一：實驗環境介紹
虛擬機系統： RHEL Linux 6.4（64位）
數據庫版本： Oracle 11gR2 11.2.0.4 （64位）
IP地址規划：
主數據庫
192.168.11.120
SID：pri
db_name:pri
db_unique_name：pri
備份數據庫
192.168.11.121
SID：std
db_name:pri
db_unique_name：std
安裝完成后可以通過以下命令查詢：
select dbid,name,open_mode,db_unique_name from v$database;
select instance_name from v$instance;
基礎要求：（1）安裝兩台虛擬機分別作為主庫和備庫，硬盤大小隨意。但要保證
根分區有20G，別給太小了就行。物理內存1G，SWAP 2G
關於Active database duplication方式：（必看）
在Oracle 10g下，我們可以使用RMAN duplicate 命令創建一個具有不同DBID 的復制庫。 到了Oracle 11gR2， RMAN 的duplicate 有2種方法實現：
1. Active database duplication （本文所使用的方式，適用於11gR2之后的版本）
2. Backup-based duplication （傳統方式，10g，11g通用）
Active database duplication 通過網絡，直接copy target 庫到auxiliary 庫，然后創建復制庫。這種方法就不需要先用RMAN 備份數據庫，然后將備份文件發送到auxiliary端。
這個功能的作用是非常大的。 尤其是對T級別的庫。 因為對這樣的庫進行備份，然后將備份集發送到備庫，在進行duplicate 的代價是非常大的。 一備份要占用時間，二要占用備份空間，三在網絡傳送的時候，還需要占用帶寬和時間。所以Active database duplicate 很好的解決了以上的問題。 它對大庫的遷移非常有用。
如果是從RAC duplicate 到單實例，操作是一樣的。 如果是從單實例duplicate 到RAC。 那么先duplicate 到 單實例。 然后將單實例轉換成RAC。
二：安裝數據庫軟件前的系統配置 （主庫和備庫端都要做下列操作）
1．基本配置：
一定要用新裝的系統（這里以紅帽企業版6.4為例），系統要求最低配置1G內存，2Gswap分區，根分區20G以上，裝好系統后先配置好yum，IP地址，/etc/sysconfig/network文件中的主機名，以及/etc/hosts文件中的IP地址和主機名的對應關系。
主庫IP：192.168.11.120
主庫主機名：ora11g
備庫IP：192.168.11.121
備庫主機名：ora11g-dg
2．裝包
binutils-2.20.51.0.2-5.11.el6 (x86_64)
compat-libcap1-1.10-1 (x86_64)
compat-libstdc++-33-3.2.3-69.el6 (x86_64)
compat-libstdc++-33-3.2.3-69.el6.i686
gcc-4.4.4-13.el6 (x86_64)
gcc-c++-4.4.4-13.el6 (x86_64)
glibc-2.12-1.7.el6 (i686)
glibc-2.12-1.7.el6 (x86_64)
glibc-devel-2.12-1.7.el6 (x86_64)
glibc-devel-2.12-1.7.el6.i686
ksh
pdksh-5.2.14-21.x86_64.rpm
libgcc-4.4.4-13.el6 (i686)
libgcc-4.4.4-13.el6 (x86_64)
libstdc++-4.4.4-13.el6 (x86_64)
libstdc++-4.4.4-13.el6.i686
libstdc++-devel-4.4.4-13.el6 (x86_64)
libstdc++-devel-4.4.4-13.el6.i686
libaio-0.3.107-10.el6 (x86_64)
libaio-0.3.107-10.el6.i686
libaio-devel-0.3.107-10.el6 (x86_64)
libaio-devel-0.3.107-10.el6.i686
make-3.81-19.el6
sysstat-9.0.4-11.el6 (x86_64)
unixODBC-2.2.14-11.el6 (x86_64) or later
unixODBC-2.2.14-11.el6.i686 or later
unixODBC-devel-2.2.14-11.el6 (x86_64) or later
unixODBC-devel-2.2.14-11.el6.i686 or later
3．創建相關的組與用戶：
/usr/sbin/groupadd oinstall
/usr/sbin/groupadd -g 502 dba
/usr/sbin/groupadd -g 503 oper
/usr/sbin/useradd -u 502 -g oinstall -G dba,oper oracle
# passwd oracle
4．創建所需的目錄並賦予特定的屬主和屬組
mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle
chown -R oracle:oinstall /u01/app
chmod -R 775 /u01/app
5．編輯limits.conf 文件
vim /etc/security/limits.conf
添加下面5行內容：
vim /etc/security/limits.conf
oracle soft nproc 2047
oracle hard nproc 16384
