Java反射與自定義注解


   反射,在Java常用框架中屢見不鮮。它存在於java.lang.reflact包中,就我的認識,它可以拿到類的字段和方法,及構造方法,還可以生成對象實例等。對深入的機制我暫時還不了解,本篇文章着重在使用方面,並附上一個本人應用到項目中的案例。

  • 基礎姿勢

    拿到類,反射是以類為基礎的基礎,首先拿到項目中的類,既可以這樣拿

Class<?> clazz = Class.forName(類路徑);

    也可以這樣拿

Class<?> clazz = 類名.getClass();

    在一般意義的JavaBean中,存在構造函數、字段、一般函數三中不同元素,只要拿到了類,接着拿到它們就是水到渠成

Constructor constructors = clazz.getConstructor(null);//拿到構造函數
Field[] fields = clazz.getDeclaredFields();//拿到它定義的所有字段
Method[] methods = clazz.getDeclaredMethods();//拿到它定義的所有方法

    注意,拿到無參的構造函數傳入的是null,拿到有參構造函數,則按照構造函數的參數位置傳入對應的類型class就行,比如

Constructor constructors = clazz.getConstructor(String.class,Integer.class,Double.class);//拿到有參構造函數

    拿到他們有什么用?拿到構造函數還好可以新建對象,拿到字段呢?這時候就得配合自定義注解來使用了?

    定義一個自定義標簽

import java.lang.annotation.*;

@Target(ElementType.FIELD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
//@Documented
public @interface AnnotationDemo {
    public String name();
    public String value();
}

    ElementType是作為標志存在的,而這個RetentionPolicy則是對功能上有影響的,它里面有三種策略。從源碼上看它存在CLASS,RUNTIME,SOURCE三種方式。這個Documented是生成java文檔時候是否帶上的意思。

package java.lang.annotation;

/**
 * Annotation retention policy.  The constants of this enumerated type
 * describe the various policies for retaining annotations.  They are used
 * in conjunction with the {@link Retention} meta-annotation type to specify
 * how long annotations are to be retained.
 *
 * @author  Joshua Bloch
 * @since 1.5
 */
public enum RetentionPolicy {
    /**
     * Annotations are to be discarded by the compiler.
     */
    SOURCE,

    /**
     * Annotations are to be recorded in the class file by the compiler
     * but need not be retained by the VM at run time.  This is the default
     * behavior.
     */
    CLASS,

    /**
     * Annotations are to be recorded in the class file by the compiler and
     * retained by the VM at run time, so they may be read reflectively.
     *
     * @see java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedElement
     */
    RUNTIME
}

    官方解釋是,這個注解會留在編譯器,class文件,和VM中,我理解為作用范圍。一般使用RUNTIME。

    接着造一個bean。

public class DemoBean {
    public String pubField;
    protected String protectField;
    String defaultField;
    @AnnotationDemo(name="test",value="123")
    private String priField;

    public DemoBean(){
        this("pub","protect","default","pri");
    }
    public DemoBean(String pubField,String protectField,String defaultField,String priField){
        this.pubField = pubField;
        this.protectField = protectField;
        this.defaultField = defaultField;
        this.priField = priField;
    }
    public void function1(){
        System.out.println("public function");
    }
    protected void function2(){
        System.out.println("protect function");
    }
    void function3(){
        System.out.println("default function");
    }
    private void function4(){
        System.out.println("private function");
    }
}

    在拿到class之后,遍歷它的field尋找注解,當然了,對method也可以這樣。

            Field[] fields = clazz.getDeclaredFields();//拿到它定義的所有字段
            for(Field field:fields){
                if(field.isAnnotationPresent(AnnotationDemo.class)){
                    System.out.println("有注解");
                }
                AnnotationDemo annotationDemo = field.getAnnotation(AnnotationDemo.class);
                if(annotationDemo != null){
                    System.out.println("注解 name:"+annotationDemo.name());
                    System.out.println("注解 value:"+annotationDemo.value());
                }
                System.out.println("屬性:"+field.getName()+"   "+field.getModifiers());
            }

    

