本文介紹在Windows下安裝使用GSL庫，涉及GSL兩個版本（官方最新版及GSL1.8 VC版）、msys shell、GCC、G++等內容，最終實現對GSL安裝及示例基於MinGW64在Sublime Text3下的編譯運行，並實現GSL在Visual Studio下的使用及部分示例測試。還介紹了GSL1.8 VC版本的編譯使用過程。
目錄
一、GSL簡介
二、在WINDOWS下安裝介紹
三、安裝使用GSL （GNU）
1. 安裝過程（32bit & 64bit）
2. 使用過程（基於MinGW-w64命令行及Sublime Text3和Visual Studio）
四、安裝使用Gsl1.8（GnuWin32）
總結
一、GSL簡介
（官方介紹，不做累述）
GSL簡介及下載地址：GSL - GNU Scientific Library
l Introduction
The GNU Scientific Library (GSL) is a numerical library for C and C++ programmers. It is free software under the GNU General Public License.
The library provides a wide range of mathematical routines such as random number generators, special functions and least-squares fitting. There are over 1000 functions in total with an extensive test suite.
The complete range of subject areas covered by the library includes,
| Complex Numbers |
Roots of Polynomials |
| Special Functions |
Vectors and Matrices |
| Permutations |
Sorting |
| BLAS Support |
Linear Algebra |
| Eigensystems |
Fast Fourier Transforms |
| Quadrature |
Random Numbers |
| Quasi-Random Sequences |
Random Distributions |
| Statistics |
Histograms |
| N-Tuples |
Monte Carlo Integration |
| Simulated Annealing |
Differential Equations |
| Interpolation |
Numerical Differentiation |
| Chebyshev Approximation |
Series Acceleration |
| Discrete Hankel Transforms |
Root-Finding |
| Minimization |
Least-Squares Fitting |
| Physical Constants |
IEEE Floating-Point |
| Discrete Wavelet Transforms |
Basis splines |
| Running Statistics |
Sparse Matrices and Linear Algebra |
Unlike the licenses of proprietary numerical libraries the license of GSL does not restrict scientific cooperation. It allows you to share your programs freely with others.
l Downloading GSL
The current stable version is GSL-2.4. It was released on 19 June 2017. Details of recent changes can be found in the NEWS file.
GSL can be found in the gsl subdirectory on your nearest GNU mirror http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gsl/.
- Main GNU ftp site: ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gsl/
For other ways to obtain GSL, please read How to get GNU Software
Installation instructions can be found in the included README and INSTALL files.
Precompiled binary packages are included in most GNU/Linux distributions.
A compiled version of GSL is available as part of Cygwin on Windows.
l Documentation
GSL includes a reference manual in reStructuredText format. You can view the manual in HTML and PDF, or read it on your system using the shell command info gsl-ref (if the library is installed).
The GSL Reference Manual is available online,
二、在WINDOWS下安裝介紹
GSL在Windows下，可通過安裝Cygwin使用，因其自帶GSL庫；本文主要介紹在MinGW下用msys生成GSL最新版的靜態庫、導入庫及動態庫過程，並通過命令行、Sublime Text3或Visual Studio編譯使用GSL庫；另外介紹了GSL1.8 VC版在Visual Studio2015下的編譯使用。
三、安裝使用GSL （GNU）
官方建議的最簡單編譯安裝方式：
1. `cd' to the directory containing the package's source code and type `./configure' to configure the package for your system. Running `configure' might take a while. While running, it prints some messages telling which features it is checking for.
