從Spring3.0,@Configuration用於定義配置類,可替換xml配置文件,被注解的類內部包含有一個或多個被@Bean注解的方法,這些方法將會被AnnotationConfigApplicationContext或AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext類進行掃描,並用於構建bean定義,初始化Spring容器。
注意:@Configuration注解的配置類有如下要求:
- @Configuration不可以是final類型;
- @Configuration不可以是匿名類;
- 嵌套的configuration必須是靜態類。
一、用@Configuration加載spring
1.1、@Configuration配置spring並啟動spring容器
1.2、@Configuration啟動容器+@Bean注冊Bean
1.3、@Configuration啟動容器+@Component注冊Bean
1.4、使用 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 注冊 AppContext 類的兩種方法
1.5、配置Web應用程序(web.xml中配置AnnotationConfigApplicationContext)
二、組合多個配置類
2.1、在@configuration中引入spring的xml配置文件
2.2、在@configuration中引入其它注解配置
2.3、@configuration嵌套(嵌套的Configuration必須是靜態類)
三、@EnableXXX注解
四、@Profile邏輯組配置
五、使用外部變量
一、@Configuation加載Spring方法
1.1、@Configuration配置spring並啟動spring容器
@Configuration標注在類上,相當於把該類作為spring的xml配置文件中的<beans>
,作用為:配置spring容器(應用上下文)
package com.dxz.demo.configuration; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; @Configuration public class TestConfiguration { public TestConfiguration() { System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器啟動初始化。。。"); } }
相當於:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xmlns:jdbc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc" xmlns:jee="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee" xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx" xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util" xmlns:task="http://www.springframework.org/schema/task" xsi:schemaLocation=" http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-4.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc/spring-jdbc-4.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee/spring-jee-4.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-4.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-4.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/task http://www.springframework.org/schema/task/spring-task-4.0.xsd" default-lazy-init="false"> </beans>
主方法進行測試:
package com.dxz.demo.configuration; import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext; import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext; public class TestMain { public static void main(String[] args) { // @Configuration注解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContext ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class); // 如果加載spring-context.xml文件: // ApplicationContext context = new // ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml"); } }
從運行主方法結果可以看出,spring容器已經啟動了:
1.2、@Configuration啟動容器+@Bean注冊Bean,@Bean下管理bean的生命周期
@Bean標注在方法上(返回某個實例的方法),等價於spring的xml配置文件中的<bean>
,作用為:注冊bean對象
bean類:
package com.dxz.demo.configuration; public class TestBean { private String username; private String url; private String password; public void sayHello() { System.out.println("TestBean sayHello..."); } public String toString() { return "username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password; } public void start() { System.out.println("TestBean 初始化。。。"); } public void cleanUp() { System.out.println("TestBean 銷毀。。。"); } }
配置類:
package com.dxz.demo.configuration; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Scope; @Configuration public class TestConfiguration { public TestConfiguration() { System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器啟動初始化。。。"); } // @Bean注解注冊bean,同時可以指定初始化和銷毀方法 // @Bean(name="testBean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanUp") @Bean @Scope("prototype") public TestBean testBean() { return new TestBean(); } }
主方法測試類:
package com.dxz.demo.configuration; import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext; import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext; public class TestMain { public static void main(String[] args) { // @Configuration注解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContext ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class); // 如果加載spring-context.xml文件: // ApplicationContext context = new // ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml"); //獲取bean TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean"); tb.sayHello(); } }
結果:
注:
(1)、@Bean注解在返回實例的方法上,如果未通過@Bean指定bean的名稱,則默認與標注的方法名相同;
(2)、@Bean注解默認作用域為單例singleton作用域,可通過@Scope(“prototype”)設置為原型作用域;
(3)、既然@Bean的作用是注冊bean對象,那么完全可以使用@Component、@Controller、@Service、@Ripository等注解注冊bean,當然需要配置@ComponentScan注解進行自動掃描。
@Bean下管理bean的生命周期
可以使用基於 Java 的配置來管理 bean 的生命周期。@Bean
支持兩種屬性,即 initMethod
和destroyMethod
,這些屬性可用於定義生命周期方法。在實例化 bean 或即將銷毀它時,容器便可調用生命周期方法。生命周期方法也稱為回調方法,因為它將由容器調用。使用 @Bean
注釋注冊的 bean 也支持 JSR-250 規定的標准 @PostConstruct
和 @PreDestroy
注釋。如果您正在使用 XML 方法來定義 bean,那么就應該使用 bean 元素來定義生命周期回調方法。以下代碼顯示了在 XML 配置中通常使用 bean 元素定義回調的方法。
@Configuration @ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.dxz.demo.configuration") public class TestConfiguration { public TestConfiguration() { System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器啟動初始化。。。"); } //@Bean注解注冊bean,同時可以指定初始化和銷毀方法 @Bean(name="testBean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanUp") @Scope("prototype") public TestBean testBean() { return new TestBean(); } }
啟動類:
