spring4.0之二:@Configuration的使用


  從Spring3.0,@Configuration用於定義配置類,可替換xml配置文件,被注解的類內部包含有一個或多個被@Bean注解的方法,這些方法將會被AnnotationConfigApplicationContext或AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext類進行掃描,並用於構建bean定義,初始化Spring容器。

注意:@Configuration注解的配置類有如下要求:

  1. @Configuration不可以是final類型;
  2. @Configuration不可以是匿名類;
  3. 嵌套的configuration必須是靜態類。

一、用@Configuration加載spring
1.1、@Configuration配置spring並啟動spring容器
1.2、@Configuration啟動容器+@Bean注冊Bean
1.3、@Configuration啟動容器+@Component注冊Bean
1.4、使用 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 注冊 AppContext 類的兩種方法
1.5、配置Web應用程序(web.xml中配置AnnotationConfigApplicationContext)

二、組合多個配置類
2.1、在@configuration中引入spring的xml配置文件
2.2、在@configuration中引入其它注解配置
2.3、@configuration嵌套(嵌套的Configuration必須是靜態類)
三、@EnableXXX注解
四、@Profile邏輯組配置
五、使用外部變量

一、@Configuation加載Spring方法

1.1、@Configuration配置spring並啟動spring容器

@Configuration標注在類上,相當於把該類作為spring的xml配置文件中的<beans>,作用為:配置spring容器(應用上下文)

package com.dxz.demo.configuration;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;

@Configuration
public class TestConfiguration {
    public TestConfiguration() {
        System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器啟動初始化。。。");
    }
}

相當於:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xmlns:jdbc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc"  
    xmlns:jee="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee" xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
    xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util" xmlns:task="http://www.springframework.org/schema/task" xsi:schemaLocation="
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-4.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc/spring-jdbc-4.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee/spring-jee-4.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-4.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-4.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/task http://www.springframework.org/schema/task/spring-task-4.0.xsd" default-lazy-init="false">


</beans>

主方法進行測試:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;

public class TestMain {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        // @Configuration注解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);

        // 如果加載spring-context.xml文件:
        // ApplicationContext context = new
        // ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");
    }
}

從運行主方法結果可以看出,spring容器已經啟動了:

1.2、@Configuration啟動容器+@Bean注冊Bean,@Bean下管理bean的生命周期

@Bean標注在方法上(返回某個實例的方法),等價於spring的xml配置文件中的<bean>,作用為:注冊bean對象

bean類:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration;

public class TestBean {

    private String username;
    private String url;
    private String password;

    public void sayHello() {
        System.out.println("TestBean sayHello...");
    }

    public String toString() {
        return "username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password;
    }

    public void start() {
        System.out.println("TestBean 初始化。。。");
    }

    public void cleanUp() {
        System.out.println("TestBean 銷毀。。。");
    }
}

配置類:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Scope;

@Configuration
public class TestConfiguration {
    public TestConfiguration() {
        System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器啟動初始化。。。");
    }

    // @Bean注解注冊bean,同時可以指定初始化和銷毀方法
    // @Bean(name="testBean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanUp")
    @Bean
    @Scope("prototype")
    public TestBean testBean() {
        return new TestBean();
    }
}

主方法測試類:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;

public class TestMain {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        // @Configuration注解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);

        // 如果加載spring-context.xml文件:
        // ApplicationContext context = new
        // ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");
        
         //獲取bean
        TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
        tb.sayHello();
    }
}

結果:

注: 
(1)、@Bean注解在返回實例的方法上,如果未通過@Bean指定bean的名稱,則默認與標注的方法名相同; 
(2)、@Bean注解默認作用域為單例singleton作用域,可通過@Scope(“prototype”)設置為原型作用域; 
(3)、既然@Bean的作用是注冊bean對象,那么完全可以使用@Component、@Controller、@Service、@Ripository等注解注冊bean,當然需要配置@ComponentScan注解進行自動掃描。

 

@Bean下管理bean的生命周期

可以使用基於 Java 的配置來管理 bean 的生命周期。@Bean 支持兩種屬性,即 initMethod 和destroyMethod,這些屬性可用於定義生命周期方法。在實例化 bean 或即將銷毀它時,容器便可調用生命周期方法。生命周期方法也稱為回調方法,因為它將由容器調用。使用 @Bean 注釋注冊的 bean 也支持 JSR-250 規定的標准 @PostConstruct 和 @PreDestroy 注釋。如果您正在使用 XML 方法來定義 bean,那么就應該使用 bean 元素來定義生命周期回調方法。以下代碼顯示了在 XML 配置中通常使用 bean 元素定義回調的方法。