2. Type `make' to compile the package.
3. Type `make install' to install the programs and any data files and documentation. When installing into a prefix owned by root, it is recommended that the package be configured and built as a regular user, and only the `make install' phase executed with root privileges. OR For example, `make install prefix=/alternate/directory'。
GSL最新版源碼解壓后目錄內容如下：
1. 安裝過程（32bit & 64bit）
要執行上面的三個步驟，首先需要一個UNIX環境，在Windows下，可以使用msys來模擬，MSYS是一個小型的GNU環境，是一個通過將Linux源代碼在Win32上編譯而成的UNIX工作環境；MSYS類似於Cygwin，但是由於工作原理的不同，速度更快、體積更小、功能強大、便於攜帶；使用MSYS可以取代商業的VC環境，同樣開發出商業版權的程序而不受任何版權限制；可從MinGW32官方下載，在此推薦一個集成版下載，其集成了多個實用工具，本文采用集成版msys。將下載的msys集成版壓縮包解壓后，將msys文件夾直接復制到自己喜歡的地方，建議放在MinGW目錄下，便於明確歸屬。然后將<msys install dir>/bin目錄加到系統PATH中。
另外，還需要准備MinGW編譯工具，在此就MinGW做一下簡單介紹，MinGW 的全稱是：Minimalist GNU on Windows 。它提供了一套簡單方便的Windows下的基於GCC 程序開發環境，是從Cygwin里fork出來的。當初只考慮32位，和Cygwin相比，不強調POSIX兼容性而相對強調性能和減小依賴。目前還存在的版本有MinGW-w64， MinGW-w64 與 MinGW 的區別在於 MinGW 只能編譯生成32位可執行程序，而 MinGW-w64 則可以編譯生成 64位 或 32位 可執行程序。（據說，MinGW-W64的主要維護者Kai Tietz因為工作需要，他想讓MinGW提供擴充x64支持，但對方態度很不友好，於是憤而fork出來，這就是MinGW-W64的由來：）。現在推薦使用MinGW-w64，因GSL的按照會根據本地系統平台自動生成，也就是說在64位系統下會自動匹配64位的GCC，這樣生成的庫文件無法在x86的項目中編譯通過，因此，需要在本地下載配置32位和64位的MinGW-w64。
先進入MinGW-w64下載地址：https://sourceforge.net/projects/mingw-w64/files/，在此頁面根據平台需要鏈接64位<Toolchains targetting Win64//Personal Builds/mingw-builds/版本號/threads-posix/seh/>或32位<Toolchains targetting Win32/Personal Builds/mingw-builds/版本號/threads-posix/dwarf/>，本示例使用的版本是：x86_64-7.1.0-release-posix-seh-rt_v5-rev2.7z和i686-7.1.0-release-posix-dwarf-rt_v5-rev2.7z，解壓后，將bin目錄添加到系統路徑中（系統路徑中應僅存在一個版本的bin目錄），在命令行提示符下輸入"gcc -v"或"g++ -v"來查看版本信息。
對應關系：
32bit g++.exe —> i686-w64-mingw32-g++
32bit gcc.exe —> i686-w64-mingw32-gcc
64bit g++.exe —> x86_64-w64-mingw32-g++
64bit gcc.exe —> x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc
根據擬編譯GSL的平台環境，配置好MinGW-w64后，進入msys目錄，在此目錄中執行msys.bat（直接雙擊運行或以超級管理員身份運行），在$提示符下輸入help的界面如下圖：
在$提示符下輸入：
cd空格/盤符/gsl源碼目錄/——如：cd /c/gnu/gslmsys_code
進入該目錄后，進行GSL安裝的三個步驟，先后執行：
1) ./configure —— 此過程較慢，耐心等待即可（針對32位編譯，執行CFLAGS="-m32" CXXFLAGS="-m32" ./configure）