oracle soft nofile 1024
oracle hard nofile 65536
oracle soft stack 10240
6．編輯sysctl.conf文件，設置相關參數
vim /etc/sysctl.conf
添加/修改下列內容：（注意！下面的參數，若是已經存在，則直接修改數值，不要再添加同樣的參數，相同的參數只能有一個！如果需要修改的參數已經大於下面的數字，則不用修改，請仔細核對！）
vim /etc/sysctl.conf
fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576
fs.file-max = 6815744
kernel.shmall = 2097152
kernel.shmmax = 4294967295
kernel.shmmni = 4096
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500
net.core.rmem_default = 262144
net.core.rmem_max = 4194304
net.core.wmem_default = 262144
net.core.wmem_max = 1048576
#sysctl –p 使其生效
# /sbin/sysctl -p
保存退出后，別忘了用sysctl -p命令使參數生效！
7．編輯vim /home/oracle/.bash_profile文件，配置相關環境變量
添加下列幾行：
export ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oracle
export ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/11.2.0/db_1
export ORACLE_SID=pri (備庫端設置為std)
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:
export CLASSPATH=$ORACLE_HOME/JRE:$ORACLE_HOME/jlib:$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/jlib
export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH
注意：服務器需要關閉iptables和selinux
linux6.4系統：iptables –F
Service iptables save
Setenforce 0
Vi /etc/selinux/config
[oracle@ora11g admin]$ more /etc/selinux/config
# This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.
# SELINUX= can take one of these three values:
# enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
# permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
# disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.
SELINUX=disabled
# SELINUXTYPE= can take one of these two values:
# targeted - Targeted processes are protected,
# mls - Multi Level Security protection.
SELINUXTYPE=targeted
三：開始安裝oracle11g數據庫軟件 （主庫和備庫端都要做下列操作）
1.掛載oracle11g的鏡像到/mnt/cdrom 目錄下，並把3個包解壓到/usr/local/src 目錄下
cd /mnt/cdrom/
unzip p13390677_112040_Linux-x86-64_1of7.zip -d /usr/local/src
unzip p13390677_112040_Linux-x86-64_2of7.zip -d /usr/local/src
unzip p13390677_112040_Linux-x86-64_3of7.zip -d /usr/local/src
(只裝數據庫的話，解壓前兩個包即可，第三個包是grid)
2. root身份執行xhost +，然后切換到oracle用戶進入/usr/local/src/database目錄中，執行runInstaller 開始安裝 (database是默認解壓完的目錄名)
# xhost +
# su - oracle
$ ./runInstaller
注意：安裝oracle11g要求分辨率最低為1024x768,不然無法完整顯示安裝過程
安裝過程：略
注意：主庫在安裝完軟件后需要進行DBCA建庫操作，推薦不要啟用歸檔模式，會節省時間，備庫端不要建庫！可以開啟監聽程序
四：開始搭建Dataguard
1：將數據庫改為強制日志模式 （此步驟只在主庫上做）
[oracle@pri ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba
查看當前是否強制日志模式：
SYS@pri> select name,log_mode,force_logging from v$database;
NAME LOG_MODE FOR
--------- ------------ ---
PRI NOARCHIVELOG NO
SYS@pri> alter database force logging;
Database altered.