@Configuration
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.dxz.demo.configuration")
public class TestConfiguration {
    public TestConfiguration() {
        System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器啟動初始化。。。");
    }

    //@Bean注解注冊bean,同時可以指定初始化和銷毀方法
    @Bean(name="testBean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanUp")
    @Scope("prototype")
    public TestBean testBean() {
        return new TestBean();
    }
}

啟動類:

public class TestMain {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);

        TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
        tb.sayHello();
        System.out.println(tb);
        
        TestBean tb2 = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
        tb2.sayHello();
        System.out.println(tb2);
    }
}

結果:

分析:

結果中的1:表明initMethod生效

結果中的2:表明@Scope("prototype")生效

 

 

 

1.3、@Configuration啟動容器+@Component注冊Bean

bean類:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

//添加注冊bean的注解
@Component
public class TestBean {

    private String username;
    private String url;
    private String password;

    public void sayHello() {
        System.out.println("TestBean sayHello...");
    }

    public String toString() {
        return "username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password;
    }

    public void start() {
        System.out.println("TestBean 初始化。。。");
    }

    public void cleanUp() {
        System.out.println("TestBean 銷毀。。。");
    }
}

配置類:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Scope;

@Configuration
//添加自動掃描注解,basePackages為TestBean包路徑
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.dxz.demo.configuration")
public class TestConfiguration {
    public TestConfiguration() {
        System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器啟動初始化。。。");
    }

    /*// @Bean注解注冊bean,同時可以指定初始化和銷毀方法
    // @Bean(name="testNean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanUp")
    @Bean
    @Scope("prototype")
    public TestBean testBean() {
        return new TestBean();
    }*/
}

主方法測試獲取bean對象:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;

public class TestMain {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        // @Configuration注解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);

        // 如果加載spring-context.xml文件:
        // ApplicationContext context = new
        // ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");
        
         //獲取bean
        TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
        tb.sayHello();
    }
}

sayHello()方法都被正常調用。

1.4、使用 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 注冊 AppContext 類的兩種方法

1.4.1、 配置類的注冊方式是將其傳遞給 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 構造函數

public static void main(String[] args) {

        // @Configuration注解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);

        //獲取bean
        TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
        tb.sayHello();
    }

1.4.2、 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 的register 方法傳入配置類來注冊配置類

public static void main(String[] args) {
  ApplicationContext ctx = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext();
  ctx.register(AppContext.class)
}

1.5、配置Web應用程序(web.xml中配置AnnotationConfigApplicationContext)

過去,您通常要利用 XmlWebApplicationContext 上下文來配置 Spring Web 應用程序,即在 Web 部署描述符文件 web.xml 中指定外部 XML 上下文文件的路徑。XMLWebApplicationContext 是 Web 應用程序使用的默認上下文類。以下代碼描述了 web.xml 中指向將由 ContextLoaderListener 監聽器類載入的外部 XML 上下文文件的元素。

<web-app>
    <context-param>
        <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
        <param-value>/WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml</param-value>
    </context-param>
    <listener>
        <listener-class>
            org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener
        </listener-class>
    </listener>
    <servlet>
    <servlet-name>sampleServlet</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>
        org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet
    </servlet-class>
    </servlet>

...
</web-app>

現在,您要將 web.xml 中的上述代碼更改為使用 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 類。切記,XmlWebApplicationContext 是 Spring 為 Web 應用程序使用的默認上下文實現,因此您永遠不必在您的web.xml 文件中顯式指定這個上下文類。現在,您將使用基於 Java 的配置,因此在配置 Web 應用程序時,需要在web.xml 文件中指定 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 類。上述代碼將修改如下:

<web-app>
    <context-param>
        <param-name>contextClass</param-name>
        <param-value>
            org.springframework.web.context.
            support.AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext
        </param-value>
    </context-param>
    <context-param>
        <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
        <param-value>
            demo.AppContext
        </param-value>
    </context-param>
    <listener>
        <listener-class>
            org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener
        </listener-class>
    </listener>
    <servlet>
    <servlet-name>sampleServlet</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>
        org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet
    </servlet-class>
    <init-param>
        <param-name>contextClass</param-name>
        <param-value>
            org.springframework.web.context.
            support.AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext
        </param-value>
    </init-param>
    </servlet>

...
</web-app>

以上修改后的 web.xml 現在定義了 AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext 上下文類,並將其作為上下文參數和 servlet 元素的一部分。上下文配置位置現在指向 AppContext 配置類。這非常簡單。下一節將演示 bean 的生命周期回調和范圍的實現。

