Django框架，urls.py模塊，views.py模塊，路由映射與路由分發以及邏輯處理——url控制器
這一節主講url控制器
一、urls.py模塊
這個模塊是配置路由映射的模塊，當用戶訪問一個url地址時，通過這個路由映射模塊，映射給對應的邏輯處理函數
urlpatterns等於的一個列表，列表里的一個元素就是一條路由映射
urlpatterns路由映射配置方式
參數說明：
一個正則表達式字符串
一個可調用對象，通常為一個視圖函數或一個指定視圖函數路徑的字符串
可選的要傳遞給視圖函數的默認參數（字典形式）
一個可選的name參數
urlpatterns = [
url(正則表達式, 映射函數，參數[可選]，別名[可選]),
]
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls,{'a':'123'},'ADMIN'),
]
如：
"""Xiangmu URL Configuration
The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.10/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
1. Add an import: from my_app import views
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: url(r'^$', views.home, name='home')
Class-based views
1. Add an import: from other_app.views import Home
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: url(r'^$', Home.as_view(), name='home')
Including another URLconf
1. Import the include() function: from django.conf.urls import url, include
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: url(r'^blog/', include('blog.urls'))
"""
from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from app1 import views
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls), #系統生成的映射
#注意里面的任意一條映射匹配成功，后面的則不在匹配
url(r'^articles/2003/$', views.special_case_2003), #表示articles/2003/這個路徑映射views模塊的special_case_2003函數
# url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/$', views.year_archive), #表示2003可以是0-9的任意4個數字
# url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/$', views.month_archive), #表示匹配二級目錄
# url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/([0-9]+)/$', views.article_detail), #表示匹配三級目錄
]
二、views.py模塊，路由映射的函數模塊，邏輯處理路由映射的需求
注意：自定義映射函數時，有兩個重點
HttpResponse(字符串)方法向用戶返回字符串
1，定義的函數必須，定義一個形式參數，這個形式參數接收的url請求信息對象，可以通過這個形式參數的各種方法獲取到各種請求信息
2，向用戶返回信息，必須在函數結尾return，如果是要給用戶返回一串字符串，那就必須返回HttpResponse方法，參數是要返回的字符串，需要先導入這個方法
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
# Create your views here.
def special_case_2003(request):
print(request.method) #獲取用戶請求的路徑
return HttpResponse('你好')
最后測試一下
瀏覽器輸入：http://127.0.0.1:8000/articles/2003/
邏輯處理時獲取用戶訪問路徑
邏輯處理自定義函數的第二個參數，就是接收用戶請求路徑的，所以需要自定義形式參數來接收
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
# Create your views here.
def special_case_2003(request,name):
print(request.method) #獲取用戶請求的路徑
print(name) #打印路徑
return HttpResponse(name) #將路徑返回到頁面
注意：要獲取路徑時，需要在路由映射哪里用正則的分組()號，將要獲取的路徑分組，也就是括起來，如果路由映射里有多個分組，邏輯函數就需要多個形式參數接收
"""Xiangmu URL Configuration
The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.10/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
1. Add an import: from my_app import views
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: url(r'^$', views.home, name='home')
Class-based views
1. Add an import: from other_app.views import Home
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: url(r'^$', Home.as_view(), name='home')
Including another URLconf
1. Import the include() function: from django.conf.urls import url, include
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: url(r'^blog/', include('blog.urls'))
"""
from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from app1 import views
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls), #系統生成的映射
url(r'^(articles/2003)/$', views.special_case_2003), #表示articles/2003/這個路徑映射views模塊的special_case_2003函數
# url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/$', views.year_archive), #表示2003可以是0-9的任意4個數字
# url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/$', views.month_archive), #表示匹配二級目錄
# url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/([0-9]+)/$', views.article_detail), #表示匹配三級目錄
]
上面我們講到的是自定義形式參數接收訪問路徑，下面我們講設置固定形式參數
邏輯處理函數，接收用戶訪問路徑時設置固定形式參數，
需要在路由映射里設置，邏輯函數接收的參數名稱?P<year>
路由映射
"""Xiangmu URL Configuration
The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.10/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
1. Add an import: from my_app import views
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: url(r'^$', views.home, name='home')
Class-based views
1. Add an import: from other_app.views import Home
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: url(r'^$', Home.as_view(), name='home')
Including another URLconf
1. Import the include() function: from django.conf.urls import url, include
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: url(r'^blog/', include('blog.urls'))
"""
from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from app1 import views
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls), #系統生成的映射
url(r'^(?P<year>articles/2003)/$', views.special_case_2003), #表示articles/2003/這個路徑映射views模塊的special_case_2003函數
# url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/$', views.year_archive), #表示2003可以是0-9的任意4個數字
# url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/$', views.month_archive), #表示匹配二級目錄
# url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/([0-9]+)/$', views.article_detail), #表示匹配三級目錄
]