SYS@pri> select name,log_mode,force_logging from v$database;
NAME LOG_MODE FOR
--------- ------------ ---
PRI NOARCHIVELOG YES
2：創建密碼文件 （此步驟只在主庫上做）
注意：兩端分別創建自己的密碼文件好像有問題，備庫的密碼文件需要跟主庫一致，否則導致日志傳輸不到備庫，有待驗證。我最后是將主庫的密碼文件直接copy到備庫，重命名后使用。
[oracle@pri ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
[oracle@ora11g dbs]$ ls
hc_pri.dat init.ora initpri.ora lkPRI orapwpri snapcf_pri.f spfilepri.ora
已經有一個密碼文件了
[oracle@pri dbs]$ orapwd file=orapwpri password=oracle force=y
這條命令可以手動生成密碼文件，force=y的意思是強制覆蓋當前已有的密碼文件（如果有可以不建立）
將主庫的密碼文件copy給備庫，並重命名
[oracle@pri dbs]$ scp orapwpri 192.168.11.121:$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/orapwstd
3：創建standby redolog日志組 （此步驟只在主庫上做）
原則：
1：standby redo log的文件大小與primary 數據庫online redo log 文件大小相同
2：standby redo log日志文件組的個數依照下面的原則進行計算：
Standby redo log組數公式>=(每個instance日志組個數+1)*instance個數
假如只有一個節點，這個節點有三組redolog，
所以Standby redo log組數>=(3+1)*1 == 4
所以至少需要創建4組Standby redo log
查看當前線程與日志組的對應關系及日志組的大小：
SYS@pri> select thread#,group#,bytes/1024/1024 from v$log;
THREAD# GROUP# BYTES/1024/1024
--------------- ------------- ------------------------
1 1 50
1 2 50
1 3 50
如上，我現在的環境有三組redolog，每個日志組的大小都是50M，
所以Standby redo log組數>=(3+1)*1== 4
所以至少需要創建4組Standby redo log，大小均為50M
（thread：線程，只有在多實例數據庫才有用的參數，例如RAC環境，單實例不考慮）
查看當前有哪些日志組及其成員：
SYS@pri> col member for a50
SYS@pri> select group#,member from v$logfile;
GROUP# MEMBER
---------- --------------------------------------------------
3 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri/redo03.log
2 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri/redo02.log
1 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri/redo01.log
先手動創建standby log日志組所需的目錄：
（創建新目錄只是為了便於區分，並非必須）
[oracle@ora11g oradata]$ cd /u01/app/oracle/oradata/
[oracle@ora11g oradata]$ ls
standbylog pri
新建4個日志組作為standby redolog日志組，大小與原來的日志組一致：
由於已經存在group1-3,，所以group號只能從4開始
SYS@pri>
alter database add standby logfile group 4 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/standbylog/std_redo04.log' size 50m;
alter database add standby logfile group 5 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/standbylog/std_redo05.log' size 50m;
alter database add standby logfile group 6 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/standbylog/std_redo06.log' size 50m;
alter database add standby logfile group 7 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/standbylog/std_redo07.log' size 50m;
查看standby 日志組的信息：
SYS@pri> select group#,sequence#,status, bytes/1024/1024 from v$standby_log;
GROUP# SEQUENCE# STATUS BYTES/1024/1024
---------- ------------------ ------------------- ------------------------
4 0 UNASSIGNED 50
5 0 UNASSIGNED 50
6 0 UNASSIGNED 50
7 0 UNASSIGNED 50
查看當前有哪些日志組及其成員：
SYS@pri> set pagesize 100
SYS@pri> col member for a60
SYS@pri> select group#,member from v$logfile order by group#;
GROUP# MEMBER
------------ ------------------------------------------------------------
1 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri/redo01.log
2 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri/redo02.log
3 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri/redo03.log
4 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/standbylog/std_redo04.log
5 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/standbylog/std_redo05.log
6 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/standbylog/std_redo06.log
7 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/standbylog/std_redo07.log
4：修改主庫的pfile參數文件 （此步驟只在主庫上做）
查看spfile的路徑：
SYS@pri> show parameter spfile;
NAME TYPE VALUE
----------- ----------- -----------------------------------------------------------------
spfile string /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/spfilepri.ora
用spfile創建一個pfile,用於修改：
SYS@pri> create pfile from spfile;