public class TestMain { public static void main(String[] args) { ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class); TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean"); tb.sayHello(); System.out.println(tb); TestBean tb2 = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean"); tb2.sayHello(); System.out.println(tb2); } }
結果:
分析:
結果中的1:表明initMethod生效
結果中的2:表明@Scope("prototype")生效
1.3、@Configuration啟動容器+@Component注冊Bean
bean類:
package com.dxz.demo.configuration; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; //添加注冊bean的注解 @Component public class TestBean { private String username; private String url; private String password; public void sayHello() { System.out.println("TestBean sayHello..."); } public String toString() { return "username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password; } public void start() { System.out.println("TestBean 初始化。。。"); } public void cleanUp() { System.out.println("TestBean 銷毀。。。"); } }
配置類:
package com.dxz.demo.configuration; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean; import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Scope; @Configuration //添加自動掃描注解,basePackages為TestBean包路徑 @ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.dxz.demo.configuration") public class TestConfiguration { public TestConfiguration() { System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器啟動初始化。。。"); } /*// @Bean注解注冊bean,同時可以指定初始化和銷毀方法 // @Bean(name="testNean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanUp") @Bean @Scope("prototype") public TestBean testBean() { return new TestBean(); }*/ }
主方法測試獲取bean對象:
package com.dxz.demo.configuration; import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext; import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext; public class TestMain { public static void main(String[] args) { // @Configuration注解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContext ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class); // 如果加載spring-context.xml文件: // ApplicationContext context = new // ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml"); //獲取bean TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean"); tb.sayHello(); } }
sayHello()方法都被正常調用。
1.4、使用 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 注冊 AppContext 類的兩種方法
1.4.1、 配置類的注冊方式是將其傳遞給 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext
構造函數
public static void main(String[] args) { // @Configuration注解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContext ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class); //獲取bean TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean"); tb.sayHello(); }
1.4.2、 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext
的register
方法傳入配置類來注冊配置類
public static void main(String[] args) { ApplicationContext ctx = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(); ctx.register(AppContext.class) }
1.5、配置Web應用程序(web.xml中配置AnnotationConfigApplicationContext)
過去,您通常要利用 XmlWebApplicationContext 上下文來配置 Spring Web 應用程序,即在 Web 部署描述符文件 web.xml 中指定外部 XML 上下文文件的路徑。XMLWebApplicationContext 是 Web 應用程序使用的默認上下文類。以下代碼描述了 web.xml 中指向將由 ContextLoaderListener 監聽器類載入的外部 XML 上下文文件的元素。
<web-app> <context-param> <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name> <param-value>/WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml</param-value> </context-param> <listener> <listener-class> org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener </listener-class> </listener> <servlet> <servlet-name>sampleServlet</servlet-name> <servlet-class> org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet </servlet-class> </servlet> ... </web-app>
現在,您要將 web.xml 中的上述代碼更改為使用 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 類。切記,XmlWebApplicationContext 是 Spring 為 Web 應用程序使用的默認上下文實現,因此您永遠不必在您的web.xml 文件中顯式指定這個上下文類。現在,您將使用基於 Java 的配置,因此在配置 Web 應用程序時,需要在web.xml 文件中指定 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 類。上述代碼將修改如下:
<web-app> <context-param> <param-name>contextClass</param-name> <param-value> org.springframework.web.context. support.AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext </param-value> </context-param> <context-param> <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name> <param-value> demo.AppContext </param-value> </context-param> <listener> <listener-class> org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener </listener-class> </listener> <servlet> <servlet-name>sampleServlet</servlet-name> <servlet-class> org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet </servlet-class> <init-param> <param-name>contextClass</param-name> <param-value> org.springframework.web.context. support.AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext </param-value> </init-param> </servlet> ... </web-app>
以上修改后的 web.xml
現在定義了 AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext
上下文類,並將其作為上下文參數和 servlet 元素的一部分。上下文配置位置現在指向 AppContext
配置類。這非常簡單。下一節將演示 bean 的生命周期回調和范圍的實現。
1.6、@Configuation總結
@Configuation等價於<Beans></Beans>
@Bean等價於<Bean></Bean>
@ComponentScan等價於<context:component-scan base-package="com.dxz.demo"/>
二、組合多個配置類
2.1、在@configuration中引入spring的xml配置文件
