簡介
Exchanger,並發工具類,用於線程間的數據交換。
使用
兩個線程,兩個緩沖區,一個線程往一個緩沖區里面填數據,另一個線程從另一個緩沖區里面取數據。當填數據的線程將緩沖區填滿時,或者取數據的線程將緩沖區里的數據取空時,就主動向對方發起交換緩沖區的動作,而交換的時機是,一個緩沖區滿,另一個緩沖區空。代碼如下,很簡單,沒有加注釋。
1 public class FillAndEmpty { 2 Exchanger<DataBuffer> exchanger = new Exchanger<DataBuffer>(); 3 DataBuffer initialEmptyBuffer = DataBuffer.allocate(1024); 4 DataBuffer initialFullBuffer = DataBuffer.allocate(1024); 5 6 class FillingLoop implements Runnable { 7 public void run() { 8 DataBuffer currentBuffer = initialEmptyBuffer; 9 try { 10 while (currentBuffer != null) { 11 addToBuffer(currentBuffer); 12 if (currentBuffer.isFull()) { 13 System.out.println("[FillingLoop](Before)" + currentBuffer); 14 currentBuffer = exchanger.exchange(currentBuffer); 15 System.out.println("[FillingLoop](After)" + currentBuffer); 16 } 17 } 18 } catch (InterruptedException ex) { 19 Thread.currentThread().interrupt(); 20 } 21 } 22 } 23 24 class EmptyingLoop implements Runnable { 25 public void run() { 26 DataBuffer currentBuffer = initialFullBuffer; 27 try { 28 while (currentBuffer != null) { 29 takeFromBuffer(currentBuffer); 30 if (currentBuffer.isEmpty()) { 31 System.out.println("[EmptyingLoop](Before)" + currentBuffer); 32 currentBuffer = exchanger.exchange(currentBuffer); 33 System.out.println("[EmptyingLoop](After)" + currentBuffer); 34 } 35 } 36 } catch (InterruptedException ex) { 37 Thread.currentThread().interrupt(); 38 } 39 } 40 } 41 42 void start() { 43 Thread fillingLoopThread = new Thread(new FillingLoop()); 44 Thread emptyingLoopThread = new Thread(new EmptyingLoop()); 45 46 fillingLoopThread.start(); 47 emptyingLoopThread.start(); 48 49 try { 50 Thread.sleep(10); 51 } catch (InterruptedException e) { 52 // do nothing 53 } 54 fillingLoopThread.interrupt(); 55 emptyingLoopThread.interrupt(); 56 } 57 58 public void takeFromBuffer(DataBuffer buf) { 59 buf.take(); 60 } 61 62 public void addToBuffer(DataBuffer buf) { 63 buf.add(1); 64 } 65 66 private static class DataBuffer { 67 private final int[] buf; 68 private final int size; 69 private int index; 70 71 private DataBuffer(int size) { 72 this.size = size; 73 this.buf = new int[size]; 74 } 75 76 public static DataBuffer allocate(int size) { 77 return new DataBuffer(size); 78 } 79 80 public boolean isEmpty() { 81 return index == 0; 82 } 83 84 public boolean isFull() { 85 return index == size - 1; 86 } 87 88 public int take() { 89 if (index > 0) { 90 return buf[index--]; 91 } 92 93 return -1; 94 } 95 96 public void add(int data) { 97 if (index < size - 1) { 98 buf[index++] = data; 99 } 100 } 101 } 102 103 public static void main(String[] args) { 104 FillAndEmpty fae = new FillAndEmpty(); 105 fae.start(); 106 } 107 }
輸出如下,交換前后,兩個線程所持的數據緩沖區對調。(部分輸出未給出)
1 [EmptyingLoop](Before)com.luoluo.exchanger.FillAndEmpty$DataBuffer@1733c6a5 2 [FillingLoop](Before)com.luoluo.exchanger.FillAndEmpty$DataBuffer@39bcfec1 3 [FillingLoop](After)com.luoluo.exchanger.FillAndEmpty$DataBuffer@1733c6a5 4 [EmptyingLoop](After)com.luoluo.exchanger.FillAndEmpty$DataBuffer@39bcfec1 5 ......
源碼解析
常量介紹
1 private static final int ASHIFT = 7; // 兩個有效槽(slot -> Node)之間的字節地址長度(內存地址,以字節為單位),1 << 7至少為緩存行的大小,防止偽共享 2 private static final int MMASK = 0xff; // 場地(一排槽,arena -> Node[])的可支持的最大索引,可分配的大小為 MMASK + 1 3 private static final int SEQ = MMASK + 1; // bound的遞增單元,確立其唯一性 4 private static final int NCPU = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors(); // CPU的個數,用於場地大小和自旋控制 5 static final int FULL = (NCPU >= (MMASK << 1)) ? MMASK : NCPU >>> 1; // 最大的arena索引 6 private static final int SPINS = 1 << 10; // 自旋次數,NCPU = 1時,禁用 7 private static final Object NULL_ITEM = new Object();// 空對象,對應null 8 private static final Object TIMED_OUT = new Object();// 超時對象,對應timeout