修改主庫的pfile：
/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/ initpri.ora
[oracle@pri ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
pri.__db_cache_size=318767104
pri.__java_pool_size=4194304
pri.__large_pool_size=4194304
pri.__oracle_base='/u01/app/oracle'#ORACLE_BASE set from environment
pri.__pga_aggregate_target=335544320
pri.__sga_target=503316480
pri.__shared_io_pool_size=0
pri.__shared_pool_size=163577856
pri.__streams_pool_size=0
*.audit_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/pri/adump'
*.audit_trail='db'
*.compatible=' 11.2.0.4.0 '
*.control_files='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri/control01.ctl','/u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area/pri/control02.ctl'
*.db_block_size=8192
*.db_domain=''
*.db_name='pri'
*.db_recovery_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area'
*.db_recovery_file_dest_size=4070572032
*.diagnostic_dest='/u01/app/oracle'
*.dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=priXDB)'
*.log_archive_format='%t_%s_%r.dbf'
*.memory_target=836763648
*.open_cursors=300
*.processes=150
*.remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
*.undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'
以下內容是需要新增加的：
*.db_unique_name='pri' DG主庫和備庫的db_name必須一致，db_unique_name不一致
*.log_archive_config='dg_config=(pri,std)' pri主數據庫SID，std備份數據庫SID
*.log_archive_dest_1='location=/u01/app/oracle/arch valid_for=(all_logfiles,all_roles) db_unique_name=pri' 主數據庫的歸檔日志路徑和SID
*.log_archive_dest_2='service=std valid_for=(online_logfiles,primary_role) db_unique_name=std' 備份數據庫的SID
*.log_archive_dest_state_1=enable
*.log_archive_dest_state_2=enable
*.log_archive_max_processes=4
*.fal_server='std' 備份數據庫的SID
*.fal_client='pri' 主數據庫的SID
*.db_file_name_convert='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/std','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri' 第一個目錄是備份數據庫數據文件路徑（備份服務器上有此目錄），第二個是主數據庫數據文件路徑
*.log_file_name_convert='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/std','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri' 第一個目錄是備份數據庫數據文件路徑（備份服務器上有此目錄），第二個是主數據庫數據文件路徑
*.standby_file_management='auto'
修改完畢，保存退出
手工創建/u01/app/oracle/arch：
[oracle@pri dbs]$ mkdir –p /u01/app/oracle/arch
5：用修改過的pfile重新創建一個spfile，用於重啟數據庫 （此步驟只在主庫上做）
關閉數據庫：
SYS@pri> shutdown immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
用修改過的pfile重新創建一個spfile：
SYS@pri> create spfile from pfile;
此時把數據庫改為歸檔模式： （如果當初建庫時選擇了啟用歸檔，則此步驟忽略）
由於當前數據庫已關閉，首先需要把數據庫啟動到mount狀態
SYS@pri> startup mount;
ORACLE instance started.
Database mounted.
SYS@pri> alter database archivelog; 啟用歸檔模式
Database altered.
SYS@pri> alter database open; OPEN數據庫
Database altered.
SYS@pri> archive log list; 查看是否啟用歸檔模式
SQL> archive log list;
Database log mode Archive Mode
Automatic archival Enabled
Archive destination /u01/app/oracle/arch
Oldest online log sequence 22
Next log sequence to archive 24
Current log sequence 24
如上，歸檔路徑已經改為/u01/app/oracle/arch，證明對pfile的修改已生效
查看當前數據庫是否使用spfile啟動：
SYS@pri> show parameter spfile;
NAME TYPE VALUE
----------- ----------- -----------------------------------------------------------------
spfile string /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/spfilepri.ora
如上，若能看到spfile的路徑，則證明數據庫是使用spfile啟動的，若沒有值，則說明是用pfile啟動的。
確認數據庫已經啟用歸檔模式和強制日志模式：
SYS@pri> select name,log_mode,force_logging from v$database;
NAME LOG_MODE FOR
--------- ------------------- -------
PRI ARCHIVELOG YES
6：修改監聽文件，添加靜態監聽 （主庫、備庫都要做）
主庫：
[oracle@pri ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin
[oracle@pri admin]$ vim listener.ora 添加的內容如下紅色字體部分：
# listener.ora Network Configuration File: /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin/listener.ora
# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.