package com.dxz.demo.configuration2; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.context.annotation.ImportResource; @Configuration @ImportResource("classpath:applicationContext-configuration.xml") public class WebConfig { }
bean類:
package com.dxz.demo.configuration2; public class TestBean2 { private String username; private String url; private String password; public void sayHello() { System.out.println("TestBean2 sayHello..."); } public String toString() { return "TestBean2 username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password; } public void start() { System.out.println("TestBean2 初始化。。。"); } public void cleanUp() { System.out.println("TestBean2 銷毀。。。"); } }
測試類:
package com.dxz.demo.configuration2; import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext; import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext; public class TestMain2 { public static void main(String[] args) { // @Configuration注解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContext ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(WebConfig.class); // 如果加載spring-context.xml文件: // ApplicationContext context = new // ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml"); // 獲取bean TestBean2 tb = (TestBean2) context.getBean("testBean2"); tb.sayHello(); } }
結果:
2.2、在@configuration中引入其它注解配置
package com.dxz.demo.configuration2; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Import; import org.springframework.context.annotation.ImportResource; import com.dxz.demo.configuration.TestConfiguration; @Configuration @ImportResource("classpath:applicationContext-configuration.xml") @Import(TestConfiguration.class) public class WebConfig { }
測試類:
package com.dxz.demo.configuration2; import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext; import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext; import com.dxz.demo.configuration.TestBean; public class TestMain2 { public static void main(String[] args) { // @Configuration注解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContext ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(WebConfig.class); // 如果加載spring-context.xml文件: // ApplicationContext context = new // ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml"); // 獲取bean TestBean2 tb2 = (TestBean2) context.getBean("testBean2"); tb2.sayHello(); TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean"); tb.sayHello(); } }
結果:
2.3、@configuration嵌套(嵌套的Configuration必須是靜態類)
通過配置類嵌套的配置類,達到組合多個配置類的目的。但注意內部類必須是靜態類。
上代碼:
package com.dxz.demo.configuration3; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; @Component public class TestBean { private String username; private String url; private String password; public void sayHello() { System.out.println("TestBean sayHello..."); } public String toString() { return "username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password; } public void start() { System.out.println("TestBean start"); } public void cleanUp() { System.out.println("TestBean destory"); } }
package com.dxz.demo.configuration3; public class DataSource { private String dbUser; private String dbPass; public String getDbUser() { return dbUser; } public void setDbUser(String dbUser) { this.dbUser = dbUser; } public String getDbPass() { return dbPass; } public void setDbPass(String dbPass) { this.dbPass = dbPass; } @Override public String toString() { return "DataSource [dbUser=" + dbUser + ", dbPass=" + dbPass + "]"; } }
配置類:
package com.dxz.demo.configuration3; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean; import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; @Configuration @ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.dxz.demo.configuration3") public class TestConfiguration { public TestConfiguration() { System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器啟動初始化。。。"); } @Configuration static class DatabaseConfig { @Bean DataSource dataSource() { return new DataSource(); } } }
啟動類:
package com.dxz.demo.configuration3; import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext; import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext; public class TestMain { public static void main(String[] args) { // @Configuration注解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContexts ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class); //bean TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean"); tb.sayHello(); DataSource ds = (DataSource) context.getBean("dataSource"); System.out.println(ds); } }
結果:
TestConfiguration容器啟動初始化。。。 TestBean sayHello... DataSource [dbUser=null, dbPass=null]
3、@EnableXXX注解
配合@Configuration使用,包括 @EnableAsync, @EnableScheduling, @EnableTransactionManagement, @EnableAspectJAutoProxy, @EnableWebMvc。
@EnableAspectJAutoProxy---《spring AOP 之:@Aspect注解》
@EnableScheduling--《Spring 3.1新特性之二:@Enable*注解的源碼,spring源碼分析之定時任務Scheduled注解》
4、@Profile邏輯組配置
5、使用外部變量
1、@PropertySource + Environment,通過@PropertySource注解將properties配置文件中的值存儲到Spring的 Environment中,Environment接口提供方法去讀取配置文件中的值,參數是properties文件中定義的key值。
2、@PropertySource(PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer)+@Value