin-0.9.1-26.el6.noarch PackageKit-yum-plugin-0.5.8-19.el6.i686 yum-3.2.29-17.el6.noarch
d、查詢已安裝軟件中的某一個文件的軟件包的詳細名稱： rpm -qf <某一文件>
[root@peano /]# rpm -qf /etc/yum.conf #qf， query file yum-3.2.29-17.el6.noarch
e、查詢已安裝程序都安裝在哪里： rpm -ql <程序名>
[root@asdf /]# rpm -ql yum #猜測： ql，query location /etc/bash_completion.d /etc/bash_completion.d/yum.bash /etc/logrotate.d/yum /etc/yum /etc/yum.conf /etc/yum.repos.d /etc/yum/pluginconf.d /etc/yum/protected.d /etc/yum/vars /etc/yum/version-groups.conf /usr/bin/yum /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/rpmUtils /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/rpmUtils/__init__.py /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/rpmUtils/__init__.pyc /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/rpmUtils/__init__.pyo /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/rpmUtils/arch.py /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/rpmUtils/arch.pyc /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/rpmUtils/arch.pyo /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/rpmUtils/miscutils.py /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/rpmUtils/miscutils.pyc /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/rpmUtils/miscutils.pyo /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/rpmUtils/oldUtils.py /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/rpmUtils/oldUtils.pyc /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/rpmUtils/oldUtils.pyo /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/rpmUtils/transaction.py /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/rpmUtils/transaction.pyc /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/rpmUtils/transaction.pyo ---More---
f、查詢已安裝軟件包信息： rpm -qi <軟件名>
[root@asdf /]# rpm -qi yum #qi, query infomation Name : yum Relocations: (not relocatable) Version : 3.2.29 Vendor: Red Hat, Inc. Release : 17.el6 Build Date: Thu 28 Apr 2011 10:43:39 AM PDT Install Date: Mon 02 Jul 2012 02:58:17 AM PDT Build Host: x86-005.build.bos.redhat.com Group : System Environment/Base Source RPM: yum-3.2.29-17.el6.src.rpm Size : 4640583 License: GPLv2+ Signature : RSA/8, Fri 29 Apr 2011 06:41:01 AM PDT, Key ID 199e2f91fd431d51 Packager : Red Hat, Inc. <http://bugzilla.redhat.com/bugzilla> URL : http://yum.baseurl.org/ Summary : RPM package installer/updater/manager Description : Yum is a utility that can check for and automatically download and install updated RPM packages. Dependencies are obtained and downloaded automatically, prompting the user for permission as necessary. [root@asdf /]#
g、查詢已安裝軟件的文檔位置信息：rpm -qd <軟件名>
[root@asdf /]# rpm -qd yum #qd， query document /usr/share/doc/yum-3.2.29/AUTHORS /usr/share/doc/yum-3.2.29/COPYING /usr/share/doc/yum-3.2.29/ChangeLog /usr/share/doc/yum-3.2.29/INSTALL /usr/share/doc/yum-3.2.29/README /usr/share/doc/yum-3.2.29/TODO /usr/share/man/man5/yum.conf.5.gz /usr/share/man/man8/yum-shell.8.gz /usr/share/man/man8/yum.8.gz [root@asdf /]#
h、查詢已安裝軟件的依賴關系： rpm -qR <軟件名>
[root@asdf /]# rpm -qR yum # qR ，query relation /usr/bin/python config(yum) = 3.2.29-17.el6 pygpgme python >= 2.4 python(abi) = 2.6 python-iniparse python-sqlite python-urlgrabber >= 3.9.0-8 rpm >= 0:4.4.2 rpm-python rpmlib(CompressedFileNames) <= 3.0.4-1 rpmlib(FileDigests) <= 4.6.0-1 rpmlib(PartialHardlinkSets) <= 4.0.4-1 rpmlib(PayloadFilesHavePrefix) <= 4.0-1 rpmlib(VersionedDependencies) <= 3.0.3-1 yum-metadata-parser >= 1.1.0 rpmlib(PayloadIsXz) <= 5.2-1
I、如果想查詢未安裝軟件包的相關信息，可以在以上a-h的命令參數中加入一個小寫的 p 即可查詢相關的參數，比如h中的，查詢依賴關系：
[root@asdf Packages]# rpm -qpc vsftpd-2.2.2-6.el6_0.1.i686.rpm warning: vsftpd-2.2.2-6.el6_0.1.i686.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID fd431d51: NOKEY /etc/logrotate.d/vsftpd /etc/pam.d/vsftpd /etc/vsftpd/ftpusers /etc/vsftpd/user_list /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf [root@asdf Packages]#
J、對軟件的更新操作有兩種方式——rpm -Uvh 和-Fvh,兩者區別在於前者在對沒有安裝的軟件將自動安裝，而后者將不安裝處理；如果降級，可以采用以下命令
rpm -Uvh --oldpackage gaim-1.3.0-1.fc4.i386.rpm //新版本降級為舊版