    這種方式是不是很眼熟啊?沒錯,Spring里面到處都是。

  • 實際應用

    在給字段和方法打上標簽之后,繁瑣的,重復性的行為都讓框架為你處理,這種開發方式節省了很多代碼,加強了閱讀性,是非常提升效率的。

    反射有種方式是繞過編譯器對字段封裝性的限制的,也就是無論是public還是private的字段,在反射的程序中都是可以拿到並且改變它的值的。我們知道Spring框架對bean的注入,有好幾種方式。最讓人想的清楚的是構造方法注入和setter注入。而@autowired呢?即使不提供暴露接口一樣可以設置,這就是利用了反射的方式。

    經過查閱資料,閱讀源碼,在Spring-bean中尋找到這兩個類,因為設計圖太過復雜,本人只能在細小之處分析了。

/**
     * Populate the bean instance in the given BeanWrapper with the property values
     * from the bean definition.
     * @param beanName the name of the bean
     * @param mbd the bean definition for the bean
     * @param bw BeanWrapper with bean instance
     */
    protected void populateBean(String beanName, RootBeanDefinition mbd, BeanWrapper bw) {
        PropertyValues pvs = mbd.getPropertyValues();

        if (bw == null) {
            if (!pvs.isEmpty()) {
                throw new BeanCreationException(
                        mbd.getResourceDescription(), beanName, "Cannot apply property values to null instance");
            }
            else {
                // Skip property population phase for null instance.
                return;
            }
        }

        // Give any InstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessors the opportunity to modify the
        // state of the bean before properties are set. This can be used, for example,
        // to support styles of field injection.
        boolean continueWithPropertyPopulation = true;

        if (!mbd.isSynthetic() && hasInstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessors()) {
            for (BeanPostProcessor bp : getBeanPostProcessors()) {
                if (bp instanceof InstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessor) {
                    InstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessor ibp = (InstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessor) bp;
                    if (!ibp.postProcessAfterInstantiation(bw.getWrappedInstance(), beanName)) {
                        continueWithPropertyPopulation = false;
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if (!continueWithPropertyPopulation) {
            return;
        }

        if (mbd.getResolvedAutowireMode() == RootBeanDefinition.AUTOWIRE_BY_NAME ||
                mbd.getResolvedAutowireMode() == RootBeanDefinition.AUTOWIRE_BY_TYPE) {
            MutablePropertyValues newPvs = new MutablePropertyValues(pvs);

            // Add property values based on autowire by name if applicable.
            if (mbd.getResolvedAutowireMode() == RootBeanDefinition.AUTOWIRE_BY_NAME) {
                autowireByName(beanName, mbd, bw, newPvs);
            }

            // Add property values based on autowire by type if applicable.
            if (mbd.getResolvedAutowireMode() == RootBeanDefinition.AUTOWIRE_BY_TYPE) {
                autowireByType(beanName, mbd, bw, newPvs);
            }

            pvs = newPvs;
        }

        boolean hasInstAwareBpps = hasInstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessors();
        boolean needsDepCheck = (mbd.getDependencyCheck() != RootBeanDefinition.DEPENDENCY_CHECK_NONE);

        if (hasInstAwareBpps || needsDepCheck) {
            PropertyDescriptor[] filteredPds = filterPropertyDescriptorsForDependencyCheck(bw, mbd.allowCaching);
            if (hasInstAwareBpps) {
                for (BeanPostProcessor bp : getBeanPostProcessors()) {
                    if (bp instanceof InstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessor) {
                        InstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessor ibp = (InstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessor) bp;
                        pvs = ibp.postProcessPropertyValues(pvs, filteredPds, bw.getWrappedInstance(), beanName);
                        if (pvs == null) {
                            return;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            if (needsDepCheck) {
                checkDependencies(beanName, mbd, filteredPds, pvs);
            }
        }

        applyPropertyValues(beanName, mbd, bw, pvs);
    }

    經過一系列前置驗證(看得迷迷糊糊)然后進行bean注入,調用的是postProcessPropertyValues方法,點進去是個接口(多態性是挺坑的)。找了一下,最后找到AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor類,里面有個內部類AutowiredMethodElement,其中有個Inject方法是實施注入的。