2) make —— 編譯生成過程
3) make install —— 將編譯好的庫和頭文件等安裝在<msys install dir>\local目錄中。
安裝后的GSL目錄中含有bin、lib、include、share四個文件夾
至此，GSL最新版安裝完成，GSL庫目錄結構如下：
\bin （libgsl-23.dll、libgslcblas-0.dll）
\include （\gsl\gsl_*.h）
\lib （libgsl.a、libgsl.la、libgsl.dll.a、libgslcblas.a、libgslcblas.la、libgslcblas.dll.a）
\share
2. 使用過程（基於MinGW-w64命令行及Sublime Text3和Visual Studio）
- 示例代碼
在自己的示例代碼目錄下新建一個C或CPP文件，復制示例代碼並保存。
C示例代碼：(gsldemo.c)
#include <stdio.h> #include <gsl/gsl_sf_bessel.h> int main () { double x = 5.0; double y = gsl_sf_bessel_J0 (x); printf ("J0(%g) = %.18e\n", x, y); return 0; // Expected output: J0(5) = -1.775967713143382600e-001 }
CPP示例代碼：（gsldemo.cpp）
//#include <stdio.h> #include <iostream> #include <iomanip> //for use std::setprecision() #include <gsl/gsl_sf_bessel.h> using namespace std; int main () { double x = 5.0; double y = gsl_sf_bessel_J0 (x); //printf ("J0(%g) = %.18e\n", x, y); cout << "J0(" << x <<") = " << std::setprecision(18) << std::scientific << y << endl; return 0; // Expected output: J0(5) = -1.775967713143382642e-001 }
- Visual Studio
- 使用此庫，在Dubug和Release配置下設置方式一樣，根據不同編譯平台（x86或x64）選擇對應庫目錄即可。
- 在項目的屬性頁，選擇VC++目錄的的常規選項頁，在包含目錄添加"<GSL install dir>\<GSLxXX>\include"，在庫目錄添加"<GSL install dir>\<GSLxXX>\lib"，可在源目錄添加"<GSL install dir>\src\gsl-2.4"；
- 選擇C/C++目錄的預處理器選項頁，在預處理器定義中添加"GSL_DLL;"；
- 選擇鏈接器目錄的輸入選項頁，在附加依賴項中添加"libgsl.dll.a;libgslcblas.dll.a;"；
- 此時可編譯生成，成功后，將<GSL install dir>\<GSLxXX>\bin目錄下的libgsl-23.dll和libgslcblas-0.dll復制到項目執行文件生成同目錄下，或直接將該bin目錄添加到系統路徑中。
- MinGW-w64命令行
在Windows命令行提示符下，進入示例目錄，執行gcc編譯示例：
gcc -o gsldemo gsldemo.c -IC:/gnu/gsl/include -LC:/gnu/gsl/lib -lgsl -lgslcblas –lm
- Sublime Text3
附：使用Sublime Text3編譯使用了GSL庫的C或CPP源程序，可以在ST3新建一個編譯環境文件，復制粘貼下面內容，並對其中引用的路徑修改為正確路徑，即可在ST3中進行編譯使用了。
// Put this file ([Your Build Name].sublime-build) here:
// "C:\Users\[User Name]\AppData\Roaming\Sublime Text 3\Packages\User"
// OR use "Tools -> Build System -> New Build System..." and put the code there and save.
// Use "Ctrl+B" to Build and "Crtl+Shift+B" to Build or Run the project.
