concurrent:並發
Python標准庫為我們提供了threading和multiprocessing模塊編寫相應的多線程/多進程代碼。從Python3.2開始,標准庫為我們提供了concurrent.futures
模塊,它提供了ThreadPoolExecutor
和ProcessPoolExecutor
兩個類,實現了對threading
和multiprocessing
的更高級的抽象,對編寫線程池/進程池提供了直接的支持。
concurrent.futures基礎模塊是executor和future。
Executor
Executor是一個抽象類,它不能被直接使用。它為具體的異步執行定義了一些基本的方法。 ThreadPoolExecutor和ProcessPoolExecutor繼承了Executor,分別被用來創建線程池和進程池的代碼。
submit方法
Executor中定義了submit()
方法,這個方法的作用是提交一個可執行的回調task
,並返回一個future實例。future對象代表的就是給定的調用。
我們使用submit方法來往線程池中加入一個task,submit返回一個Future對象,對於Future對象可以簡單地理解為一個在未來完成的操作。
map方法
Exectuor還為我們提供了map方法,和內建的map用法類似。映射。
future
Future實例是由Executor.submit()
創建的。可以理解為一個在未來完成的操作,這是異步編程的基礎。通常情況下,我們執行io操作,訪問url時(如下)在等待結果返回之前會產生阻塞,cpu不能做其他事情,而Future的引入幫助我們在等待的這段時間可以完成其他的操作。
示例:
from concurrent.futures import ProcessPoolExecutor,ThreadPoolExecutor import os,time,random def foo(i): print('%s is running %s'%(os.getpid(),i)) time.sleep(random.randint(1, 3)) return i**2 if __name__ == '__main__': print('cpu_num:',os.cpu_count()) executor=ProcessPoolExecutor() print('executor',executor,type(executor)) # futures=[] # for i in range(10): # future=executor.submit(foo,i) # futures.append(future) futures=[executor.submit(foo,i) for i in range(10)] executor.shutdown() #程序運行到這里有明顯的時間間隔,可見是在shutdown存在的情況下,程序將future全部執行完,才繼續往下走的 print('主') print(futures) for future in futures: print(future.result())
輸出:
cpu_num: 8 executor <concurrent.futures.process.ProcessPoolExecutor object at 0x00000276745AA978> <class 'concurrent.futures.process.ProcessPoolExecutor'> 11740 is running 0 3156 is running 1 9928 is running 2 2208 is running 3 2324 is running 4 13080 is running 5 1892 is running 6 2964 is running 7 2208 is running 8 2324 is running 9 主 [<Future at 0x27674900e10 state=finished returned int>, <Future at 0x27674949dd8 state=finished returned int>, <Future at 0x27674949e80 state=finished returned int>, <Future at 0x27674949f28 state=finished returned int>, <Future at 0x27674949fd0 state=finished returned int>, <Future at 0x2767495a0b8 state=finished returned int>, <Future at 0x2767495a198 state=finished returned int>, <Future at 0x2767495a278 state=finished returned int>, <Future at 0x2767495a358 state=finished returned int>, <Future at 0x2767495a438 state=finished returned int>] 0 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81
利用ThreadProcessExecutor爬蟲
from concurrent.futures import ProcessPoolExecutor,ThreadPoolExecutor import requests def get(url): r=requests.get(url) return {'url':url,'text':r.text} def parse(future): dic=future.result() #future對象調用result方法取其值、 f=open('db.text','a') date='url:%s\n'%len(dic['text']) f.write(date) f.close() if __name__ == '__main__': executor=ThreadPoolExecutor() url_l = ['http://cn.bing.com/', 'http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/', 'http://www.cnblogs.com/654321cc/', 'https://www.cnblogs.com/', 'http://society.people.com.cn/n1/2017/1012/c1008-29581930.html', 'http://www.xilu.com/news/shaonianxinzangyou5gedong.html', ] futures=[] for url in url_l: executor.submit(get,url).add_done_callback(parse) #與Pool進程池回調函數接收的是A函數的返回值(對象ApplyResult.get()得到的值)。 executor.shutdown() #這里回調函數parse,接收的參數是submit生成的 Future對象。 print('主')
輸出: