JSON

JSON簡介

JSON（JavaScript Object Notation）是一種由道格拉斯·克羅克福特構想設計、輕量級的數據交換語言，以文字為基礎，且易於讓人閱讀。盡管JSON是Javascript的一個子集，但JSON是獨立於語言的文本格式，並且采用了類似於C語言家族的一些習慣。
JSON 數據格式與語言無關，脫胎於 JavaScript，但目前很多編程語言都支持 JSON 格式數據的生成和解析。JSON 的官方 MIME 類型是 application/json，文件擴展名是 .json。

Python中的json模塊

json_str = json.dumps(data)  # python--->json
data = json.loads(json_str)  # json--->python

json.dump(data, f)   # python--->json
data = json.load(f)  # json--->python

比如我們要將一個字典寫到文件：

dic = {'name': 'lcg', 'age': 18, 'hobby': 'music'}
with open('a.txt', 'w', encoding='utf8') as f:
    f.write(dic)

# 此時會報錯
TypeError: write() argument must be str, not dict

這時我們就可以用到json模塊

import json

dic = {'name': 'lcg', 'age': 18, 'hobby': 'music'}
with open('a.txt', 'w', encoding='utf8') as f:
    json.dump(dic, f)

或者

import json

dic = {'name': 'lcg', 'age': 18, 'hobby': 'music'}
d = json.dumps(dic)
with open('a.txt', 'w', encoding='utf8') as f:
    f.write(d)

json源碼

r"""JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) <http://json.org> is a subset of
JavaScript syntax (ECMA-262 3rd edition) used as a lightweight data
interchange format.

:mod:`json` exposes an API familiar to users of the standard library
:mod:`marshal` and :mod:`pickle` modules.  It is derived from a
version of the externally maintained simplejson library.

Encoding basic Python object hierarchies::

    >>> import json
    >>> json.dumps(['foo', {'bar': ('baz', None, 1.0, 2)}])
    '["foo", {"bar": ["baz", null, 1.0, 2]}]'
    >>> print(json.dumps("\"foo\bar"))
    "\"foo\bar"
    >>> print(json.dumps('\u1234'))
    "\u1234"
    >>> print(json.dumps('\\'))
    "\\"
    >>> print(json.dumps({"c": 0, "b": 0, "a": 0}, sort_keys=True))
    {"a": 0, "b": 0, "c": 0}
    >>> from io import StringIO
    >>> io = StringIO()
    >>> json.dump(['streaming API'], io)
    >>> io.getvalue()
    '["streaming API"]'

Compact encoding::

    >>> import json
    >>> from collections import OrderedDict
    >>> mydict = OrderedDict([('4', 5), ('6', 7)])
    >>> json.dumps([1,2,3,mydict], separators=(',', ':'))
    '[1,2,3,{"4":5,"6":7}]'

Pretty printing::

    >>> import json
    >>> print(json.dumps({'4': 5, '6': 7}, sort_keys=True, indent=4))
    {
        "4": 5,
        "6": 7
    }

Decoding JSON::

    >>> import json
    >>> obj = ['foo', {'bar': ['baz', None, 1.0, 2]}]
    >>> json.loads('["foo", {"bar":["baz", null, 1.0, 2]}]') == obj
    True
    >>> json.loads('"\\"foo\\bar"') == '"foo\x08ar'
    True
    >>> from io import StringIO
    >>> io = StringIO('["streaming API"]')
    >>> json.load(io)[0] == 'streaming API'
    True

Specializing JSON object decoding::

    >>> import json
    >>> def as_complex(dct):
    ...     if '__complex__' in dct:
    ...         return complex(dct['real'], dct['imag'])
    ...     return dct
    ...
    >>> json.loads('{"__complex__": true, "real": 1, "imag": 2}',
    ...     object_hook=as_complex)
    (1+2j)
    >>> from decimal import Decimal
    >>> json.loads('1.1', parse_float=Decimal) == Decimal('1.1')
    True

Specializing JSON object encoding::

    >>> import json
    >>> def encode_complex(obj):
    ...     if isinstance(obj, complex):
    ...         return [obj.real, obj.imag]
    ...     raise TypeError(repr(obj) + " is not JSON serializable")
    ...
    >>> json.dumps(2 + 1j, default=encode_complex)
    '[2.0, 1.0]'
    >>> json.JSONEncoder(default=encode_complex).encode(2 + 1j)
    '[2.0, 1.0]'
    >>> ''.join(json.JSONEncoder(default=encode_complex).iterencode(2 + 1j))
    '[2.0, 1.0]'