{
//根據使用GCC或G++需要取消或添加注釋即可
//用G++編譯調用了GSL庫的CPP程序，可命名為G++_GSL.sublime-build
"shell_cmd": "g++ -o \"${file}\" \"${file_path}/${file_base_name}\" -I\"<GSL install dir>/include/\" -L\"<GSL install dir>/lib\" -lgsl -lgslcblas –lm ",
"file_regex": "^(..[^:]*):([0-9]+):?([0-9]+)?:? (.*)$",
"working_dir": "${file_path}",
"selector": "source.c, source.c++",
"variants":
[
{
"name": "Run",
"shell_cmd": " g++ -o \"${file}\" \"${file_path}/${file_base_name}\" -I\"<GSL install dir>/include/\" -L\"<GSL install dir>/lib\" -lgsl -lgslcblas –lm && start cmd /c \"\"${file_path}/${file_base_name}\" & pause\""
}
]
//命令行G++命令示例
// g++ -o gsldemo gsldemo.cpp -IC:/gnu/gsl/include -LC:/gnu/gsl/lib -lgsl -lgslcblas -lm
//=========================================================
//用GCC編譯調用了GSL庫的C程序，可命名為GCC_GSL.sublime-build
//"shell_cmd": "gcc -o \"${file}\" \"${file_path}/${file_base_name}\" -I\"<GSL install dir>/include/\" -L\"<GSL install dir>/lib\" -lgsl -lgslcblas –lm ",
//"file_regex": "^(..[^:]*):([0-9]+):?([0-9]+)?:? (.*)$",
//"working_dir": "${file_path}",
//"selector": "source.c",
//"shell": true,
//"variants":
//[
//{
//"name": "Run",
//"shell_cmd": " gcc -o \"${file}\" \"${file_path}/${file_base_name}\" -I\"<GSL install dir>/include/\" -L\"<GSL install dir>/lib\" -lgsl -lgslcblas –lm && start cmd /c \"\"${file_path}/${file_base_name}\" & pause\""
//}
//]
//命令行GCC命令示例
// gcc -o gsldemo gsldemo.c -IC:/gnu/gsl/include -LC:/gnu/gsl/lib -lgsl -lgslcblas –lm
}
四、安裝使用Gsl1.8（GnuWin32）
源碼壓縮包中/VC8/Readme_VC8.htm
下載地址：https://sourceforge.net/projects/gnuwin32/files/gsl/1.8/
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You can also download the files from the GnuWin32 files page.
以上下載鏈接分別對應如下文件：
1) gsl-1.8.exe 2006-07-11 6.5 MB
2) gsl-1.8-src.exe 2006-07-11 2.1 MB
3) gsl-1.8-bin.zip 2006-07-11 982.3 kB
4) gsl-1.8-lib.zip 2006-07-11 1.2 MB
5) gsl-1.8-doc.zip 2006-07-11 5.1 MB
6) gsl-1.8-src.zip 2006-07-11 4.4 MB
先不急於馬上安裝，分析一下這些文件的作用，1)項執行后將建立一個GSL目錄，並可選擇性安裝3、4、5項的內容，分別建立bin、lib、include目錄；2)項執行后將GSL全部源文件復制到GSL目錄的/src/gsl-1.8下而已，1、2完整安裝后的文件結構如下：
\contrib\gsl-1.8
AUTHORS original gsl-1.7 contributors
BUGS original gsl-1.7 bug list
ChangeLog gsl-1.7 ChangeLog modified for GnuWin32
COPYING original gsl-1.7 license
INSTALL original gsl-1.7 install instructions
NEWS original gsl-1.7 news
README original gsl-1.7 Readme
Readme_GnuWin32.txt GnuWin32-specific Readme
SUPPORT original gsl-1.7 support notice
THANKS original gsl-1.7 acknowledgements
TODO original gsl-1.7 to-do list
\bin
libgsl.dll gsl-1.7 dynamic link library (release version)
libgsl_d.dll gsl-1.7 dynamic link library (gcc debug) (*)
libgslcblas.dll cblas dynamic link library (release version)
libgslcblas_d.dll cblas dynamic link library (gcc debug) (*)
gsl-histogram.exe program for calculating histograms for data
gsl-randist.exe program for generating data conforming to a specified distribution
\lib
libgsl.a gsl static library (gcc)
libgsl_d.a gsl static library (gcc debug) (*)
libgslcblas.a cblas static library (gcc)
libgslcblas_d.a cblas static library (gcc debug) (*)
libgsl_dll.a gcc import library for libgsl.dll
libgsl_d_dll.a gcc import library for libgsl_d.dll (*)
libgslcblas_dll.a gcc import library for libgslcblas.dll
libgslcblas_d_dll.a gcc import library for libgslcblas_d.dll (*)
libgsl.def export definitions for libgsl.dll
libgslcblas.def export definitions for libgslcblas.dll
\doc (**)
\info
\man1
\man3 gsl help in various formats
\include\gsl gsl include files
在此，僅依靠第6項下載文件：gsl-1.8-src.zip來完成此工作，建議就不要解壓或安裝其它包了，避免文件混亂。
具體步驟如下：
- 用VS2015打開解壓后的目錄中的VC8下的libgsl.sln工程文件；