ASHIFT,兩個有效的槽之間的地址長度是1 << 7(至少為緩存行的大小,避免偽共享問題,見下面說明)
MMASK,多槽交換可支持的最大索引,大小為MMASK + 1(index從0開始)
SEQ,bound的遞增單元,確定其唯一性(高位)
NCPU,CPU的個數
FULL,最大的arena索引,不大於MMASK;arena,一排slot,為的是獲得良好的伸縮性,避免所有的線程爭用同一個槽位。
SPINS,自旋次數,用於自旋等待,是最輕量的等待,依次是 spin -> yield -> block
偽共享,高速緩存與內存之間是以緩存行為單位交換數據的,根據局部性原理,相鄰地址空間的數據會被加載到高速緩存的同一個數據塊上(緩存行),而數組是連續的(邏輯,涉及到虛擬內存)內存地址空間,因此,多個slot會被加載到同一個緩存行上,當一個slot改變時,會導致這個slot所在的緩存行上所有的數據(包括其他的slot)無效,需要從內存重新加載,影響性能。
所以,為了避免這種情況,需要填充數據,使得有效的slot不被加載到同一個緩存行上。填充的大小即為1 << 7,如下圖所示
數據結構Node
1 static final class Node { 2 int index; // arena的索引 3 int bound; // 記錄上次的bound 4 int collides; // 當前bound下CAS失敗的次數 5 int hash; // 偽隨機,用於自旋 6 Object item; // 當前線程攜帶的數據 7 volatile Object match; // 存放釋放線程攜帶的數據 8 volatile Thread parked; // 掛在此結點上阻塞着的線程 9 }
index,arena的索引
bound,記錄上次的bound
collides,當前bound下CAS失敗的次數,最大為m,m(bound & MMASK)為當前bound下最大有效索引,從右往左遍歷,等到collides == m時,有效索引的槽位也已經遍歷完了,這時需要增長槽位,增長的方式是重置bound(依賴SEQ更新其版本,高位;+1,低位),同時collides重置
hash,偽隨機,用於自旋
item,當前線程攜帶的數據
match,存放釋放線程(來交換的線程)攜帶的數據
parked,掛在此結點上阻塞着的線程,等待被釋放
見下圖
數據結構Participant
1 // 每個線程攜帶一個Node 2 static final class Participant extends ThreadLocal<Node> { 3 public Node initialValue() { 4 return new Node(); 5 } 6 }
Participant直接繼承自ThreadLocal保存當前線程攜帶的Node,交換操作主要依賴Node的行為
屬性介紹
1 private final Participant participant;// 每個線程攜帶一個Node 2 private volatile Node[] arena; // 場地,Node數組 3 private volatile Node slot;// 槽,單個Node 4 private volatile int bound;// 當前最大有效arena索引,高8位+SEQ確立其唯一性,低8位記錄有效索引
bound,記錄最大有效的arena索引,動態變化,競爭激烈時(槽位全滿)增加, 槽位空曠時減小。bound + SEQ +/- 1,其高位+ 1(SEQ,oxff + 1)確定其版本唯一性(比如,+1后,又-1,實際上是兩個版本的bound,collides要重置的,而且從右向左遍歷的索引也要更新,一般來講,左邊槽位比右邊槽位競爭激烈,所以要從右向左找,為的是快速找到一個空位置,並嘗試占領它,當bound加一又減一后,遍歷索引右側的槽位應該就空出來了,因為大家都往左邊靠攏,所以要更新到最右側,如果沒有bound的版本唯一性,便沒有索引更新,就一直往左遍歷競爭激烈的槽位,還會誤判,本來bound應該縮減的,反而又使其增加,於是會很影響效率的。),低位+/-1實際有效的索引(&MMASK)
如下圖
exchange方法
1 public V exchange(V x) throws InterruptedException { 2 Object v; 3 Object item = (x == null) ? NULL_ITEM : x; // 轉換成空對象 4 // arena == null, 路由到slotExchange(單槽交換), 如果arena != null或者單槽交換失敗,且線程沒有被中斷,則路由到arenaExchange(多槽交換),返回null,則拋出中斷異常 5 if ((arena != null || (v = slotExchange(item, false, 0L)) == null) 6 && ((Thread.interrupted() || (v = arenaExchange(item, false, 0L)) == null))) 7 throw new InterruptedException(); 8 return (v == NULL_ITEM) ? null : (V) v; 9 }
首先判斷arena是否為null,如果為null,則調用slotExchange方法,如果arena不為null,或者slotExchange方法返回null,然后判斷當前線程是否被中斷(中斷標記),有則拋出中斷異常,沒有則繼續調用arenaExchange方法,如果該方法返回null,拋出中斷異常,最后返回結果。
帶超時的exchange方法
1 public V exchange(V x, long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException { 2 Object v; 3 Object item = (x == null) ? NULL_ITEM : x;// 轉換成空對象 4 long ns = unit.toNanos(timeout); 5 // arena == null, 路由到slotExchange(單槽交換), 如果arena != null或者單槽交換失敗,且線程沒有被中斷,則路由到arenaExchange(多槽交換),返回null,則拋出中斷異常 6 if ((arena != null || (v = slotExchange(item, true, ns)) == null) 7 && ((Thread.interrupted() || (v = arenaExchange(item, true, ns)) == null))) 8 throw new InterruptedException(); 9 if (v == TIMED_OUT)// 超時 10 throw new TimeoutException(); 11 return (v == NULL_ITEM) ? null : (V) v; 12 }
同上,加了超時的判斷。
slotExchange方法
1 private final Object slotExchange(Object item, boolean timed, long ns) { 2 Node p = participant.get(); // 獲取當前線程攜帶的Node 3 Thread t = Thread.currentThread(); // 當前線程 4 if (t.isInterrupted()) // 保留中斷狀態,以便調用者可以重新檢查,Thread.interrupted() 會清除中斷狀態標記 5 return null; 6 for (Node q;;) { 7 if ((q = slot) != null) { // slot不為null, 說明已經有線程在這里等待了 8 if (U.compareAndSwapObject(this, SLOT, q, null)) { // 將slot重新設置為null, CAS操作 9 Object v = q.item; // 取出等待線程攜帶的數據 10 q.match = item; // 將當前線程的攜帶的數據交給等待線程 11 Thread w = q.parked; // 可能存在的等待線程(可能中斷,不等了) 12 if (w != null) 13 U.unpark(w); // 喚醒等待線程 14 return v; // 返回結果,交易成功 15 } 16 // CPU的個數多於1個,並且bound為0時創建 