Using json.tool from the shell to validate and pretty-print::

    $ echo '{"json":"obj"}' | python -m json.tool
    {
        "json": "obj"
    }
    $ echo '{ 1.2:3.4}' | python -m json.tool
    Expecting property name enclosed in double quotes: line 1 column 3 (char 2)
"""
__version__ = '2.0.9'
__all__ = [
    'dump', 'dumps', 'load', 'loads',
    'JSONDecoder', 'JSONDecodeError', 'JSONEncoder',
]

__author__ = 'Bob Ippolito <[e-mail]>'

from .decoder import JSONDecoder, JSONDecodeError
from .encoder import JSONEncoder
import codecs

_default_encoder = JSONEncoder(
    skipkeys=False,
    ensure_ascii=True,
    check_circular=True,
    allow_nan=True,
    indent=None,
    separators=None,
    default=None,
)

def dump(obj, fp, *, skipkeys=False, ensure_ascii=True, check_circular=True,
        allow_nan=True, cls=None, indent=None, separators=None,
        default=None, sort_keys=False, **kw):
    """Serialize ``obj`` as a JSON formatted stream to ``fp`` (a
    ``.write()``-supporting file-like object).

    If ``skipkeys`` is true then ``dict`` keys that are not basic types
    (``str``, ``int``, ``float``, ``bool``, ``None``) will be skipped
    instead of raising a ``TypeError``.

    If ``ensure_ascii`` is false, then the strings written to ``fp`` can
    contain non-ASCII characters if they appear in strings contained in
    ``obj``. Otherwise, all such characters are escaped in JSON strings.

    If ``check_circular`` is false, then the circular reference check
    for container types will be skipped and a circular reference will
    result in an ``OverflowError`` (or worse).

    If ``allow_nan`` is false, then it will be a ``ValueError`` to
    serialize out of range ``float`` values (``nan``, ``inf``, ``-inf``)
    in strict compliance of the JSON specification, instead of using the
    JavaScript equivalents (``NaN``, ``Infinity``, ``-Infinity``).

    If ``indent`` is a non-negative integer, then JSON array elements and
    object members will be pretty-printed with that indent level. An indent
    level of 0 will only insert newlines. ``None`` is the most compact
    representation.

    If specified, ``separators`` should be an ``(item_separator, key_separator)``
    tuple.  The default is ``(', ', ': ')`` if *indent* is ``None`` and
    ``(',', ': ')`` otherwise.  To get the most compact JSON representation,
    you should specify ``(',', ':')`` to eliminate whitespace.

    ``default(obj)`` is a function that should return a serializable version
    of obj or raise TypeError. The default simply raises TypeError.

    If *sort_keys* is true (default: ``False``), then the output of
    dictionaries will be sorted by key.

    To use a custom ``JSONEncoder`` subclass (e.g. one that overrides the
    ``.default()`` method to serialize additional types), specify it with
    the ``cls`` kwarg; otherwise ``JSONEncoder`` is used.

    """
    # cached encoder
    if (not skipkeys and ensure_ascii and
        check_circular and allow_nan and
        cls is None and indent is None and separators is None and
        default is None and not sort_keys and not kw):
        iterable = _default_encoder.iterencode(obj)
    else:
        if cls is None:
            cls = JSONEncoder
        iterable = cls(skipkeys=skipkeys, ensure_ascii=ensure_ascii,
            check_circular=check_circular, allow_nan=allow_nan, indent=indent,
            separators=separators,
            default=default, sort_keys=sort_keys, **kw).iterencode(obj)
    # could accelerate with writelines in some versions of Python, at
    # a debuggability cost
    for chunk in iterable:
        fp.write(chunk)


def dumps(obj, *, skipkeys=False, ensure_ascii=True, check_circular=True,
        allow_nan=True, cls=None, indent=None, separators=None,
        default=None, sort_keys=False, **kw):
    """Serialize ``obj`` to a JSON formatted ``str``.

    If ``skipkeys`` is true then ``dict`` keys that are not basic types
    (``str``, ``int``, ``float``, ``bool``, ``None``) will be skipped
    instead of raising a ``TypeError``.

    If ``ensure_ascii`` is false, then the return value can contain non-ASCII
    characters if they appear in strings contained in ``obj``. Otherwise, all
    such characters are escaped in JSON strings.

    If ``check_circular`` is false, then the circular reference check
    for container types will be skipped and a circular reference will
    result in an ``OverflowError`` (or worse).

    If ``allow_nan`` is false, then it will be a ``ValueError`` to
    serialize out of range ``float`` values (``nan``, ``inf``, ``-inf``) in
    strict compliance of the JSON specification, instead of using the
    JavaScript equivalents (``NaN``, ``Infinity``, ``-Infinity``).

