MNIST(Mixed National Institute of Standards and Technology)http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/ ，入門級計算機視覺數據集，美國中學生手寫數字。訓練集6萬張圖片，測試集1萬張圖片。數字經過預處理、格式化，大小調整並居中，圖片尺寸固定28x28。數據集小，訓練速度快，收斂效果好。
MNIST數據集，NIST數據集子集。4個文件。train-label-idx1-ubyte.gz 訓練集標記文件(28881字節)，train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz 訓練集圖片文件(9912422字節)，t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz，測試集標記文件(4542字節)，t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz 測試集圖片文件(1648877字節)。測試集，前5000個樣例取自原始NIST訓練集，后5000個取自原始NIST測試集。
訓練集標記文件 train-labels-idx1-ubyt格式：offset、type、value、description。magic number(MSB first)、number of items、label。
MSB(most significant bit，最高有效位)，二進制，MSB最高加權位。MSB位於二進制最左側，MSB first 最高有效位在前。 magic number 寫入ELF格式(Executable and Linkable Format)的ELF頭文件常量，檢查和自己設定是否一致判斷文件是否損壞。
訓練集圖片文件 train-images-idx3-ubyte格式：magic number、number of images、number of rows、number of columns、pixel。
pixel(像素)取值范圍0-255，0-255代表背景色(白色)，255代表前景色(黑色)。
測試集標記文件 t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte 格式：magic number(MSB first)、number of items、label。
測試集圖片文件 t10k-images-idx3-ubyte格式：magic number、number of images、number of rows、number of columns、pixel。
tensor flow-1.1.0/tensorflow/examples/tutorials/mnist。mnist_softmax.py 回歸訓練，full_connected_feed.py Feed數據方式訓練，mnist_with_summaries.py 卷積神經網絡(CNN) 訓練過程可視化，mnist_softmax_xla.py XLA框架。
MNIST分類問題。
Softmax回歸解決兩種以上分類。Logistic回歸模型在分類問題推廣。tensorflow-1.1.0/tensorflow/examples/tutorials/mnist/mnist_softmax.py。
加載數據。導入input_data.py文件， tensorflow.contrib.learn.read_data_sets加載數據。FLAGS.data_dir MNIST路徑，可自定義。one_hot標記，長度為n數組，只有一個元素是1.0，其他元素是0.0。輸出層softmax，輸出概率分布，要求輸入標記概率分布形式，以更計算交叉熵。
構建回歸模型。輸入原始真實值(group truth)，計算softmax函數擬合預測值，定義損失函數和優化器。用梯度下降算法以0.5學習率最小化交叉熵。tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer。
訓練模型。初始化創建變量，會話啟動模型。模型循環訓練1000次，每次循環隨機抓取訓練數據100個數據點，替換占位符。隨機訓練(stochastic training)，SGD方法梯度下降，每次從訓練數據隨機抓取小部分數據梯度下降訓練。BGD每次對所有訓練數據計算。SGD學習數據集總體特征，加速訓練過程。
評估模型。tf.argmax(y,1)返回模型對任一輸入x預測標記值，tf.argmax(y_,1) 正確標記值。tf.equal檢測預測值和真實值是否匹配，預測布爾值轉化浮點數，取平均值。
from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function
import argparse
import sys
from tensorflow.examples.tutorials.mnist import input_data
import tensorflow as tf
FLAGS = None
def main(_):
# Import data 加載數據
mnist = input_data.read_data_sets(FLAGS.data_dir, one_hot=True)
# Create the model 定義回歸模型
x = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, 784])
W = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([784, 10]))
b = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([10]))
y = tf.matmul(x, W) + b #預測值
# Define loss and optimizer 定義損失函數和優化器
y_ = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, 10]) # 輸入真實值占位符
# tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits計算預測值y與真實值y_差值，取平均值
cross_entropy = tf.reduce_mean(
tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(labels=y_, logits=y))
# SGD優化器
train_step = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(0.5).minimize(cross_entropy)
# InteractiveSession()創建交互式上下文TensorFlow會話，交互式會話會成為默認會話，可以運行操作(OP)方法(tf.Tensor.eval、tf.Operation.run)
sess = tf.InteractiveSession()
tf.global_variables_initializer().run()
# Train 訓練模型
for _ in range(1000):