arena,並將bound設置為SEQ大小 17 if (NCPU > 1 && bound == 0 && U.compareAndSwapInt(this, BOUND, 0, SEQ)) 18 arena = new Node[(FULL + 2) << ASHIFT]; // 根據CPU的個數估計Node的數量 19 } else if (arena != null) 20 return null; // 如果slot為null, 但arena不為null, 則轉而路由到arenaExchange方法 21 else { // 最后一種情況,說明當前線程先到,則占用此slot 22 p.item = item; // 將攜帶的數據卸下,等待別的線程來交易 23 if (U.compareAndSwapObject(this, SLOT, null, p)) // 將slot的設為當前線程攜帶的Node 24 break; // 成功則跳出循環 25 p.item = null; // 失敗,將數據清除,繼續循環 26 } 27 } 28 // 當前線程等待被釋放, spin -> yield -> block/cancel 29 int h = p.hash; // 偽隨機,用於自旋 30 long end = timed ? System.nanoTime() + ns : 0L; // 如果timed為true,等待超時的時間點; 0表示沒有設置超時 31 int spins = (NCPU > 1) ? SPINS : 1; // 自旋次數 32 Object v; 33 while ((v = p.match) == null) { // 一直循環,直到有線程來交易 34 if (spins > 0) { // 自旋,直至spins不大於0 35 h ^= h << 1; // 偽隨機算法, 目的是等h小於0(隨機的) 36 h ^= h >>> 3; 37 h ^= h << 10; 38 if (h == 0) // 初始值 39 h = SPINS | (int) t.getId(); 40 else if (h < 0 && (--spins & ((SPINS >>> 1) - 1)) == 0) 41 Thread.yield(); // 等到h < 0, 而spins的低9位也為0(防止spins過大,CPU空轉過久),讓出CPU時間片,每一次等待有兩次讓出CPU的時機(SPINS >>> 1) 42 } else if (slot != p) // 別的線程已經到來,正在准備數據,自旋等待一會兒,馬上就好 43 spins = SPINS; 44 // 如果線程沒被中斷,且arena還沒被創建,並且沒有超時 45 else if (!t.isInterrupted() && arena == null && (!timed || (ns = end - System.nanoTime()) > 0L)) { 46 U.putObject(t, BLOCKER, this); // 設置當前線程將阻塞在當前對象上 47 p.parked = t; // 掛在此結點上的阻塞着的線程 48 if (slot == p) 49 U.park(false, ns); // 阻塞, 等着被喚醒或中斷 50 p.parked = null; // 醒來后,解除與結點的聯系 51 U.putObject(t, BLOCKER, null); // 解除阻塞對象 52 } else if (U.compareAndSwapObject(this, SLOT, p, null)) { // 超時或其他(取消),給其他線程騰出slot 53 v = timed && ns <= 0L && !t.isInterrupted() ? TIMED_OUT : null; 54 break; 55 } 56 } 57 // 歸位 58 U.putOrderedObject(p, MATCH, null); 59 p.item = null; 60 p.hash = h; 61 return v; 62 }
總結
1. 檢查slot是否為空(null),不為空,說明已經有線程在此等待,嘗試占領該槽位,如果占領成功,與等待線程交換數據,並喚醒等待線程,交易結束,返回。
2. 如果占領槽位失敗,創建arena,但要繼續【步驟1】嘗試搶占slot,直至slot為空,或者搶占成功,交易結束返回。
3. 如果slot為空,則判斷arena是否為空,如果arena不為空,返回null,重新路由到arenaExchange方法
4. 如果arena為空,說明當前線程是先到達的,嘗試占有slot,如果成功,將slot標記為自己占用,跳出循環,繼續【步驟5】,如果失敗,則繼續【步驟1】
5 當前線程等待被釋放,等待的順序是先自旋(spin),不成功則讓出CPU時間片(yield),最后還不行就阻塞(block),spin -> yield -> block
6. 如果超時(設置超時的話)或被中斷,則退出循環。
7. 最后,重置數據,下次重用,返回結果,結束。
見下圖
arenaExchange方法
1 private final Object arenaExchange(Object item, boolean timed, long ns) { 2 Node[] a = arena; // 交換場地,一排slot 3 Node p = participant.get(); // 獲取當前線程攜帶的Node 4 for (int i = p.index;;) { // arena的索引,數組下標 5 int b, m, c; 6 long j; // 原數組偏移量,包括填充值 7 // 從場地中選出偏移地址為(i << ASHIFT) + ABASE的內存值,也即真正可用的Node 8 Node q = (Node) U.getObjectVolatile(a, j = (i << ASHIFT) + ABASE); 9 if (q != null && U.compareAndSwapObject(a, j, q, null)) { // 此槽位不為null, 說明已經有線程在這里等了,重新將其設置為null, CAS操作 10 Object v = q.item; // 取出等待線程攜帶的數據 11 q.match = item; // 將當前線程攜帶的數據交給等待線程 12 Thread w = q.parked; // 可能存在的等待線程 13 if (w != null) 14 U.unpark(w); // 喚醒等待線程 15 return v; // 返回結果, 交易成功 16 } else if (i <= (m = (b = bound) & MMASK) && q == null) { // 有效交換位置,且槽位為空 17 p.item = item; // 將攜帶的數據卸下,等待別的線程來交易 18 if (U.compareAndSwapObject(a, j, null, p)) { // 槽位占領成功 19 long end = (timed && m == 0) ? System.nanoTime() + ns : 0L; // 計算出超時結束時間點 20 Thread t = Thread.currentThread(); // 當前線程 21 for (int h = p.hash, spins = SPINS;;) { // 一直循環,直到有別的線程來交易,或超時,或中斷 22 Object v = p.match; // 檢查是否有別的線程來交換數據 23 if (v != null) { // 有則返回 24 U.putOrderedObject(p, MATCH, null); // match重置,等着下次使用 25 p.item = null; // 清空,下次接着使用 26 p.hash = h; 27 return v; // 返回結果,交易結束 28 } else if (spins > 0) { // 自旋 29 h ^= h << 1; 30 h ^= h >>> 3; 31 h ^= h << 10; // 移位加異或,偽隨機 32 if (h == 0) // 初始值 33 h = SPINS | (int) t.getId(); 34 else if (h < 0 && // SPINS >>> 1, 一半的概率 35 (--spins & ((SPINS >>> 1) - 1)) == 0) 36 Thread.yield(); // 每一次等待有兩次讓出CPU的時機 37 } else if (U.getObjectVolatile(a, j) != p) 38 spins = SPINS; // 別的線程已經到來,正在准備數據,自旋等待一會兒,馬上就好 39 else if (!t.isInterrupted() && m == 0 && (!timed || (ns = end - System.nanoTime()) > 0L)) { 40 U.putObject(t, BLOCKER, this); // 設置當前線程將阻塞在當前對象上 41 p.parked = t; // 掛在此結點上的阻塞着的線程 42 if (U.getObjectVolatile(a, j) == p) 43 U.park(false, ns); // 阻塞, 等着被喚醒或中斷 44 p.parked = null; // 醒來后,解除與結點的聯系 45 U.putObject(t, BLOCKER, null); // 解除阻塞對象 46 } else if (U.getObjectVolatile(a, j) == p && U.compareAndSwapObject(a, j, p, null)) { 47 if (m != 0) // 嘗試縮減 48 U.compareAndSwapInt(this, BOUND, b, b + SEQ - 1); // 更新bound, 高位遞增,低位 -1 49 p.item = null; // 重置 50 p.hash = h; 51 i = p.index >>>= 1; // 索引減半,為的是快速找到匯合點(最左側) 52 if (Thread.interrupted())// 保留中斷狀態,以便調用者可以重新檢查,Thread.interrupted() 會清除中斷狀態標記 53 return null; 54 if (timed && m == 0 && ns <= 0L) // 超時 55 return TIMED_OUT; 56 break; // 重新開始 57 } 58 } 59 } else 60 p.item = null; // 重置 61 } else { 62 if (p.bound != b) { // 別的線程更改了bound,重置collides為0, i的情況如下:當i != m, 或者m = 0時,i = m; 否則,i = m-1; 從右往左遍歷 63 p.bound = b; 64 p.collides = 0; 65 i = (i != m || m == 0) ? m : m - 1; // index 左移 66 } else if ((c = p.collides) < m || m == FULL || !U.compareAndSwapInt(this, BOUND, b, b + SEQ + 1)) { // 更新bound, 高位遞增,低位 +1 67 p.collides = c + 1; 68 i = (i == 0) ? m : i - 1; // 左移,遍歷槽位,m == FULL時,i == 0(最左側),重置i = m, 重新從右往左循環遍歷 69 } else 70 i = m + 1; // 槽位增長 71 p.index = i; 72 } 73 } 74 }
總結
1. 從場地中選出偏移地址為(i << ASHIFT) + ABASE的內存值,也即第i個真正可用的Node,判斷其槽位是否為空,為空,進入【步驟2】;不為空,說明有線程在此等待,嘗試搶占該槽位,搶占成功,交換數據,並喚醒等待線程,返回,結束;沒有搶占成功,進入【步驟9】
2. 檢查索引(i vs m)是否越界,越界,進入【步驟9】;沒有越界,進入下一步。
3. 嘗試占有該槽位,搶占失敗,進入【步驟1】;搶占成功,進入下一步。
4. 檢查match,是否有線程來交換數據,如果有,交換數據,結束;如果沒有,進入下一步。
5. 檢查spin是否大於0,如果不大於0,進入下一步;如果大於0,檢查hash是否小於0,並且spin減半或為0,如果不是,進入【步驟4】;如果是,讓出CPU時間,過一會兒,進入【步驟4】
6. 檢查是否中斷,m達到最小值,是否超時,如果沒有中斷,沒有超時,並且m達到最小值,阻塞,過一會兒進入【步驟4】;否則,下一步。
7. 沒有線程來交換數據,嘗試丟棄原有的槽位重新開始,丟棄失敗,進入【步驟4】;否則,下一步。
8. bound減1(m>0),索引減半;檢查是否中斷或超時,如果沒有,進入【步驟1】;否則,返回,結束。
9. 檢查bound是否發生變化,如果變化了,重置collides,索引重置為m或左移,轉向【步驟1】;否則,進入下一步。
10. 檢查collides是否達到最大值,如果沒有,進入【步驟13】,否則下一步。
11. m是否達到FULL,是,進入【步驟13】;否則,下一步。
12. CAS bound加1是否成功,如果成功,i置為m+1,槽位增長,進入【步驟1】;否則,下一步。
13. collides加1,索引左移,進入【步驟1】
見下圖(看不清圖片?鼠標放在圖片上面,【右鍵】 -> 【在新標簽頁中打開圖片(I)】 -> 【點擊(+)矢量放大】)
Unsafe
1 private static final sun.misc.Unsafe U; 2 private static final long BOUND; 3 private static final long SLOT; 4 private static final long MATCH; 5 private static final long BLOCKER; 6 private static final int ABASE; 7 static { 8 int s; 9 try { 10 U = sun.misc.Unsafe.getUnsafe(); 11 Class<?> ek = Exchanger.class; 12 Class<?> nk = Node.class; 13 Class<?> ak = Node[].class; 14 Class<?> tk = Thread.class; 15 BOUND = U.objectFieldOffset(ek.getDeclaredField("bound")); 16 SLOT = U.objectFieldOffset(ek.getDeclaredField("slot")); 17 MATCH = U.objectFieldOffset(nk.getDeclaredField("match")); 18 BLOCKER = U.objectFieldOffset(tk.getDeclaredField("parkBlocker")); 19 s = U.arrayIndexScale(ak); // 數組增量地址 20 ABASE = U.arrayBaseOffset(ak) + (1 << ASHIFT); // 數組首元素偏移地址 21 } catch (Exception e) { 22 throw new Error(e); 23 } 24 if ((s & (s - 1)) != 0 || s > (1 << ASHIFT)) 25 throw new Error("Unsupported array scale"); 26 }
s為數組中每個元素占用的地址空間大小,ABASE為數組首元素偏移地址,防止偽共享
最后,arena = new Node[(FULL + 2) << ASHIFT],FULL,<= MMASK,scale,<= 1 << ASHIFT,說明(FULL + 2)<< ASHIFT 個Node,真正可用的是FULL + 2個,實際上是FULL + 1 個,最后一個沒有用,也是為了防止偽共享,如果最后一個也使用,那么,其右邊並沒有填充,別的數據修改可能會影響到它,也即是發生偽共享問題。最大的有效索引是MMASK(bound & MMASK),但m(實際的最大索引)增長到FULL時,不再增長,會循環遍歷槽位,嘗試交換數據。
偽隨機
h ^= h << 1; h ^= h >>> 3; h ^= h << 10;
實際上是xorshift算法,T = (I + La)(I + Rb)(I + Lc),其中,L代表左移,R代表右移,a, b, c分別代表上式的1,3,10,I代表矩陣{0,1}共32位(int),也即是二進制int,T代表的就是隨機算法。翻譯過來就是上面的式子:h ^= h << 1; h ^= h >>> 3; h ^= h << 10.
為什么要選用1,3,10呢?