1.6、@Configuation總結

 @Configuation等價於<Beans></Beans>

 @Bean等價於<Bean></Bean>

 @ComponentScan等價於<context:component-scan base-package="com.dxz.demo"/>

 

二、組合多個配置類

2.1、在@configuration中引入spring的xml配置文件

package com.dxz.demo.configuration2;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ImportResource;

@Configuration
@ImportResource("classpath:applicationContext-configuration.xml")
public class WebConfig {
}

bean類:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration2;

public class TestBean2 {
    private String username;
    private String url;
    private String password;

    public void sayHello() {
        System.out.println("TestBean2 sayHello...");
    }

    public String toString() {
        return "TestBean2 username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password;
    }

    public void start() {
        System.out.println("TestBean2 初始化。。。");
    }

    public void cleanUp() {
        System.out.println("TestBean2 銷毀。。。");
    }
}

測試類:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration2;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;

public class TestMain2 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        // @Configuration注解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(WebConfig.class);

        // 如果加載spring-context.xml文件:
        // ApplicationContext context = new
        // ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");

        // 獲取bean
        TestBean2 tb = (TestBean2) context.getBean("testBean2");
        tb.sayHello();
    }
}

結果:

 2.2、在@configuration中引入其它注解配置

package com.dxz.demo.configuration2;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Import;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ImportResource;

import com.dxz.demo.configuration.TestConfiguration;

@Configuration
@ImportResource("classpath:applicationContext-configuration.xml")
@Import(TestConfiguration.class)
public class WebConfig {
}

測試類:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration2;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;

import com.dxz.demo.configuration.TestBean;

public class TestMain2 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        // @Configuration注解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(WebConfig.class);

        // 如果加載spring-context.xml文件:
        // ApplicationContext context = new
        // ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");

        // 獲取bean
        TestBean2 tb2 = (TestBean2) context.getBean("testBean2");
        tb2.sayHello();
        
        TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean"); tb.sayHello();
    }
}

結果:

2.3、@configuration嵌套(嵌套的Configuration必須是靜態類)

通過配置類嵌套的配置類,達到組合多個配置類的目的。但注意內部類必須是靜態類

上代碼:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration3;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

@Component
public class TestBean {

    private String username;
    private String url;
    private String password;

    public void sayHello() {
        System.out.println("TestBean sayHello...");
    }

    public String toString() {
        return "username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password;
    }

    public void start() {
        System.out.println("TestBean start");
    }

    public void cleanUp() {
        System.out.println("TestBean destory");
    }
}
package com.dxz.demo.configuration3;

public class DataSource {

    private String dbUser;
    private String dbPass;
    public String getDbUser() {
        return dbUser;
    }
    public void setDbUser(String dbUser) {
        this.dbUser = dbUser;
    }
    public String getDbPass() {
        return dbPass;
    }
    public void setDbPass(String dbPass) {
        this.dbPass = dbPass;
    }
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "DataSource [dbUser=" + dbUser + ", dbPass=" + dbPass + "]";
    }
}

配置類:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration3;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;

@Configuration
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.dxz.demo.configuration3")
public class TestConfiguration {
    public TestConfiguration() {
        System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器啟動初始化。。。");
    }
    
 @Configuration static class DatabaseConfig {
        @Bean
        DataSource dataSource() {
            return new DataSource(); } }
}

啟動類:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration3;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;

public class TestMain {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        // @Configuration注解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContexts
        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);

         //bean
        TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
        tb.sayHello();
        
        DataSource ds = (DataSource) context.getBean("dataSource");
        System.out.println(ds);
    }
}

結果:

TestConfiguration容器啟動初始化。。。
TestBean sayHello...
DataSource [dbUser=null, dbPass=null]

3、@EnableXXX注解

配合@Configuration使用,包括 @EnableAsync, @EnableScheduling, @EnableTransactionManagement, @EnableAspectJAutoProxy, @EnableWebMvc。

@EnableAspectJAutoProxy---《spring AOP 之:@Aspect注解

@EnableScheduling--《Spring 3.1新特性之二:@Enable*注解的源碼,spring源碼分析之定時任務Scheduled注解

 

4、@Profile邏輯組配置

見《Spring的@PropertySource + Environment,@PropertySource(PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer)+@Value配合使用

5、使用外部變量

1、@PropertySource + Environment,通過@PropertySource注解將properties配置文件中的值存儲到Spring的 Environment中,Environment接口提供方法去讀取配置文件中的值,參數是properties文件中定義的key值。
2、@PropertySource(PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer)+@Value

見《Spring的@PropertySource + Environment,@PropertySource(PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer)+@Value配合使用

 


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