batch_xs, batch_ys = mnist.train.next_batch(100)
sess.run(train_step, feed_dict={x: batch_xs, y_: batch_ys})
# Test trained model 評估訓練模型
correct_prediction = tf.equal(tf.argmax(y, 1), tf.argmax(y_, 1))
accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_prediction, tf.float32))
# 計算模型測試集准確率
print(sess.run(accuracy, feed_dict={x: mnist.test.images,
y_: mnist.test.labels}))
if __name__ == '__main__':
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument('--data_dir', type=str, default='/tmp/tensorflow/mnist/input_data',
help='Directory for storing input data')
FLAGS, unparsed = parser.parse_known_args()
tf.app.run(main=main, argv=[sys.argv[0]] + unparsed)
訓練過程可視化。tensorflow-1.1.0/tensorflow/examples/tutorials/mnist/mnist_summaries.py 。
TensorBoard可視化，訓練過程，記錄結構化數據，支行本地服務器，監聽6006端口，瀏覽器請求頁面，分析記錄數據，繪制統計圖表，展示計算圖。
運行腳本：python mnist_with_summaries.py。
訓練過程數據存儲在/tmp/tensorflow/mnist目錄，可命令行參數--log_dir指定。運行tree命令，ipnut_data # 存放訓練數據，logs # 訓練結果日志，train # 訓練集結果日志。運行tensorboard命令，打開瀏覽器，查看訓練可視化結果，logdir參數標明日志文件存儲路徑，命令 tensorboard --logdir=/tmp/tensorflow/mnist/logs/mnist_with_summaries 。創建摘要文件寫入符(FileWriter)指定。
# sess.graph 圖定義，圖可視化
file_writer = tf.summary.FileWriter('/tmp/tensorflow/mnist/logs/mnist_with_summaries', sess.graph)
瀏覽器打開服務地址，進入可視化操作界面。
可視化實現。
給一個張量添加多個摘要描述函數variable_summaries。SCALARS面板顯示每層均值、標准差、最大值、最小值。
構建網絡模型，weights、biases調用variable_summaries，每層采用tf.summary.histogram繪制張量激活函數前后變化。HISTOGRAMS面板顯示。
繪制准確率、交叉熵，SCALARS面板顯示。
from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function
import argparse
import os
import sys
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.examples.tutorials.mnist import input_data
FLAGS = None
def train():
# Import data
mnist = input_data.read_data_sets(FLAGS.data_dir,
one_hot=True,
fake_data=FLAGS.fake_data)
sess = tf.InteractiveSession()
# Create a multilayer model.
# Input placeholders
with tf.name_scope('input'):
x = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, 784], name='x-input')
y_ = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, 10], name='y-input')
with tf.name_scope('input_reshape'):
image_shaped_input = tf.reshape(x, [-1, 28, 28, 1])
tf.summary.image('input', image_shaped_input, 10)
# We can't initialize these variables to 0 - the network will get stuck.
def weight_variable(shape):
"""Create a weight variable with appropriate initialization."""
initial = tf.truncated_normal(shape, stddev=0.1)
return tf.Variable(initial)
def bias_variable(shape):
"""Create a bias variable with appropriate initialization."""
initial = tf.constant(0.1, shape=shape)
return tf.Variable(initial)
def variable_summaries(var):
"""Attach a lot of summaries to a Tensor (for TensorBoard visualization)."""
"""對一個張量添加多個摘要描述"""
with tf.name_scope('summaries'):
mean = tf.reduce_mean(var)
tf.summary.scalar('mean', mean) # 均值
with tf.name_scope('stddev'):
stddev = tf.sqrt(tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(var - mean)))
tf.summary.scalar('stddev', stddev) # 標准差
tf.summary.scalar('max', tf.reduce_max(var)) # 最大值
tf.summary.scalar('min', tf.reduce_min(var)) # 最小值
tf.summary.histogram('histogram', var)
def nn_layer(input_tensor, input_dim, output_dim, layer_name, act=tf.nn.relu):