其實,偽隨機數,並不是真正的隨機,而是通過算法模擬出來的,為了達到隨機的效果,希望是周期越大越好。所謂周期指的是,當給定一個輸入,得到的輸出再作為下一次的輸入,如此反復,直到某次輸出恰巧等於最初的輸入,可以作為隨機算法關於隨機數的周期。有了這個概念,我們就可以寫代碼測試下。
直觀地推測,int類型最大周期應該是遍歷該類型所有的值(0除外,【奇異矩陣】,如果是0的話,輸出便一直是0,談不上隨機了),即是max - min = 232 - 1
Java代碼
1 public class PseudoRandom { 2 private static final Map<Long, StringBuilder> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(); 3 4 public static void random(int a, int b, int c) { 5 long cnt = 0; 6 int h = 1; 7 do { 8 h ^= h << a; 9 h ^= h >>> b; 10 h ^= h << c; 11 cnt++; 12 } while (h != 1); 13 14 StringBuilder builder = map.get(cnt); 15 if (builder == null) { 16 builder = new StringBuilder(); 17 map.put(cnt, builder); 18 } 19 20 builder.append(" (" + a + ", " + b + ", " + c + ")"); 21 } 22 23 public static void main(String[] args) { 24 CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(11 * 11 * 11); 25 ExecutorService s = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10); 26 for (int i = 1; i < 11; i++) { // i, j ,k實際上應該是31,這里僅為了說明問題,當改成31時,CountDownLatch應該初始化為31 * 31 * 31 27 for (int j = 1; j < 11; j++) { 28 for (int k = 1; k < 11; k++) { 29 final int ii = i; 30 final int jj = j; 31 final int kk = k; 32 s.execute(new Runnable() { 33 @Override 34 public void run() { 35 random(ii, jj, kk); 36 latch.countDown(); 37 } 38 }); 39 } 40 } 41 } 42 43 s.shutdown(); 44 try { 45 latch.await(300, TimeUnit.SECONDS); 46 } catch (InterruptedException e) { 47 Thread.currentThread().interrupt(); 48 } 49 50 TreeMap<Long, StringBuilder> t = new TreeMap<Long, StringBuilder>(Collections.reverseOrder()); 51 t.putAll(map); 52 53 for (Map.Entry<Long, StringBuilder> entry : t.entrySet()) { 54 System.out.println("[" + entry.getKey() + "]" + entry.getValue().toString()); 55 } 56 } 57 }
輸出,按周期次數倒序排列,即最大的在前
1 [4294967295] (1, 3, 10) (2, 7, 7) (2, 7, 9) (5, 9, 7) (7, 1, 9) (7, 7, 2) (7, 9, 5) 2 [4160749537] (1, 7, 9) (4, 1, 9) (6, 5, 9) 3 [3900702255] (1, 3, 4) (5, 5, 7) (7, 5, 5) 4 [3758096377] (1, 9, 2) (2, 9, 1) (7, 7, 9) 5 [2147483647] (1, 5, 5) (1, 9, 6) (2, 5, 5) (2, 5, 7) (5, 5, 1) (5, 5, 2) (6, 5, 7) (6, 9, 1) (7, 5, 2) (7, 5, 6) 6 [2147483644] (1, 9, 10) 7 [2147213313] (2, 5, 3) (3, 5, 2) 8 [2147188740] (4, 5, 5) (4, 9, 1) (5, 5, 4) 9 [2145385473] (7, 9, 9) 10 [2145382404] (1, 5, 9) 11 [2143288833] (5, 1, 6) (6, 1, 5) 12 [2139094020] (1, 7, 6) 13 [2113929153] (1, 5, 4) (4, 5, 1) 14 [2080374753] (2, 3, 3) (3, 3, 2) 15 [1997533470] (2, 9, 9) 16 [1879048185] (2, 5, 9) (4, 7, 9) 17 [1747831785] (8, 9, 5) 18 [1610612733] (7, 3, 10) 19 [1560280902] (3, 5, 5) (5, 5, 3) 20 [1431655765] (1, 7, 7) (2, 9, 5) (5, 1, 8) (5, 9, 2) (7, 7, 1) (8, 1, 5) 21 [1431562923] (1, 1, 2) (2, 1, 1) 22 [1430257323] (3, 9, 7) (7, 9, 3) 23 [1409286123] (5, 3, 7) (7, 3, 5) (9, 1, 10) 24 [1339553285] (1, 9, 5) (5, 9, 1) 25 [1242911789] (3, 7, 10) (5, 3, 10) 26 [1174405085] (1, 3, 5) (5, 3, 1) (9, 3, 4) 27 [1073741823] (3, 1, 6) (6, 1, 3) 28 [1073594370] (1, 9, 4) 29 [1064182911] (4, 3, 7) (7, 3, 4) 30 [1006632930] (3, 1, 10) 31 [714429611] (3, 1, 4) (4, 1, 3) 32 [713031595] (1, 7, 5) (5, 7, 1) (7, 7, 10) 33 [704642988] (3, 9, 10) 34 [626349395] (9, 5, 3) 35 [621455450] (2, 3, 9) 36 [613543351] (1, 5, 3) (3, 5, 1) 37 [602795529] (1, 1, 9) (7, 3, 9) (9, 1, 1) (9, 3, 7) 38 [536870911] (3, 5, 7) (6, 9, 7) (7, 5, 3) (7, 9, 6) 39 [536772612] (1, 1, 3) 40 [534773505] (6, 7, 1) 41 [528482241] (8, 3, 9) 42 [520093634] (1, 5, 10) 43 [469762041] (1, 7, 4) (4, 1, 7) (7, 1, 4) 44 [459276069] (4, 7, 5) 45 [453248985] (1, 3, 7) 46 [429286605] (5, 7, 6) (6, 7, 5) 47 [426141261] (1, 3, 8) (8, 3, 1) 48 [390070086] (1, 1, 6) 49 [389118324] (3, 3, 10) 50 [352321494] (6, 7, 9) 51 [352106517] (3, 7, 5) (5, 7, 3) 52 [341310837] (8, 7, 1) 53 [335544315] (4, 9, 7) (7, 7, 8) (7, 9, 4) (8, 7, 7) 