LISTENER =
(DESCRIPTION_LIST =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.11.120)(PORT = 1521))
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC1521))
)
)
SID_LIST_LISTENER =
(SID_LIST =
(SID_DESC =
(GLOBAL_DBNAME = pri)
(ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1)
(SID_NAME = pri)
)
)
ADR_BASE_LISTENER = /u01/app/oracle
主庫修改后最終效果如下圖：
備庫：
[oracle@pri ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin
[oracle@pri admin]$ vim listener.ora 添加的內容如下紅色字體部分：
# listener.ora Network Configuration File: /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin/listener.ora
# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.
LISTENER =
(DESCRIPTION_LIST =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.11.121)(PORT = 1521))
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC1521))
)
)
SID_LIST_LISTENER =
(SID_LIST =
(SID_DESC =
(GLOBAL_DBNAME = std)
(ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1)
(SID_NAME = std)
)
)
ADR_BASE_LISTENER = /u01/app/oracle
備庫修改后最終效果如下圖：
使新增加的監聽生效： （主庫和備庫端都要做）
[oracle@pri admin]$ lsnrctl stop
[oracle@pri admin]$ lsnrctl start
確認新增加的靜態監聽有效：
主庫：
[oracle@pri ~]$ lsnrctl status
..........................................(N行省略)
Services Summary...
Service "pri" has 2 instance(s).
Instance "pri", status UNKNOWN, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
Instance "pri", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
Service "priXDB" has 1 instance(s).
Instance "pri", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
The command completed successfully
備庫：
[oracle@std ~]$ lsnrctl status
..........................................(N行省略)
Services Summary...
Service "std" has 2 instance(s).
Instance "std", status UNKNOWN, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
The command completed successfully
如上，靜態監聽添加成功
7：編輯網絡服務名配置文件tnsnames.ora （主庫和備庫端都要做）
[oracle@ora11g admin]$ pwd
/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin
[oracle@ora11g admin]$ ls
listener.ora samples tnsnames.ora
listener.ora_bak shrept.lst tnsnames.ora_bak
[oracle@ora11g admin]$ more tnsnames.ora
# tnsnames.ora Network Configuration File: /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin/tnsnames.ora
# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.
pri =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.11.120)(PORT = 1521))
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SERVICE_NAME = pri)
)
)
std =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.11.121)(PORT = 1521))
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SERVICE_NAME = std)
)
)
編輯結果如下圖：
保證主庫和備庫的tnsnames.ora文件中的內容完全相同，可以把修改后的文件直接傳給備庫。
[oracle@ora11g admin]$ scp tnsnames.ora 192.168.11.121:$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin
tnsnames.ora 100% 925 0.9KB/s 00:00
配置完后，確保在任意一端上都能tnsping通對方：
[oracle@pri admin]$ tnsping std
[oracle@std admin]$ tnsping pri
8：在備庫端，修改pfile參數文件 （只在備庫端做）
首先，在主庫端把pfile拷貝給備庫端的$ORACLE_HOME/dbs目錄下，並重命名：
[oracle@ora11g-dg ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
[oracle@ora11g-dg dbs]$ ls
hc_std.dat init.ora initstd.ora lkSTD orapwstd spfilestd.ora
[oracle@ora11g dbs]$ scp initpri.ora 192.168.2.253:$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/initstd.ora
initpri.ora 100% 1497 1.5KB/s 00:00
然后在備庫端進行修改：
[oracle@ora11g-db ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
[oracle@ora11g-dg dbs]$ more initstd.ora
pri.__db_cache_size=318767104
pri.__java_pool_size=4194304
pri.__large_pool_size=4194304
pri.__oracle_base='/u01/app/oracle'#ORACLE_BASE set from environment
pri.__pga_aggregate_target=335544320
pri.__sga_target=503316480
pri.__shared_io_pool_size=0
pri.__shared_pool_size=163577856
pri.__streams_pool_size=0
*.audit_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/std/adump'
*.audit_trail='db'
*.compatible='11.2.0.0.0'
*.control_files='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/std/control01.ctl','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/std/control02.ctl'
*.db_block_size=8192
*.db_domain=''
*.db_name='pri' DG主庫和備庫的db_name必須一致，db_unique_name不一致
*.db_recovery_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area'
*.db_recovery_file_dest_size=4070572032
*.diagnostic_dest='/u01/app/oracle'
*.dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=stdXDB)'
*.log_archive_format='%t_%s_%r.dbf'
*.memory_target=836763648
*.open_cursors=300
*.processes=150
*.remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
*.undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'
以下需要手工添加：
*.db_unique_name='std'
*.log_archive_config='dg_config=(pri,std)'
*.log_archive_dest_1='location=/u01/app/oracle/arch valid_for=(all_logfiles,all_
roles) db_unique_name=std'
*.log_archive_dest_2='service=pri valid_for=(online_logfiles,primary_role) db
_unique_name=pri'
*.log_archive_dest_state_1=enable
*.log_archive_dest_state_2=enable
*.log_archive_max_processes=4
*.fal_server='pri'
*.fal_client='std'
*.db_file_name_convert='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri','/u01/app/oracle/oradata
/std'
*.log_file_name_convert='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri','/u01/app/oracle/oradat
a/std'
*.standby_file_management='auto'
修改完畢，保存退出
注意：整個搭建過程最需要留意的就是主庫和備庫的PFILE配置，建議修改完后仔細對照主備庫PFILE的區別
9：在備庫端手工創建所需的目錄 （備庫端做，不提前創建的話恢復時會報錯！）
mkdir -pv /u01/app/oracle/admin/std/adump
mkdir -pv /u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/std/std/trace
mkdir -pv /u01/app/oracle/arch
mkdir -pv /u01/app/oracle/oradata/std
mkdir -pv /u01/app/oracle/oradata/standbylog
mkdir -pv /u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area
10：用修改后的pfile創建一個spfile，用於啟動數據庫 （備庫端做）
[oracle@std ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba
Connected to an idle instance.
SYS@std> create spfile from pfile;
File created.
將數據庫啟動到nomount狀態：
SYS@std> startup nomount;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 839282688 bytes
Fixed Size 2233000 bytes
Variable Size 482348376 bytes
Database Buffers 352321536 bytes
Redo Buffers 2379776 bytes
SYS@std>
11：利用RMAN在備庫上恢復主庫 （備庫端做）
[oracle@std ~]$ rman target sys/oracle@pri auxiliary sys/oracle@std
Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.3.0 - Production on Tue Apr 15 16:39:28 2014
Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
connected to target database: PRI (DBID=775616459)
connected to auxiliary database: PRI (not mounted)
RMAN> duplicate target database for standby from active database nofilenamecheck;
這條命令可以直接恢復數據文件，standby控制文件，standby日志組，非常霸道
Starting Duplicate Db at 16-MAR-16
using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
allocated channel: ORA_AUX_DISK_1
channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: SID=134 device type=DISK
contents of Memory Script:
{
backup as copy reuse
targetfile '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/orapwpri' auxiliary format
'/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/orapwstd' ;
}
executing Memory Script
Starting backup at 16-MAR-16
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=140 device type=DISK
Finished backup at 16-MAR-16
contents of Memory Script:
{
backup as copy current controlfile for standby auxiliary format '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/std/control01.ctl';
}
executing Memory Script
Starting backup at 16-MAR-16
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
copying standby control file
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/snapcf_pri.f tag=TAG20160316T110737 RECID=2 STAMP=906635257
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished backup at 16-MAR-16
contents of Memory Script:
{
sql clone 'alter database mount standby database';
}
executing Memory Script
sql statement: alter database mount standby database
contents of Memory Script:
{
set newname for tempfile 1 to
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/std/temp01.dbf";
switch clone tempfile all;
set newname for datafile 1 to
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/std/system01.dbf";
set newname for datafile 2 to
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/std/sysaux01.dbf";
set newname for datafile 3 to
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/std/undotbs01.dbf";
set newname for datafile 4 to
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/std/users01.dbf";
backup as copy reuse
datafile 1 auxiliary format
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/std/system01.dbf" datafile
2 auxiliary format
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/std/sysaux01.dbf" datafile
3 auxiliary format
