轉自:http://blog.csdn.net/ryfdizuo/article/details/6435847
1,最通用的模板交換函數模式:創建臨時對象,調用對象的賦值操作符。
- template <class T> void swap ( T& a, T& b )
- {
- T c(a); a=b; b=c;
- }
需要構建臨時對象,一個拷貝構造,兩次賦值操作。
2,針對int型優化:
- void swap(int & __restrict a, int & __restrict b)
- {
- a ^= b;
- b ^= a;
- a ^= b;
- }
無需構造臨時對象,異或
因為指針是int,所以基於這個思路可以優化1:
- template <typename T> void Swap(T & obj1,T & obj2)
- {
- unsigned char * pObj1 = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char *>(&obj1);
- unsigned char * pObj2 = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char *>(&obj2);
- for (unsigned long x = 0; x < sizeof(T); ++x)
- {
- pObj1[x] ^= pObj2[x];
- pObj2[x] ^= pObj1[x];
- pObj1[x] ^= pObj2[x];
- }
- }
3,針對內建類型的優化: int, flaot, double 等,甚至重載運算符的用戶自定義類型:向量,矩陣,圖像等。。。
type a; -- e.g 10
type b; -- e.g 5
a = a+b ; -- a=15,b=5
b = a-b ; -- a=15,b=10
a= a -b ; -- a= 5,b=10
// 無需構造臨時變量。使用基本運算操作符。
- Ok, let's see.
- a = a + b;
- b = a - b;
- a = a - b;
- Let's introduce new names
- c = a + b;
- d = c - b;
- e = c - d;
- And we want to prove that d == a and e == b.
- d = (a + b) - b = a, proved.
- e = (a + b) - ((a + b) - b) = (a + b) - a = b, proved.
- For all real numbers.
4,swap的一些特化:
std::string, std::vector各自實現了swap函數,
string中
- template<class _Elem,
- class _Traits,
- class _Alloc> inline
- void __CLRCALL_OR_CDECL swap(basic_string<_Elem, _Traits, _Alloc>& _Left,
- basic_string<_Elem, _Traits, _Alloc>& _Right)
- { // swap _Left and _Right strings
- _Left.swap(_Right);
- }
- void __CLR_OR_THIS_CALL swap(_Myt& _Right)
- { // exchange contents with _Right
- if (this == &_Right)
- ; // same object, do nothing
- else if (_Mybase::_Alval == _Right._Alval)
- { // same allocator, swap control information
- #if _HAS_ITERATOR_DEBUGGING
- this->_Swap_all(_Right);
- #endif /* _HAS_ITERATOR_DEBUGGING */
- _Bxty _Tbx = _Bx;
- _Bx = _Right._Bx, _Right._Bx = _Tbx;
- size_type _Tlen = _Mysize;
- _Mysize = _Right._Mysize, _Right._Mysize = _Tlen;
- size_type _Tres = _Myres;
- _Myres = _Right._Myres, _Right._Myres = _Tres;
- }
- else
- { // different allocator, do multiple assigns
- _Myt _Tmp = *this;
- *this = _Right;
- _Right = _Tmp;
- }
- }
第二個swap(Right)進行判斷,如果使用了相同的分配器,則直接交換控制信息,否則調用string::operator=進行拷貝賦值。。。所以建議優先使用swap函數,而不是賦值操作符。
vector中
- template<class _Ty,
- class _Alloc> inline
- void swap(vector<_Ty, _Alloc>& _Left, vector<_Ty, _Alloc>& _Right)
- { // swap _Left and _Right vectors
- _Left.swap(_Right);
- }
- void swap(_Myt& _Right)
- { // exchange contents with _Right
- if (this == &_Right)
- ; // same object, do nothing
- else if (this->_Alval == _Right._Alval)
- { // same allocator, swap control information
- #if _HAS_ITERATOR_DEBUGGING
- this->_Swap_all(_Right);
- #endif /* _HAS_ITERATOR_DEBUGGING */
- this->_Swap_aux(_Right);
- _STD swap(_Myfirst, _Right._Myfirst);
- _STD swap(_Mylast, _Right._Mylast);
- _STD swap(_Myend, _Right._Myend);
- }
- else
- { // different allocator, do multiple assigns
- this->_Swap_aux(_Right);
- _Myt _Ts = *this;
- *this = _Right;
- _Right = _Ts;