54 [335360010] (3, 9, 5) 55 [310727725] (9, 3, 2) 56 [286331153] (5, 3, 8) (8, 3, 5) 57 [268435455] (1, 9, 3) (3, 9, 1) 58 [268435454] (3, 1, 8) (7, 9, 8) (8, 9, 7) 59 [268435452] (3, 1, 7) (7, 1, 3) 60 [268435448] (2, 3, 7) 61 [267386370] (5, 7, 7) (7, 7, 5) 62 [260046817] (4, 3, 1) 63 [259507262] (9, 5, 5) 64 [252645135] (3, 1, 5) (5, 1, 3) 65 [249690255] (5, 9, 8) 66 [234637326] (4, 1, 5) 67 [201326586] (5, 3, 6) (5, 7, 9) (6, 3, 5) 68 [201222147] (3, 7, 8) (8, 7, 3) 69 [195225786] (8, 1, 7) 70 [178924204] (3, 1, 1) 71 [167772155] (4, 3, 9) 72 [167680005] (5, 9, 3) 73 [153391689] (1, 5, 2) (2, 5, 1) 74 [153092023] (5, 7, 4) 75 [142501905] (2, 3, 5) (5, 3, 2) 76 [134217727] (8, 1, 3) 77 [134217726] (7, 5, 8) 78 [134150145] (3, 7, 9) 79 [134085633] (3, 7, 6) (6, 7, 3) 80 [133693185] (1, 9, 7) (7, 9, 1) 81 [129753631] (3, 9, 4) (4, 9, 3) (5, 5, 9) 82 [117318663] (5, 1, 4) 83 [100663293] (8, 9, 9) 84 [97612893] (7, 1, 8) 85 [97517382] (1, 7, 8) 86 [94371795] (1, 7, 3) (3, 7, 1) 87 [93323175] (6, 1, 7) (7, 1, 6) 88 [89478485] (3, 5, 9) 89 [87951402] (5, 9, 10) 90 [82993665] (4, 3, 5) (5, 3, 4) 91 [78212442] (1, 7, 10) (7, 5, 9) (9, 5, 7) 92 [75497463] (9, 3, 8) 93 [69273666] (7, 5, 1) 94 [67108863] (4, 7, 1) (5, 9, 9) 95 [67108862] (7, 3, 2) 96 [67084290] (9, 5, 10) 97 [66584449] (9, 3, 10) 98 [66059784] (4, 5, 9) (9, 5, 4) 99 [65536191] (2, 1, 5) (5, 1, 2) 100 [65011681] (6, 1, 1) 101 [62914530] (1, 7, 2) (2, 7, 1) 102 [58260615] (2, 9, 3) (3, 9, 2) 103 [57252195] (3, 5, 4) (4, 5, 3) 104 [56884380] (1, 1, 5) (5, 1, 1) 105 [55050135] (3, 1, 9) (9, 1, 3) 106 [47439707] (1, 5, 8) (8, 5, 1) 107 [44739242] (8, 5, 7) 108 [42105595] (1, 9, 8) (8, 9, 1) 109 [41287365] (5, 9, 6) 110 [34636833] (1, 3, 6) (1, 5, 7) (6, 3, 1) 111 [33554430] (3, 3, 8) (8, 3, 3) 112 [33554416] (6, 5, 3) 113 [30593745] (6, 7, 7) (7, 7, 6) 114 [23194290] (7, 3, 6) 115 [22282155] (1, 3, 2) (2, 3, 1) 116 [19473111] (1, 1, 4) (4, 1, 1) 117 [19168695] (1, 1, 8) (8, 1, 1) 118 [17284575] (5, 7, 8) (8, 7, 5) 119 [16777215] (1, 3, 3) (3, 3, 1) (5, 3, 9) (9, 3, 5) 120 [16777208] (3, 5, 6) 121 [16129169] (5, 1, 7) (7, 1, 5) 122 [14351946] (3, 7, 7) 123 [11597145] (6, 3, 7) 124 [11184810] (2, 7, 5) (5, 7, 2) 125 [11180715] (3, 7, 4) (4, 7, 3) 126 [9266985] (3, 3, 7) (7, 3, 3) 127 [8382465] (1, 1, 10) 128 [8257473] (6, 9, 5) 129 [7798308] (5, 5, 6) 130 [7427385] (4, 9, 9) 131 [7339976] (8, 1, 9) (9, 1, 8) 132 [5963685] (4, 9, 5) (5, 9, 4) 133 [5832615] (7, 1, 10) 134 [5592405] (2, 1, 3) (3, 1, 2) 135 [5374005] (5, 1, 9) (9, 1, 5) 136 [5332341] (7, 3, 1) 137 [5158440] (2, 1, 9) 138 [4783982] (7, 7, 3) 139 [3997791] (1, 9, 9) 140 [2936010] (5, 1, 10) 141 [2790571] (2, 9, 7) (7, 9, 2) 142 [2579220] (9, 1, 2) 143 [2162622] (3, 3, 5) 144 [2149602] (2, 1, 7) (7, 1, 2) 145 [1179612] (5, 5, 8) (8, 5, 5) 146 [1081311] (5, 3, 3) 147 [1048575] (1, 3, 9) (1, 5, 6) (6, 5, 1) (9, 3, 1) 148 [1043970] (8, 5, 3) 149 [1016379] (7, 9, 10) 150 [1003935] (6, 1, 9) (9, 1, 6) 151 [573405] (2, 7, 3) (3, 7, 2) 152 [557039] (1, 1, 7) (7, 1, 1) 153 [522753] (3, 3, 4) (4, 3, 3) 154 [521985] (3, 5, 8) 155 [458724] (7, 3, 8) (8, 3, 7) 156 [390915] (4, 5, 7) (7, 5, 4) 157 [278511] (6, 5, 5) 158 [131070] (1, 4, 7) (1, 8, 9) (1, 10, 10) (2, 4, 9) (2, 5, 6) (2, 7, 4) (2, 7, 8) (2, 7, 10) (2, 8, 7) (4, 6, 7) (4, 7, 2) (4, 9, 4) (5, 2, 9) (5, 4, 7) (5, 6, 8) (5, 8, 7) (5, 8, 10) (6, 5, 2) (6, 8, 7) (7, 4, 1) (7, 4, 5) (7, 6, 4) (7, 8, 2) (7, 8, 5) (7, 8, 6) (8, 6, 5) (8, 7, 2) (8, 7, 10) (9, 2, 5) (9, 4, 2) 159 [129794] (2, 5, 4) (2, 9, 8) (3, 5, 3) (4, 5, 2) (4, 5, 6) (5, 8, 9) (6, 5, 4) (8, 9, 2) 160 [128961] (7, 5, 10) 161 [126914] (6, 3, 10) (7, 6, 9) (7, 10, 9) (8, 6, 9) (9, 6, 7) (9, 6, 8) 162 [114674] (1, 2, 7) (1, 2, 9) (3, 4, 10) (5, 