# Adding a name scope ensures logical grouping of the layers in the graph.
# 確保計算圖中各層分組，每層添加name_scope
with tf.name_scope(layer_name):
# This Variable will hold the state of the weights for the layer
with tf.name_scope('weights'):
weights = weight_variable([input_dim, output_dim])
variable_summaries(weights)
with tf.name_scope('biases'):
biases = bias_variable([output_dim])
variable_summaries(biases)
with tf.name_scope('Wx_plus_b'):
preactivate = tf.matmul(input_tensor, weights) + biases
tf.summary.histogram('pre_activations', preactivate) # 激活前直方圖
activations = act(preactivate, name='activation')
tf.summary.histogram('activations', activations) # 激活后直方圖
return activations
hidden1 = nn_layer(x, 784, 500, 'layer1')
with tf.name_scope('dropout'):
keep_prob = tf.placeholder(tf.float32)
tf.summary.scalar('dropout_keep_probability', keep_prob)
dropped = tf.nn.dropout(hidden1, keep_prob)
# Do not apply softmax activation yet, see below.
y = nn_layer(dropped, 500, 10, 'layer2', act=tf.identity)
with tf.name_scope('cross_entropy'):
diff = tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(labels=y_, logits=y)
with tf.name_scope('total'):
cross_entropy = tf.reduce_mean(diff)
tf.summary.scalar('cross_entropy', cross_entropy) # 交叉熵
with tf.name_scope('train'):
train_step = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(FLAGS.learning_rate).minimize(
cross_entropy)
with tf.name_scope('accuracy'):
with tf.name_scope('correct_prediction'):
correct_prediction = tf.equal(tf.argmax(y, 1), tf.argmax(y_, 1))
with tf.name_scope('accuracy'):
accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_prediction, tf.float32))
tf.summary.scalar('accuracy', accuracy) # 准確率
# Merge all the summaries and write them out to
# /tmp/tensorflow/mnist/logs/mnist_with_summaries (by default)
merged = tf.summary.merge_all()
train_writer = tf.summary.FileWriter(FLAGS.log_dir + '/train', sess.graph)
test_writer = tf.summary.FileWriter(FLAGS.log_dir + '/test')
tf.global_variables_initializer().run()
def feed_dict(train):
"""Make a TensorFlow feed_dict: maps data onto Tensor placeholders."""
if train or FLAGS.fake_data:
xs, ys = mnist.train.next_batch(100, fake_data=FLAGS.fake_data)
k = FLAGS.dropout
else:
xs, ys = mnist.test.images, mnist.test.labels
k = 1.0
return {x: xs, y_: ys, keep_prob: k}
for i in range(FLAGS.max_steps):
if i % 10 == 0: # Record summaries and test-set accuracy
summary, acc = sess.run([merged, accuracy], feed_dict=feed_dict(False))
test_writer.add_summary(summary, i)
print('Accuracy at step %s: %s' % (i, acc))
else: # Record train set summaries, and train
if i % 100 == 99: # Record execution stats
run_options = tf.RunOptions(trace_level=tf.RunOptions.FULL_TRACE)
run_metadata = tf.RunMetadata()
summary, _ = sess.run([merged, train_step],
feed_dict=feed_dict(True),
options=run_options,
run_metadata=run_metadata)
train_writer.add_run_metadata(run_metadata, 'step%03d' % i)
train_writer.add_summary(summary, i)
print('Adding run metadata for', i)
else: # Record a summary
summary, _ = sess.run([merged, train_step], feed_dict=feed_dict(True))
train_writer.add_summary(summary, i)
train_writer.close()
test_writer.close()
def main(_):
if tf.gfile.Exists(FLAGS.log_dir):
tf.gfile.DeleteRecursively(FLAGS.log_dir)
tf.gfile.MakeDirs(FLAGS.log_dir)
train()
if __name__ == '__main__':
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument('--fake_data', nargs='?', const=True, type=bool,
default=False,
help='If true, uses fake data for unit testing.')
parser.add_argument('--max_steps', type=int, default=1000,
help='Number of steps to run trainer.')
parser.add_argument('--learning_rate', type=float, default=0.001,
help='Initial learning rate')
parser.add_argument('--dropout', type=float, default=0.9,
help='Keep probability for training dropout.')
parser.add_argument(
'--data_dir',
type=str,
default=os.path.join(os.getenv('TEST_TMPDIR', '/tmp'),
'tensorflow/mnist/input_data'),
help='Directory for storing input data')
parser.add_argument(
'--log_dir',
type=str,
default=os.path.join(os.getenv('TEST_TMPDIR', '/tmp'),
'tensorflow/mnist/logs/mnist_with_summaries'),
help='Summaries log directory')
FLAGS, unparsed = parser.parse_known_args()
tf.app.run(main=main, argv=[sys.argv[0]] + unparsed)
參考資料：
《TensorFlow技術解析與實戰》
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