一、簡介
XPath 是一門在 XML 文檔中查找信息的語言。XPath 可用來在 XML 文檔中對元素和屬性進行遍歷。XPath 是 W3C XSLT 標准的主要元素，並且 XQuery 和 XPointer 都構建於 XPath 表達之上。
二、安裝
pip3 install lxml
三、使用
1、導入
from lxml import etree
2、基本使用
from lxml import etree
wb_data = """
<div>
<ul>
<li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li>
<li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
<li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html">third item</a></li>
<li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
<li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a>
</ul>
</div>
"""
html = etree.HTML(wb_data)
print(html)
result = etree.tostring(html)
print(result.decode("utf-8"))
從下面的結果來看，我們打印機html其實就是一個python對象，etree.tostring(html)則是不全里html的基本寫法，補全了缺胳膊少腿的標簽。
<Element html at 0x39e58f0>
<html><body><div>
<ul>
<li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li>
<li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
<li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html">third item</a></li>
<li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
<li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a>
</li></ul>
</div>
</body></html>
3、獲取某個標簽的內容(基本使用)，注意，獲取a標簽的所有內容，a后面就不用再加正斜杠，否則報錯。
寫法一
html = etree.HTML(wb_data)
html_data = html.xpath('/html/body/div/ul/li/a')
print(html)
for i in html_data:
print(i.text)
<Element html at 0x12fe4b8>
first item
second item
third item
fourth item
fifth item
寫法二（直接在需要查找內容的標簽后面加一個/text()就行）
html = etree.HTML(wb_data)
html_data = html.xpath('/html/body/div/ul/li/a/text()')
print(html)
for i in html_data:
print(i)
<Element html at 0x138e4b8>
first item
second item
third item
fourth item
fifth item
4、打開讀取html文件
#使用parse打開html的文件
html = etree.parse('test.html')
html_data = html.xpath('//*')
#打印是一個列表，需要遍歷
print(html_data)
for i in html_data:
print(i.text)
html = etree.parse('test.html')
html_data = etree.tostring(html,pretty_print=True)
res = html_data.decode('utf-8')
print(res)
打印：
<div>
<ul>
<li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li>
<li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
<li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html">third item</a></li>
<li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
<li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
5、打印指定路徑下a標簽的屬性（可以通過遍歷拿到某個屬性的值，查找標簽的內容）
html = etree.HTML(wb_data)
html_data = html.xpath('/html/body/div/ul/li/a/@href')
for i in html_data:
print(i)
打印：
link1.html
link2.html
link3.html
link4.html
link5.html
6、我們知道我們使用xpath拿到得都是一個個的ElementTree對象，所以如果需要查找內容的話，還需要遍歷拿到數據的列表。
查到絕對路徑下a標簽屬性等於link2.html的內容。
html = etree.HTML(wb_data)
html_data = html.xpath('/html/body/div/ul/li/a[@href="link2.html"]/text()')
print(html_data)
for i in html_data:
print(i)
打印：
['second item']
second item
7、上面我們找到全部都是絕對路徑（每一個都是從根開始查找），下面我們查找相對路徑，例如，查找所有li標簽下的a標簽內容。
html = etree.HTML(wb_data)
html_data = html.xpath('//li/a/text()')
print(html_data)
for i in html_data:
print(i)
打印：
['first item', 'second item', 'third item', 'fourth item', 'fifth item']
first item
second item
third item
fourth item
fifth item
8、上面我們使用絕對路徑，查找了所有a標簽的屬性等於href屬性值，利用的是/---絕對路徑，下面我們使用相對路徑，查找一下l相對路徑下li標簽下的a標簽下的href屬性的值，注意，a標簽后面需要雙//。
html = etree.HTML(wb_data)
html_data = html.xpath('//li/a//@href')
print(html_data)
for i in html_data:
print(i)
打印：
['link1.html', 'link2.html', 'link3.html', 'link4.html', 'link5.html']
link1.html
link2.html
link3.html
link4.html
link5.html
9、相對路徑下跟絕對路徑下查特定屬性的方法類似，也可以說相同。
html = etree.HTML(wb_data)
html_data = html.xpath('//li/a[@href="link2.html"]')
print(html_data)
for i in html_data:
print(i.text)
打印：
[<Element a at 0x216e468>]
second item
10、查找最后一個li標簽里的a標簽的href屬性
html = etree.HTML(wb_data)
html_data = html.xpath('//li[last()]/a/text()')
print(html_data)
for i in html_data:
print(i)
打印：
['fifth item']
fifth item
11、查找倒數第二個li標簽里的a標簽的href屬性
html = etree.HTML(wb_data)
html_data = html.xpath('//li[last()-1]/a/text()')
print(html_data)
for i in html_data:
print(i)
打印：
['fourth item']
fourth item
12、如果在提取某個頁面的某個標簽的xpath路徑的話，可以如下圖：
//*[@id="kw"]
解釋：使用相對路徑查找所有的標簽，屬性id等於kw的標簽。
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from scrapy.selector import Selector, HtmlXPathSelector from scrapy.http import HtmlResponse html = """<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <body> <ul> <li class="item-"><a id='i1' href="link.html">first item</a></li> <li class="item-0"><a id='i2' href="llink.html">first item</a></li> <li class="item-1"><a href="llink2.html">second item<span>vv</span></a></li> </ul> <div><a href="llink2.html">second item</a></div> </body> </html> """ response = HtmlResponse(url='http://example.com', body=html,encoding='utf-8') # hxs = HtmlXPathSelector(response) # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[2]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[@id]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[@id="i1"]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[@href="link.html"][@id="i1"]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[contains(@href, "link")]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[starts-with(@href, "link")]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[re:test(@id, "i\d+")]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[re:test(@id, "i\d+")]/text()').extract() # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[re:test(@id, "i\d+")]/@href').extract() # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('/html/body/ul/li/a/@href').extract() # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//body/ul/li/a/@href').extract_first() # print(hxs) # ul_list = Selector(response=response).xpath('//body/ul/li') # for item in ul_list: # v = item.xpath('./a/span') # # 或 # # v = item.xpath('a/span') # # 或 # # v = item.xpath('*/a/span') # print(v)