10, 7) (7, 2, 1) (7, 2, 8) (7, 10, 5) (8, 2, 7) (9, 2, 1) 163 [110670] (3, 2, 5) (5, 2, 3) 164 [98301] (4, 7, 7) (7, 7, 4) 165 [95046] (4, 4, 7) (5, 2, 2) (5, 6, 10) (7, 4, 4) 166 [85974] (2, 4, 7) (6, 6, 1) (7, 4, 2) 167 [65535] (2, 10, 4) (4, 10, 2) (5, 7, 10) 168 [65534] (1, 3, 1) (1, 6, 5) (3, 4, 9) (3, 10, 5) (4, 7, 4) (5, 6, 1) (5, 6, 7) (5, 10, 3) (6, 3, 8) (7, 6, 5) (8, 3, 6) (9, 4, 3) 169 [65532] (4, 10, 3) 170 [65528] (1, 2, 3) (4, 5, 10) (7, 4, 9) (9, 4, 7) 171 [64770] (1, 4, 9) (9, 4, 1) 172 [63240] (3, 4, 4) (4, 4, 3) (8, 2, 9) (9, 2, 8) 173 [61410] (2, 2, 7) (7, 2, 2) 174 [61320] (9, 2, 10) 175 [57316] (2, 3, 2) (6, 5, 8) (8, 5, 6) 176 [57288] (3, 8, 7) (7, 8, 3) 177 [55335] (4, 2, 6) (6, 2, 4) (8, 7, 9) 178 [55118] (3, 8, 8) (8, 8, 3) 179 [49146] (1, 8, 7) (2, 3, 8) (3, 4, 5) (5, 4, 3) (7, 8, 1) (8, 3, 2) 180 [47523] (2, 2, 8) (8, 2, 2) 181 [47244] (4, 7, 6) (6, 7, 4) (6, 10, 9) 182 [43690] (1, 2, 5) (1, 10, 3) (3, 10, 1) (3, 10, 7) (5, 2, 1) (5, 4, 6) (6, 4, 5) (7, 2, 9) (7, 8, 8) (7, 10, 3) (8, 8, 7) (9, 2, 7) (9, 4, 10) 183 [42966] (1, 8, 3) (2, 8, 5) (3, 8, 1) (3, 8, 5) (5, 8, 2) (5, 8, 3) (6, 7, 10) 184 [40955] (3, 9, 8) (8, 9, 3) 185 [39370] (5, 2, 6) (6, 2, 5) 186 [32767] (2, 2, 6) (6, 2, 2) 187 [32766] (2, 3, 6) (2, 9, 10) (2, 10, 9) (3, 2, 9) (3, 8, 6) (3, 10, 4) (3, 10, 10) (4, 4, 5) (4, 7, 10) (4, 9, 10) (5, 4, 4) (6, 3, 2) (6, 8, 3) (9, 2, 3) 188 [32764] (3, 2, 1) 189 [32752] (2, 6, 7) (4, 8, 5) (5, 8, 4) (7, 6, 2) 190 [31682] (2, 2, 5) 191 [31248] (6, 6, 5) 192 [30660] (3, 7, 3) 193 [28658] (1, 6, 6) (5, 4, 8) (8, 4, 5) (8, 10, 6) 194 [28644] (3, 2, 10) 195 [26670] (2, 10, 3) (3, 10, 2) (5, 10, 8) (8, 10, 5) 196 [26214] (2, 2, 9) (2, 9, 4) (4, 9, 2) (9, 2, 2) 197 [26040] (2, 8, 3) 198 [24573] (2, 6, 10) 199 [24528] (2, 5, 10) (5, 3, 5) 200 [23622] (7, 6, 1) 201 [22134] (3, 8, 4) (4, 8, 3) 202 [21844] (3, 2, 4) (4, 2, 3) 203 [21590] (3, 10, 9) 204 [21483] (4, 6, 6) (6, 6, 4) 205 [21420] (5, 2, 8) (8, 2, 5) 206 [21336] (1, 10, 9) 207 [20470] (7, 10, 10) (8, 10, 9) 208 [20460] (7, 8, 9) 209 [16383] (4, 6, 10) (4, 10, 10) 210 [16002] (5, 10, 6) (6, 10, 5) 211 [15810] (3, 5, 10) 212 [15748] (1, 6, 7) 213 [15624] (5, 6, 6) 214 [15330] (1, 4, 10) (3, 10, 6) (4, 9, 6) (6, 9, 4) (6, 10, 3) 215 [14329] (6, 10, 8) 216 [14322] (2, 10, 10) (3, 6, 10) (4, 3, 6) (4, 6, 9) (6, 3, 4) (9, 6, 4) (9, 6, 10) 217 [14280] (8, 6, 10) 218 [13020] (3, 8, 2) 219 [10922] (2, 4, 5) (5, 4, 2) 220 [10710] (6, 6, 7) (7, 6, 6) 221 [10668] (2, 10, 8) 222 [10416] (4, 3, 4) 223 [10230] (1, 5, 1) 224 [9362] (1, 4, 6) (2, 3, 4) (3, 6, 7) (3, 10, 8) (4, 3, 2) (6, 4, 1) (6, 9, 8) (7, 6, 3) (8, 9, 6) (8, 10, 3) 225 [9198] (3, 2, 6) (4, 10, 7) (6, 2, 3) (7, 10, 4) 226 [9052] (2, 8, 9) 227 [8190] (1, 6, 10) (1, 10, 6) (2, 6, 9) (4, 3, 10) (5, 4, 10) (5, 8, 6) (6, 4, 7) (6, 8, 5) (6, 10, 1) (6, 10, 7) (7, 2, 10) (7, 4, 6) (7, 10, 6) (9, 6, 2) 228 [8184] (4, 2, 5) (5, 4, 9) (7, 6, 7) (9, 4, 5) 229 [7905] (8, 6, 2) 230 [7710] (2, 10, 7) (7, 10, 2) 231 [7140] (6, 2, 9) (9, 2, 6) 232 [7112] (5, 8, 1) 233 [6510] (6, 10, 10) 234 [5460] (3, 8, 10) 235 [5334] (1, 10, 5) (5, 10, 1) (6, 8, 9) 236 [5208] (3, 2, 7) 237 [4774] (1, 2, 10) 238 [4526] (4, 10, 6) 239 [4284] (8, 3, 10) 240 [4095] (6, 2, 10) (7, 2, 7) 241 [4094] (2, 2, 10) 242 [4092] (3, 2, 8) (5, 2, 4) (7, 10, 7) (8, 2, 3) 243 [4088] (8, 8, 9) 244 [3906] (4, 10, 9) 245 [3810] (3, 6, 8) (8, 6, 3) 246 [3556] (2, 5, 2) (9, 2, 9) 247 [3472] (2, 6, 3) (3, 6, 2) 248 [3276] (1, 4, 3) (3, 4, 1) 249 [3069] (3, 10, 3) (5, 6, 5) 250 [3066] (7, 8, 10) 251 [2920] (2, 5, 8) (8, 5, 2) 252 [2730] (1, 8, 10) (5, 2, 7) (6, 10, 2) (7, 2, 5) (7, 6, 10) 253 [2570] (4, 8, 9) 254 [2520] (4, 8, 7) (7, 8, 4) 255 [2286] (1, 6, 9) (9, 6, 1) 256 [2263] (6, 