ArrayList、LinkedList、HashMap中都有一個字段叫modCount。這個字段的用途,在ArrayList的父類AbstractList源碼中有注釋,說的很清楚:
/** * The number of times this list has been <i>structurally modified</i>.Structural modifications are those that change the size of the list, * or otherwise perturb it in such a fashion that iterations in progress may yield incorrect results. * * <p>This field is used by the iterator and list iterator implementation returned by the {@code iterator} and {@code listIterator} methods. * If the value of this field changes unexpectedly, the iterator (or list iterator) will throw a {@code ConcurrentModificationException} in * response to the {@code next}, {@code remove}, {@code previous}, {@code set} or {@code add} operations. This provides * <i>fail-fast</i> behavior, rather than non-deterministic behavior in the face of concurrent modification during iteration. * * <p><b>Use of this field by subclasses is optional.</b> If a subclass wishes to provide fail-fast iterators (and list iterators), then it * merely has to increment this field in its {@code add(int, E)} and {@code remove(int)} methods (and any other methods that it overrides * that result in structural modifications to the list). A single call to {@code add(int, E)} or {@code remove(int)} must add no more than * one to this field, or the iterators (and list iterators) will throw bogus {@code ConcurrentModificationExceptions}. If an implementation * does not wish to provide fail-fast iterators, this field may be ignored. */
protected transient int modCount = 0;
為了顯示美觀,對jdk原文注釋進行了換行操作。
原文大意如下:
該字段表示list結構上被修改的次數。結構上的修改指的是那些改變了list的長度大小或者使得遍歷過程中產生不正確的結果的其它方式。
該字段被Iterator以及ListIterator的實現類所使用,如果該值被意外更改,Iterator或者ListIterator 將拋出ConcurrentModificationException異常,
這是jdk在面對迭代遍歷的時候為了避免不確定性而采取的快速失敗原則。
子類對此字段的使用是可選的,如果子類希望支持快速失敗,只需要覆蓋該字段相關的所有方法即可。單線程調用不能添加刪除terator正在遍歷的對象,
否則將可能拋出ConcurrentModificationException異常,如果子類不希望支持快速失敗,該字段可以直接忽略。
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例子代碼:
單線程操作,添加或者刪除元素。
public void deleteTest(){ List<String> list = new ArrayList(); list.add("aaaaaa"); list.add("bbbbbb"); list.add("cccccc"); list.add("dddddd"); list.add("eeeeee"); Iterator it = list.iterator(); int i = 0; String s = null; while(it.hasNext()){ if(i==2){ it.remove();// 如果用list.remove(it.next());會報異常 } System.out.println("第"+i+"個元素"+it.next()); i++ ; } System.out.println("----------------"); Iterator it2 = list.iterator(); while(it2.hasNext()){ System.out.println(it2.next()); } }
注意:第14行,如果用list.remove(it.next());會報ConcurrentModificationException異常,原因參上。
另:注意it.remove()刪除的是最近的一次it.next()獲取的元素,而不是當前iterator中游標指向的元素!!
因此,本例中i==2時,刪除的其實是bbbbbb,而不是cccccc,這很容易被忽視或者誤解。如果想刪掉cccccc,
正確操作是先調用it.next()獲取到具體元素,再判斷;而且由於調用了it.next(),此時游標已經指向我們期望刪除的值了。
想直接數數字進行刪除,在這里會容易出錯誤。
其實我們可以查看Iterator的源碼來驗證:
public Iterator<E> iterator() { return new Itr(); }
返回的是一個Itr對象,這個Itr是ArrayList的內部類
private class Itr implements Iterator<E> { int cursor; // index of next element to return //下一個元素的游標 int lastRet = -1; // index of last element returned; -1 if no such //上一個元素的 int expectedModCount = modCount; //修改計數器期望值 public boolean hasNext() { return cursor != size; } @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") public E next() { checkForComodification(); int i = cursor; //此時的游標,指向的是本次要遍歷的對象,因為上一次已經++了,初始值為0,沒有++的情況下是第一個元素 if (i >= size) //越界了 throw new NoSuchElementException(); Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData; if (i >= elementData.length) throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); cursor = i + 1; //游標指向了下一個元素, 但 i 的值沒有變 return (E) elementData[lastRet = i]; //將 i 賦值給lastRet,取的值是方法開始時int i=cursor;中的cursor指向的值,而且最終這個游標的數值賦值給了lastRet } public void remove() { if (lastRet < 0) // 如果沒有next()操作就直接remove的話,lastRet=-1,會拋異常 throw new IllegalStateException(); checkForComodification(); try { ArrayList.this.remove(lastRet); // remove之前,cursor、lastRet的值沒有修改,都是上次next之后的值,因此此處的lastRet指向上次next獲取的元素 cursor = lastRet; lastRet = -1; expectedModCount = modCount; // 手動將ArrayList.remove()后modCount的值賦給expectedModCount,避免引起不一致 } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) { throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); } } @Override @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> consumer) { Objects.requireNonNull(consumer); final int size = ArrayList.this.size; int i = cursor; if (i >= size) { return; } final Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData; if (i >= elementData.length) { throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); } while (i != size && modCount == expectedModCount) { consumer.accept((E) elementData[i++]); } // update once at end of iteration to reduce heap write traffic cursor = i; lastRet = i - 1; checkForComodification(); } final void checkForComodification() { if (modCount != expectedModCount) throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); } }
以上代碼告訴我們,iterator.remove()實際是remove了上次next返回的元素,並且為了防止ConcurrentModificationException異常,手動修復了修改計數的期望值,而且如果沒有經過next操作就直接remove的話,會因為初始的lastRet=-1而拋出IllegalStateException異常。