    

    public static void makeAccessible(Field field) {
        if((!Modifier.isPublic(field.getModifiers()) || !Modifier.isPublic(field.getDeclaringClass().getModifiers()) || Modifier.isFinal(field.getModifiers())) && !field.isAccessible()) {
            field.setAccessible(true);
        }

    }
    @CallerSensitive
    public Object invoke(Object obj, Object... args)
        throws IllegalAccessException, IllegalArgumentException,
           InvocationTargetException
    {
        if (!override) {
            if (!Reflection.quickCheckMemberAccess(clazz, modifiers)) {
                Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
                checkAccess(caller, clazz, obj, modifiers);
            }
        }
        MethodAccessor ma = methodAccessor;             // read volatile
        if (ma == null) {
            ma = acquireMethodAccessor();
        }
        return ma.invoke(obj, args);
    }

    前一個是打開權限,后一個粗略看了下,就是注入了。

    大概的思路就是使用反射打開權限,然后從對象池中拿取對象並設置到該字段中。如果對象池沒有,大概就是放個空進去了,最后調用的時候就是空指針了。

  • 實踐案例

    未能吸取Spring優秀框架的思想,但是自己在項目中應用了一下這種技術。小型項目對建表的要求就是,新建一個bean自動生成一個表。是不是很像某ORM?是的,僅僅使用幾百行代碼就可以實現這個功能了,采用的就是以反射、Annotation為基礎的技術。

package Common;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Properties;
import java.util.Set;
import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
import Common.Annotation.ATable;
import Common.Annotation.AutoIncrement;
import Common.Annotation.Column;
import Common.Annotation.PrimaryKey;

/**
 * 初始化數據庫 按照Model包下的類及字段創建
 * @author ctk
 *
 */


public class InitDataBases {
    
    private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(InitDataBases.class);
    private Connection conn = null;
    private Set<String> tables;
    
    //單例
    private static InitDataBases instance = new InitDataBases();
    private InitDataBases(){
        conn = getConnection();
        tables = new HashSet<>();
        searchTables();
    }
    /**
     * 讀取數據庫資源文件
     * 獲得數據庫鏈接
     * @return
     */
    private Connection getConnection(){
        logger.debug("建立數據庫連接");
        String driver = "";
        String url = "";
        String username = "";
        String password = "";
        
        File f = new File(this.getClass().getClassLoader().getResource("/").getPath()+"jdbc.properties");
        
        Properties pro = new Properties();
        InputStream in = null;
        try {
            in = new FileInputStream(f);
            pro.load(in);
            driver = pro.getProperty("jdbc.driverClass");
            url = pro.getProperty("jdbc.url");
            username = pro.getProperty("jdbc.username");
            password = pro.getProperty("jdbc.password");
        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
            logger.error("資源文件未找到,請命名為jdbc.properties,並置於src下");
            System.err.println("資源文件未找到,請命名為jdbc.properties,並置於src下");
        } catch (IOException e) {
            logger.error("資源文件讀寫異常");
            System.err.println("資源文件讀寫異常");
        }
        Connection conn = null;
        try {
            Class.forName(driver);
            conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url,username,password);
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
            logger.error("加載驅動不成功,請檢查是否添加了jdbc的必要包");
            System.err.println("加載驅動不成功,請檢查是否添加了jdbc的必要包");
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            logger.error("數據庫連接錯誤,檢查賬號密碼和數據庫地址");
            System.err.println("數據庫連接錯誤,檢查賬號密碼和數據庫地址");
        }
        return conn;
    }
    /**
     * 自動建表
     * @param clazz
     */
    public void checkAndCreate(Class<?> clazz){
        String tableName = getTableName(clazz);
        if(tableExist(tableName))
        {
            logger.debug(tableName+"表已存在");
            return;
        }
        Field[] fields = clazz.getDeclaredFields();
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("create table ");
        sb.append(tableName);
        sb.append(" (");
        for(int i=0;i<fields.length;i++){
            PrimaryKey pk = fields[i].getAnnotation(PrimaryKey.class);
            sb.append(getColumnName(fields[i]));
            sb.append(" ");
            Class<?> type = fields[i].getType();
            if(type == String.class)
                sb.append("VARCHAR(255)");
            else if(type == int.class)
                sb.append("INT(50)");
            else if(type == long.class)
                sb.append("BIGINT(20)");
            else if(type == double.class || type == float.class)
                sb.append("DOUBLE");
            //如果是主鍵字段
            if(pk != null){
                sb.append(" primary key");
                AutoIncrement ai = fields[i].getAnnotation(AutoIncrement.class);
                //判斷是否自增
                if(ai != null){
                    sb.append(" AUTO_INCREMENT");
                }
            }
            if(i != (fields.length-1))
                sb.append(",");
        }
        sb.append(")DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8");
        logger.debug("sql:"+sb.toString());
        try {
            PreparedStatement pst = conn.prepareStatement(sb.toString());
            pst.execute();
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            logger.error("建表錯誤:"+e.getMessage());
        }
        