- }
- }
vector的swap原理跟string完全一致,只有當當使用了不同分配器才進行字節拷貝。其余情況直接交換控制信息。
測試用例:
5,Copy and Swap idiom
目的:C++異常有三個級別:基本,強,沒有異常。通過創建臨時對象然后交換,能夠實現重載賦值操作符的強異常安全的執行。
Loki中智能指針 臨時變量跟this交換,臨時變量自動銷毀~
- SmartPtr& operator=(SmartPtr<T1, OP1, CP1, KP1, SP1, CNP1 >& rhs)
- {
- SmartPtr temp(rhs);
- temp.Swap(*this);
- return *this;
- }
boost::share_ptr,share_ptr定義了自己的swap函數。
- shared_ptr & operator=( shared_ptr const & r ) // never throws
- {
- this_type(r).swap(*this);
- return *this;
- }
- void swap(shared_ptr<T> & other) // never throws
- {
- std::swap(px, other.px);
- pn.swap(other.pn);
- }
記得本科上C++課,老師特別喜歡拿String來舉例子,面試題也特別喜歡String。。。下面說說String::opreator=函數的優化:
最一般的寫法,特點:使用const string& 傳參防止臨時對象。
- String& String::operator =(const String & rhs)
- {
- if (itsString)
- delete [] itsString;
- itsLen = rhs.GetLen();
- itsString = new char[itsLen+1];
- for (unsigned short i = 0;i<itsLen;i++)
- itsString[i] = rhs[i];
- itsString[itsLen] = '/0';
- return *this;
- }
優化1,防止自我間接賦值,a = b; c = b; a = c; 如果沒有第一個if判斷,當把c賦給a的時候,刪除了a.itsString,后面的拷貝就會出錯。注意是if(this==&rhs), 而不是if(*this==rhs) .
- String& String::operator =(const String & rhs)
- {
- if (this == &rhs)
- return *this;
- if (itsString)
- delete [] itsString;
- itsLen=rhs.GetLen();
- itsString = new char[itsLen+1];
- for (unsigned short i = 0;i<itsLen;i++)
- itsString[i] = rhs[i];
- itsString[itsLen] = '/0';
- return *this;
- }
優化2,不進行拷貝賦值,只是交換控制信息,而且是強異常安全:
- String & String::operator = (String const &rhs)
- {
- if (this != &rhs)
- String(rhs).swap (*this); // Copy-constructor and non-throwing swap
- // Old resources are released with the destruction of the temporary above
- return *this;
- }
優化3,以最原始的傳值方式傳參,避免臨時對象創建:
- String & operator = (String s) // the pass-by-value parameter serves as a temporary
- {
- s.swap (*this); // Non-throwing swap
- return *this;
- }// Old resources released when destructor of s is called.
最后這張方式主要是對C++新特性rvalue的優化,具體參見:http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/More_C++_Idioms/Copy-and-swap
6. vector clear and swap trick
vector.clear並只是將size變量置為0,並沒有及時歸還OS,STL仍然持有內存,以便后續push_back。實測如下:
此時打開資源管理器,內存如下:

增長vector然后清空:
- temp.resize( 1024*1024*20 ); // 80M
- temp.clear();
此時資源管理器內存:

clear以后進程兵沒有及時將內存歸還OS。。。通過swap方法:
- tmp.resize(1024*1024*20); // 80M
- // tmp.clear();
- {
- std::vector<int>().swap(tmp); // 將內存歸還OS
- }
退出作用域,臨時對象銷毀。內存歸還OS。此時資源管理器中進程內存回到1,864K。
附上網絡版的String:
參考引用:
1,http://www.vbforums.com/showthread.php?t=245517
2,http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/algorithm/swap/
3,http://codeguru.earthweb.com/forum/showthread.php?t=485643
4,http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1998744/benefits-of-a-swap-function
5,http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview/id/251027.html
C++ idioms
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category:More_C%2B%2B_Idioms
Copy and Swap idiom
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3279543/what-is-the-copy-and-swap-idiom
History:
20140401 - add 6 vector clear and swap trick!