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/std/undotbs01.dbf" datafile
4 auxiliary format
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/std/users01.dbf" ;
sql 'alter system archive log current';
}
executing Memory Script
executing command: SET NEWNAME
renamed tempfile 1 to /u01/app/oracle/oradata/std/temp01.dbf in control file
executing command: SET NEWNAME
executing command: SET NEWNAME
executing command: SET NEWNAME
executing command: SET NEWNAME
Starting backup at 16-MAR-16
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number=00001 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri/system01.dbf
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/std/system01.dbf tag=TAG20160316T110744
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:01:38
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number=00002 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri/sysaux01.dbf
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/std/sysaux01.dbf tag=TAG20160316T110744
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:01:09
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number=00003 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri/undotbs01.dbf
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/std/undotbs01.dbf tag=TAG20160316T110744
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:15
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number=00004 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri/users01.dbf
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/std/users01.dbf tag=TAG20160316T110744
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished backup at 16-MAR-16
sql statement: alter system archive log current
contents of Memory Script:
{
switch clone datafile all;
}
executing Memory Script
datafile 1 switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID=2 STAMP=906635463 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/std/system01.dbf
datafile 2 switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID=3 STAMP=906635463 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/std/sysaux01.dbf
datafile 3 switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID=4 STAMP=906635463 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/std/undotbs01.dbf
datafile 4 switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID=5 STAMP=906635463 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/std/users01.dbf
Finished Duplicate Db at 16-MAR-16
RMAN>
恢復數據庫結束
12：嘗試開啟備庫
登陸並查看數據庫當前狀態：
[oracle@std ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.3.0 Production on Tue Jan 14 16:41:50 2014
Copyright (c) 1982, 2010, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.3.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
SYS@std> startup
SYS@std> select status from v$instance;
STATUS
------------
MOUNTED （RMAN恢復完直接就是mount狀態）
13：備庫啟動日志應用（啟用備庫前確認歸檔日志是否都已拷貝）
SYS@std> alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session;
Database altered.
（停止日志應用的命令是：alter database recover managed standby database cancel;）
查看日志應用情況：
SYS@std> set pagesize 100
SYS@std> select sequence#,applied from v$archived_log order by 1;
SEQUENCE# APPLIED
---------- ---------
8 YES
9 YES
10 YES
如上，如果發現有個NO的，也是正常的，說明該日志在主庫上還沒有歸檔，可以在主庫上運行alter system switch logfile;命令來進行日志切換，再到備庫查看日志應用情況
14：分別查看主庫和備庫的歸檔序列號是否一致：
先在主庫手動切換一下日志：
SYS@pri> alter system switch logfile;
System altered.
然后查看主庫：
SYS@pri> archive log list;
SQL> archive log list;
Database log mode Archive Mode
Automatic archival Enabled
Archive destination /u01/app/oracle/arch
Oldest online log sequence 22
Next log sequence to archive 24
Current log sequence 24
備庫：
SQL> archive log list;
Database log mode Archive Mode
Automatic archival Enabled
Archive destination /u01/app/oracle/arch
Oldest online log sequence 22
Next log sequence to archive 0
Current log sequence 24
結果完全一致，至此，DataGuard的搭建成功！
15：檢查命令
查看standby啟動的DG進程
SQL> select process,client_process,sequence#,status from v$managed_standby;
PROCESS CLIENT_P SEQUENCE# STATUS
--------- -------- ---------- ------------
ARCH ARCH 23 CLOSING
ARCH ARCH 0 CONNECTED //歸檔進程
ARCH ARCH 21 CLOSING
ARCH ARCH 0 CONNECTED
RFS ARCH 0 IDLE
RFS UNKNOWN 0 IDLE
RFS LGWR 24 IDLE //歸檔傳輸進程
RFS UNKNOWN 0 IDLE
MRP0 N/A 24 APPLYING_LOG //日志應用進程
9 rows selected.