- 對主項目按四種編譯配置在x86平台選項下進行生成；【Release-StaticLib Multi-Threaded (/MT)、Release-DLL Multi-Threaded DLL (/MD)、Debug-StaticLib Multi-Threaded Debug (/MTd)、Debug-DLL Multi-Threaded Debug DLL (/MDd)】
- 生成成功后，在VC8項目目錄下可找到如下文件：
| libgsl |
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| libgslcblas |
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- 在VS和MinGW下使用libgsl及libgslcblas，均以Release-DLL和Debug-DLL文件夾下的.lib及.dll進行調用編譯即可。
總結
1、 在64bit系統下，強行編譯32bit的GSL庫，需在msys shell中使用“CFLAGS="-m32" CXXFLAGS="-m32"”參數進行配置。
2、 利用msys環境下make生成的*.dll.a（import library）同樣可以在VS下進行調用編譯，等同於VS編譯生成的*_dll.lib（import library）。
3、關於Static libraries、import library、Dynamic libraries 【原文】
- Static libraries on Linux have the
.afile extension. Static libraries on Windows have the.libfile extension. - Dynamic libraries on Windows have the
.dllextension; on Linux have the.soextension. - The import library is a static library. It contains the code required to load the DLL. in order to link against a DLL, an import library is required. Now you're using GCC (not
cl.exe) to compile on Windows. GCC has another file extension convention for import libraries, it "should be called *.dll.a or *.a", as explained in the doc for the--out-implibyou referred to. Import libraries (.libwith MSVC or.dll.awith GCC) are static libraries: they contain the code to load the DLL. I had the same question the other day. - A DLL may have functions that are exported and functions that are not exported. An import library has to know which functions are exported and which aren't. One of the means of telling it is a DEF file. When building the DLL, the linker uses the .def file to create an export (.exp) file and an import library (.lib) file. The linker then uses the export file to build the DLL file. Executables that implicitly link to the DLL link to the import library when they are built. -- MSDN: Exporting from a DLL Using DEF Files
- Also see MSDN: Exporting Functions from a DLL by Ordinal Rather Than by Name, together that should answer your last question on export by index, or ordinal number.
4、 關於“ -l ”【原文】
How do I specify the libraries to be searched by the linker?
- MinGW supports libraries named according to the "<name>.lib" and "<name>.dll" conventions, in addition to the normal "lib<name>.a" convention common on *nix systems. To include libraries named according to any of these conventions, simply add an associated "-l<name>" specification to the compiler command, ensuring it is placed after the name of the module in which the reference appears.
- Note that, if the library is not found in any of the default library search paths, you may also need to insert an appropriate "-L<dir>"switch to specify its location; (it is recommended that you place the "-L<dir>" switch before the "-l<name>" specification which requires it).
- Also note that the library names "lib<name>.a" and "lib<name>.lib" are not equivalent; if you have a library named according to the aberrant "lib<name>.lib" convention, it will not be found by an "-l<name>" specification -- if you cannot rename the library, you must use the form "-llib<name>" instead.
- Finally, please do not fall into the all-too-common trap of placing any "-l<name>" specification before the name of any source or object module which requires it. Where the source file bar.c has dependencies on the library archive libfoo.a, the command:
$ gcc -lfoo bar.c
is incorrect, and will surely lead to "undefined reference" errors. The correct form for this command is:
$ gcc bar.c -lfoo
5、 相關參考及擴展閱讀
- GCC and Make Compiling, Linking and Building C/C++ Applications
- HOWTO Create an Import Library for a DLL using MinGW
- How To Use the C Run-Time
- gcc for Windows
- CMake FAQ
（文中部分內容來源於網絡，感謝原作者分享）