10, 4) 257 [2142] (1, 10, 7) (2, 4, 3) (3, 4, 2) (7, 10, 1) 258 [2114] (3, 4, 7) (7, 4, 3) 259 [2044] (6, 5, 10) 260 [1953] (3, 6, 3) (3, 9, 3) (6, 6, 8) (6, 9, 6) (8, 6, 6) 261 [1778] (1, 8, 5) 262 [1533] (3, 9, 9) (6, 6, 10) (9, 6, 3) 263 [1530] (3, 4, 6) (5, 2, 10) (6, 4, 3) 264 [1524] (2, 2, 3) (3, 2, 2) (7, 10, 8) 265 [1365] (1, 10, 1) (2, 10, 6) (5, 2, 5) 266 [1302] (3, 6, 5) (5, 6, 3) (7, 2, 3) (8, 2, 6) 267 [1190] (2, 6, 4) (4, 6, 2) 268 [1116] (5, 10, 9) 269 [1068] (3, 4, 8) (8, 4, 3) 270 [1023] (3, 3, 6) (6, 3, 3) 271 [1022] (8, 2, 10) 272 [1020] (4, 4, 9) (4, 10, 5) (5, 8, 8) (5, 10, 4) (6, 2, 7) (7, 2, 6) (8, 8, 5) (9, 4, 4) 273 [1008] (1, 2, 6) (6, 2, 1) 274 [930] (3, 6, 4) (4, 2, 7) (4, 6, 3) (7, 2, 4) 275 [889] (8, 10, 2) 276 [868] (1, 6, 2) (1, 10, 4) (2, 6, 1) (4, 2, 9) (4, 10, 1) (9, 2, 4) 277 [840] (8, 6, 7) 278 [762] (1, 4, 5) (5, 4, 1) (8, 10, 7) 279 [682] (7, 4, 10) 280 [630] (1, 6, 3) (2, 3, 10) (3, 6, 1) (5, 6, 9) (6, 4, 9) (9, 4, 6) (9, 6, 5) 281 [511] (3, 6, 9) 282 [510] (2, 6, 5) (2, 6, 8) (2, 8, 10) (2, 9, 6) (3, 8, 9) (4, 6, 5) (5, 6, 2) (5, 6, 4) (6, 9, 2) 283 [508] (1, 2, 2) (1, 10, 8) (2, 2, 1) (4, 3, 8) (4, 9, 8) (6, 7, 8) (6, 9, 9) (8, 3, 4) (8, 7, 6) (8, 9, 4) (8, 10, 1) (9, 3, 9) 284 [496] (1, 2, 8) (8, 2, 1) 285 [476] (2, 7, 6) (6, 7, 2) 286 [434] (6, 2, 8) 287 [420] (7, 6, 8) 288 [315] (8, 10, 10) 289 [280] (8, 5, 10) 290 [255] (4, 4, 8) (8, 4, 4) 291 [254] (3, 8, 3) (4, 4, 10) (4, 6, 4) (4, 10, 8) (6, 8, 10) (8, 10, 4) 292 [252] (1, 7, 1) (1, 10, 2) (2, 7, 2) (2, 10, 1) (4, 8, 10) (6, 4, 10) (7, 3, 7) (8, 8, 10) (8, 9, 10) 293 [248] (4, 6, 8) (6, 6, 9) (9, 6, 6) 294 [240] (1, 2, 4) (4, 2, 1) 295 [234] (4, 5, 8) (8, 5, 4) 296 [210] (1, 8, 6) (2, 6, 6) (6, 6, 2) (6, 8, 1) 297 [186] (2, 8, 6) (2, 10, 2) (5, 4, 5) (6, 8, 2) 298 [170] (3, 3, 9) 299 [146] (3, 6, 6) (6, 6, 3) 300 [127] (6, 9, 3) 301 [126] (6, 4, 8) (7, 4, 7) (7, 4, 8) (8, 4, 6) (8, 4, 7) 302 [124] (8, 6, 4) 303 [120] (1, 4, 8) (1, 6, 4) (1, 6, 8) (4, 6, 1) (5, 7, 5) (5, 9, 5) (6, 5, 6) (6, 7, 6) (8, 4, 1) (8, 6, 1) (9, 6, 9) 304 [105] (5, 10, 10) 305 [102] (4, 8, 6) (6, 8, 4) (6, 8, 8) (6, 9, 10) (8, 8, 6) 306 [93] (1, 6, 1) (3, 2, 3) (6, 3, 6) 307 [85] (4, 2, 10) (9, 3, 3) 308 [84] (2, 4, 6) (2, 6, 2) (2, 10, 5) (3, 4, 3) (5, 10, 2) (6, 4, 2) (8, 4, 10) 309 [63] (6, 4, 6) 310 [60] (2, 4, 4) (2, 4, 8) (4, 4, 2) (4, 10, 4) (5, 8, 5) (8, 4, 2) 311 [56] (1, 4, 4) (4, 4, 1) 312 [51] (6, 3, 9) (9, 3, 6) 313 [48] (4, 4, 6) (4, 7, 8) (6, 4, 4) (8, 7, 4) 314 [42] (2, 4, 10) (5, 5, 10) 315 [35] (5, 5, 5) 316 [32] (1, 1, 1) (1, 4, 2) (1, 8, 2) (1, 8, 4) (1, 9, 1) (2, 1, 2) (2, 1, 4) (2, 1, 6) (2, 1, 8) (2, 1, 10) (2, 4, 1) (2, 8, 1) (2, 9, 2) (3, 1, 3) (4, 1, 2) (4, 1, 4) (4, 1, 6) (4, 1, 8) (4, 1, 10) (4, 5, 4) (4, 8, 1) (5, 1, 5) (6, 1, 2) (6, 1, 4) (6, 1, 6) (6, 1, 8) (6, 1, 10) (7, 1, 7) (7, 5, 7) (7, 9, 7) (8, 1, 2) (8, 1, 4) (8, 1, 6) (8, 1, 8) (8, 1, 10) (8, 3, 8) (8, 4, 9) (8, 5, 8) (9, 1, 9) (9, 4, 8) (9, 5, 9) 317 [31] (1, 2, 1) (3, 3, 3) (7, 7, 7) 318 [30] (6, 8, 6) 319 [24] (2, 8, 8) 320 [21] (2, 2, 4) (4, 2, 2) 321 [16] (1, 4, 1) (1, 8, 1) (1, 8, 8) (2, 2, 2) (4, 2, 8) (6, 2, 6) (6, 10, 6) (8, 2, 4) (8, 2, 8) (8, 8, 1) (9, 4, 9) 322 [15] (2, 4, 2) 323 [14] (6, 6, 6) 324 [12] (4, 8, 8) (8, 8, 2) (8, 8, 4) 325 [8] (2, 8, 2) (2, 8, 4) (4, 2, 4) (4, 4, 4) (4, 8, 2) (7, 8, 7) (8, 4, 8) (8, 6, 8) (8, 9, 8) (8, 10, 8) 326 [7] (4, 8, 4) (5, 10, 5) 327 [5] (3, 9, 6) 328 [4] (8, 7, 8) 329 [2] (8, 8, 8)
......5min timeout
可以看到,排在第一的恰巧是(1,3,10)周期為4294967295,正好是 232 - 1
一排多組,表示周期相等。
問題,為什么要有兩次左移和一次右移呢?其實只一次左移加異或就能達到隨機的效果。
猜測,之所以這樣,大概是因為,第一次左移,是為了讓高位多1,右移,是為了讓低位多1,這樣,高位低位都參與進來,增加隨機性,第二次左移,便是真正的隨機了。
行文至此結束。
尊重他人的勞動,轉載請注明出處:http://www.cnblogs.com/aniao/p/aniao_exchanger.html