    }
    /**
     * 獲得表名字
     * @param clazz
     * @return
     */
    public String getTableName(Class<?> clazz){
        //獲得表別名
        ATable table = clazz.getAnnotation(ATable.class);
        if(table != null && "".equals(table.name()))
            return table.name();
        else
        {
            return clazz.getSimpleName();
        }
    }
    /**
     * 獲取列名稱
     * @param field
     * @return
     */
    public String getColumnName(Field field){
        Column column = field.getAnnotation(Column.class);
        if(column != null){
            return column.value();
        }else{
            return field.getName();
        }
    }
    /**
     * 查詢表是否存在
     * @return
     */
    private void searchTables(){
        String sql = "show tables";
        try {
            PreparedStatement pst = conn.prepareStatement(sql);
            logger.debug("sql執行:"+sql);
            ResultSet rset = pst.executeQuery();
            while(rset.next()){
                String tname = rset.getString(1);
                tables.add(tname);
            }
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            logger.error("sql錯誤:"+e.getMessage());
        }
    }
    /**
     * 判斷是否存在某數據
     * @param sql
     * @return
     */
    public boolean dataExist(String sql){
        try {
            PreparedStatement pst = conn.prepareStatement(sql);
            logger.debug("sql執行:"+sql);
            ResultSet rset = pst.executeQuery();
            long id = 0;
            while(rset.next()){
                id = rset.getLong("id");
            }
            if(id == 0)
                return false;
            else
                return true;
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            logger.error("sql錯誤:"+e.getMessage());
            return false;
        }
    }
    /**
     * 插入數據sql
     * @param sql
     */
    public void insertSql(String sql){
        try {
            PreparedStatement pst = conn.prepareStatement(sql);
            logger.debug("sql執行:"+sql);
            pst.execute();
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            logger.error("sql錯誤:"+e.getMessage());
        }
    }
    //獲得單例
    public static InitDataBases getInstance(){
        return instance;
    }
    public boolean tableExist(String table) {
        return tables.contains(table);
    }
    //關閉鏈接
    public void closeConn(){
        logger.debug("關閉數據庫連接...");
        try {
            conn.close();
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            logger.error("關閉數據庫連接失敗:"+e.getMessage());
        }
    }
}

    然后在啟動的Listener中加入。

        CommonInfo.FilePackage = this.getClass().getClassLoader().getResource("/").getPath()+"/WEB-INF/fildDownload";
        File pkg = new File(CommonInfo.FilePackage);
        if(!pkg.exists())
            pkg.mkdirs();
        
        File f = new File(this.getClass().getClassLoader().getResource("/").getPath()+"/Model");
        File[] fs = f.listFiles();
        List<String> tables = new ArrayList<>();
        for(File fl:fs){
            String fname = fl.getName();
            fname = fname.substring(0,fname.length()-6);
            tables.add(fname);
        }
        InitDataBases initDB = InitDataBases.getInstance();
        try {
            for (String table : tables) {
                Class<?> clazz = Class.forName("Model." + table);
                initDB.checkAndCreate(clazz);
            }
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
            logger.error("找不到bean:"+e.getMessage());;
        

    大概的思路就是,檢查bean文件夾下是否存在bean並且bean中是否有Annotation修飾,並拼湊建表語句,最后新建表,別忘了關閉數據庫連接。

 

 

 

 

     


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