    If ``indent`` is a non-negative integer, then JSON array elements and
    object members will be pretty-printed with that indent level. An indent
    level of 0 will only insert newlines. ``None`` is the most compact
    representation.

    If specified, ``separators`` should be an ``(item_separator, key_separator)``
    tuple.  The default is ``(', ', ': ')`` if *indent* is ``None`` and
    ``(',', ': ')`` otherwise.  To get the most compact JSON representation,
    you should specify ``(',', ':')`` to eliminate whitespace.

    ``default(obj)`` is a function that should return a serializable version
    of obj or raise TypeError. The default simply raises TypeError.

    If *sort_keys* is true (default: ``False``), then the output of
    dictionaries will be sorted by key.

    To use a custom ``JSONEncoder`` subclass (e.g. one that overrides the
    ``.default()`` method to serialize additional types), specify it with
    the ``cls`` kwarg; otherwise ``JSONEncoder`` is used.

    """
    # cached encoder
    if (not skipkeys and ensure_ascii and
        check_circular and allow_nan and
        cls is None and indent is None and separators is None and
        default is None and not sort_keys and not kw):
        return _default_encoder.encode(obj)
    if cls is None:
        cls = JSONEncoder
    return cls(
        skipkeys=skipkeys, ensure_ascii=ensure_ascii,
        check_circular=check_circular, allow_nan=allow_nan, indent=indent,
        separators=separators, default=default, sort_keys=sort_keys,
        **kw).encode(obj)


_default_decoder = JSONDecoder(object_hook=None, object_pairs_hook=None)


def detect_encoding(b):
    bstartswith = b.startswith
    if bstartswith((codecs.BOM_UTF32_BE, codecs.BOM_UTF32_LE)):
        return 'utf-32'
    if bstartswith((codecs.BOM_UTF16_BE, codecs.BOM_UTF16_LE)):
        return 'utf-16'
    if bstartswith(codecs.BOM_UTF8):
        return 'utf-8-sig'

    if len(b) >= 4:
        if not b[0]:
            # 00 00 -- -- - utf-32-be
            # 00 XX -- -- - utf-16-be
            return 'utf-16-be' if b[1] else 'utf-32-be'
        if not b[1]:
            # XX 00 00 00 - utf-32-le
            # XX 00 00 XX - utf-16-le
            # XX 00 XX -- - utf-16-le
            return 'utf-16-le' if b[2] or b[3] else 'utf-32-le'
    elif len(b) == 2:
        if not b[0]:
            # 00 XX - utf-16-be
            return 'utf-16-be'
        if not b[1]:
            # XX 00 - utf-16-le
            return 'utf-16-le'
    # default
    return 'utf-8'


def load(fp, *, cls=None, object_hook=None, parse_float=None,
        parse_int=None, parse_constant=None, object_pairs_hook=None, **kw):
    """Deserialize ``fp`` (a ``.read()``-supporting file-like object containing
    a JSON document) to a Python object.

    ``object_hook`` is an optional function that will be called with the
    result of any object literal decode (a ``dict``). The return value of
    ``object_hook`` will be used instead of the ``dict``. This feature
    can be used to implement custom decoders (e.g. JSON-RPC class hinting).

    ``object_pairs_hook`` is an optional function that will be called with the
    result of any object literal decoded with an ordered list of pairs.  The
    return value of ``object_pairs_hook`` will be used instead of the ``dict``.
    This feature can be used to implement custom decoders that rely on the
    order that the key and value pairs are decoded (for example,
    collections.OrderedDict will remember the order of insertion). If
    ``object_hook`` is also defined, the ``object_pairs_hook`` takes priority.

    To use a custom ``JSONDecoder`` subclass, specify it with the ``cls``
    kwarg; otherwise ``JSONDecoder`` is used.

    """
    return loads(fp.read(),
        cls=cls, object_hook=object_hook,
        parse_float=parse_float, parse_int=parse_int,
        parse_constant=parse_constant, object_pairs_hook=object_pairs_hook, **kw)


def loads(s, *, encoding=None, cls=None, object_hook=None, parse_float=None,
        parse_int=None, parse_constant=None, object_pairs_hook=None, **kw):
    """Deserialize ``s`` (a ``str``, ``bytes`` or ``bytearray`` instance
    containing a JSON document) to a Python object.

    ``object_hook`` is an optional function that will be called with the
    result of any object literal decode (a ``dict``). The return value of
    ``object_hook`` will be used instead of the ``dict``. This feature
    can be used to implement custom decoders (e.g. JSON-RPC class hinting).