邏輯處理
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
# Create your views here.
def special_case_2003(request,year):
print(year)
return render(request,'index.html')
邏輯處理返回html文件
將HTML文件放到templates文件夾，邏輯處理的時候會自動到這個文件夾搜索相應文件
需要先導入render方法
render(用戶請求對象，html文件路徑名稱)方法,向用戶返回html文件內容
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
# Create your views here.
def special_case_2003(request,name):
return render(request,'index.html')
整個流程
路由映射
"""Xiangmu URL Configuration
The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.10/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
1. Add an import: from my_app import views
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: url(r'^$', views.home, name='home')
Class-based views
1. Add an import: from other_app.views import Home
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: url(r'^$', Home.as_view(), name='home')
Including another URLconf
1. Import the include() function: from django.conf.urls import url, include
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: url(r'^blog/', include('blog.urls'))
"""
from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from app1 import views
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls), #系統生成的映射
url(r'^(articles/2003)/$', views.special_case_2003), #表示articles/2003/這個路徑映射views模塊的special_case_2003函數
# url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/$', views.year_archive), #表示2003可以是0-9的任意4個數字
# url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/$', views.month_archive), #表示匹配二級目錄
# url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/([0-9]+)/$', views.article_detail), #表示匹配三級目錄
]
邏輯處理
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
# Create your views here.
def special_case_2003(request,name):
return render(request,'index.html')
整個流程圖
上面講的，都是通過全局里的urls.py模塊路由映射的，如果網站很大有很多個app應用，那么就需要路由分發，每一個app應用負責一個業務
路由分發
過個全局里的urls.py模塊，配置路由分發，將制定的路徑分發到指定的app應用里的urls.py模塊里路由映射
全局urls.py模塊路由分發
首先要在全局urls.py模塊引入
from django.conf.urls import include, url
include('app1.urls')函數，設置要分發的路由映射路徑名稱
全局urls.py模塊路由分發
from django.conf.urls import include, url
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^bug', include('app1.urls')), #將訪問路徑以bug開頭的路徑分發到app1下的urls.py模塊里進行路由映射
]
app1.py路由映射
from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from app1 import views
urlpatterns = [
url(r'articles/', views.special), #表示接收全局的路由分發，做路由映射，映射到views下的special函數處理
]
views.py邏輯處理
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
# Create your views here.
def special(request):
return render(request,'index.html') #向用戶顯示一個html頁面
路由映射第三個參數，額外傳參，字典方式，邏輯處理函數以參數方式接收字典鍵
路由映射
from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from app1 import views
urlpatterns = [
url(r'articles/', views.special,{'anme':1234}) #路由映射第三個參數，額外傳參，字典方式，邏輯處理函數以參數方式接收字典鍵
]
邏輯處理
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
# Create your views here.
def special(request,anme):
print(anme) #接收路由映射的額外傳參字典的鍵
return render(request,'index.html') #向用戶顯示一個html頁面
注意：如果額外參數，如果寫在全局的路由分發里，那么這個路由分發下的所有路由映射函數都可以獲取到
路由映射第四個參數，給路由映射的路徑取一個別名，這個別名代指的就是路由映射路徑，
from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from app1 import views
urlpatterns = [
url(r'articles/', views.special,{'anme':1234},name='luj') #路由映射第三個參數，額外傳參，字典方式，邏輯處理函數以參數方式接收字典鍵
]
最終url控制器流程圖