查看數據庫的保護模式：
SQL> select database_role,protection_mode,protection_level,open_mode from v$database;
DATABASE_ROLE PROTECTION_MODE PROTECTION_LEVEL OPEN_MODE
---------------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------------
PRIMARY MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE READ WRITE
#standby 端查看，也是一樣的。
SQL> select database_role,protection_mode,protection_level,open_mode from v$database;
DATABASE_ROLE PROTECTION_MODE PROTECTION_LEVEL OPEN_MODE
---------------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------------
PHYSICAL STANDBY MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE MOUNTED
查看DG的日志信息
SQL> select * from v$dataguard_status;
16：Open Read Only standby數據庫並且開啟實時日志應用
SQL> shutdown immediate
ORA-01109: database not open
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 1188511744 bytes
Fixed Size 1364228 bytes
Variable Size 754978556 bytes
Database Buffers 419430400 bytes
Redo Buffers 12738560 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SQL> select database_role,protection_mode,protection_level,open_mode from v$database;
DATABASE_ROLE PROTECTION_MODE PROTECTION_LEVEL OPEN_MODE
---------------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------------
PHYSICAL STANDBY MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE READ ONLY
SQL> select process,client_process,sequence#,status from v$managed_standby;
PROCESS CLIENT_P SEQUENCE# STATUS
--------- -------- ---------- ------------
ARCH ARCH 0 CONNECTED
ARCH ARCH 0 CONNECTED
ARCH ARCH 0 CONNECTED
ARCH ARCH 26 CLOSING
RFS ARCH 0 IDLE
RFS UNKNOWN 0 IDLE
RFS LGWR 27 IDLE
7 rows selected.
SQL> recover managed standby database using current logfile disconnect from session;
Media recovery complete.
SQL> select process,client_process,sequence#,status from v$managed_standby;
PROCESS CLIENT_P SEQUENCE# STATUS
--------- -------- ---------- ------------
ARCH ARCH 0 CONNECTED
ARCH ARCH 0 CONNECTED
ARCH ARCH 0 CONNECTED
ARCH ARCH 26 CLOSING
RFS ARCH 0 IDLE
RFS UNKNOWN 0 IDLE
RFS LGWR 27 IDLE
MRP0 N/A 27 APPLYING_LOG
8 rows selected.
SQL> select process,client_process,sequence#,status from v$managed_standby;
PROCESS CLIENT_P SEQUENCE# STATUS
--------- -------- ---------- ------------
ARCH ARCH 19 CLOSING
ARCH ARCH 20 CLOSING
ARCH ARCH 0 CONNECTED
ARCH ARCH 21 CLOSING
MRP0 N/A 22 WAIT_FOR_LOG
RFS ARCH 0 IDLE
RFS UNKNOWN 0 IDLE
RFS UNKNOWN 0 IDLE
RFS LGWR 22 IDLE
9 rows selected.
五：相關知識補充：
1：DataGuard的三種數據保護模式：
（1）MAXIMIZE PROTECTION（最大保護模式）：
最大數據保護與無數據分歧，LGWR將同時傳送到備用節點，在主節點事務確認之前，備用節點也必須完全收到日志數據。如果網絡不好，引起LGWR不能傳送數據，將引起嚴重的性能問題，導致主節點DOWN機。
（2）MAXIMIZE AVAILABILITY（最大可用模式）：
無數據丟失模式，允許數據分歧，允許異步傳送。正常情況下運行在最大保護模式，在主節點與備用節點的網絡斷開或連接不正常時，自動切換到最大性能模式，主節點的操作還是可以繼續的。在網絡不好的情況下有較大的性能影響。
（3）MAXIMIZE PERFORMANCE（最大性能模式）：
這種模式應當可以說是從8i繼承過來的備用服務器模式，異步傳送，無數據同步檢查，可能丟失數據，但是能獲得主節點的最大性能。