    ``object_pairs_hook`` is an optional function that will be called with the
    result of any object literal decoded with an ordered list of pairs.  The
    return value of ``object_pairs_hook`` will be used instead of the ``dict``.
    This feature can be used to implement custom decoders that rely on the
    order that the key and value pairs are decoded (for example,
    collections.OrderedDict will remember the order of insertion). If
    ``object_hook`` is also defined, the ``object_pairs_hook`` takes priority.

    ``parse_float``, if specified, will be called with the string
    of every JSON float to be decoded. By default this is equivalent to
    float(num_str). This can be used to use another datatype or parser
    for JSON floats (e.g. decimal.Decimal).

    ``parse_int``, if specified, will be called with the string
    of every JSON int to be decoded. By default this is equivalent to
    int(num_str). This can be used to use another datatype or parser
    for JSON integers (e.g. float).

    ``parse_constant``, if specified, will be called with one of the
    following strings: -Infinity, Infinity, NaN.
    This can be used to raise an exception if invalid JSON numbers
    are encountered.

    To use a custom ``JSONDecoder`` subclass, specify it with the ``cls``
    kwarg; otherwise ``JSONDecoder`` is used.

    The ``encoding`` argument is ignored and deprecated.

    """
    if isinstance(s, str):
        if s.startswith('\ufeff'):
            raise JSONDecodeError("Unexpected UTF-8 BOM (decode using utf-8-sig)",
                                  s, 0)
    else:
        if not isinstance(s, (bytes, bytearray)):
            raise TypeError('the JSON object must be str, bytes or bytearray, '
                            'not {!r}'.format(s.__class__.__name__))
        s = s.decode(detect_encoding(s), 'surrogatepass')

    if (cls is None and object_hook is None and
            parse_int is None and parse_float is None and
            parse_constant is None and object_pairs_hook is None and not kw):
        return _default_decoder.decode(s)
    if cls is None:
        cls = JSONDecoder
    if object_hook is not None:
        kw['object_hook'] = object_hook
    if object_pairs_hook is not None:
        kw['object_pairs_hook'] = object_pairs_hook
    if parse_float is not None:
        kw['parse_float'] = parse_float
    if parse_int is not None:
        kw['parse_int'] = parse_int
    if parse_constant is not None:
        kw['parse_constant'] = parse_constant
    return cls(**kw).decode(s)

總結：

序列化 dumps() ：encoding，把一個python隊形編碼轉化成JSON字符串，JSON字符串是字符串
反序列化 loads() ：decoding，把JSON格式字符串解碼轉換為python數據對象，即為字典對象

import json

data = {
    'name': 'lcg',
    'age': 18,
    'hobby': 'music'
}

# 將一個Python數據結構轉換為JSON：
json_str = json.dumps(data)

# 將一個JSON編碼的字符串轉換回一個Python數據結構
data = json.loads(json_str)

# 如果你要處理的是文件而不是字符串,你可以使用 json.dump() 和 json.load() 來編碼和解碼JSON數據
# ---->JSON
with open('data.json', 'w') as f:
    json.dump(data, f)

# ---->back
with open('data.json', 'r') as f:
    data = json.load(f)

JavaScript中的json

合格的json對象：

["one", "two", "three"]

{ "one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3 }

{"names": ["張三", "李四"] }

[ { "name": "張三"}, {"name": "李四"} ]　

不合格的json對象：

{ name: "張三", 'age': 32 }                     // 屬性名必須使用雙引號

[32, 64, 128, 0xFFF]                           // 不能使用十六進制值

{ "name": "張三", "age": undefined }            // 不能使用undefined

{ "name": "張三",
  "birthday": new Date('Fri, 26 Aug 2011 07:13:10 GMT'),
  "getName":  function() {return this.name;}    // 不能使用函數和日期對象
} 　

stringify與parse方法

JSON.parse() 用於將一個 JSON 字符串轉換為 JavaScript 對象　

console.log(JSON.parse('{"name":"lcg"}'));
console.log(JSON.parse('{name:"lcg"}')) ;   // 錯誤
console.log(JSON.parse('[12,undefined]')) ; // 錯誤

JSON.stringify() 用於將 JavaScript 值轉換為 JSON 字符串。

console.log(JSON.stringify({'name':"lcg"})) ;

 

參考：http://python3-cookbook.readthedocs.io/zh_CN/latest/c06/p02_read-write_json_data.html

參考：http://www.cnblogs.com/yuanchenqi/articles/7638956.html